Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102758
Kaixin Liang , Flora Le , Peilian Chi , Sitong Chen , Liuyue Huang , Xinli Chi
Objective
At the between-person level, it is well-documented that individuals with more physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB) tend to have better sleep outcomes than their peers. However, the associations at the within-person level remain unclear. This study investigated the daily associations between PA and SB with nighttime sleep among young adults with and without insomnia symptoms.
Methods
Data was collected through activity trackers and online questionnaires for 7 consecutive days among 147 university students, including time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), and SB, along with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality. Participants were classified into two subgroups according to the presence of insomnia symptoms, which were determined by a self-reported insomnia scale. Multilevel compositional data analysis was conducted on the total sample, and separately on subsamples characterized by the presence and absence of insomnia symptoms.
Results
In the total sample and subsample without insomnia symptoms, substitutions among MVPA, LPA, and SB were not associated with changes in sleep outcomes at the daily level. However, in the subsample with insomnia symptoms, days with more MVPA or SB and less LPA were associated with higher sleep efficiency, while days with more LPA at the expense of MVPA or SB were associated with lower sleep efficiency.
Conclusions
For young adults with insomnia symptoms, replacing LPA with MVPA on a given day may improve their sleep efficiency that night.
{"title":"Move more today, sleep better tonight? Daily associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior with sleep among young adults with and without insomnia symptoms","authors":"Kaixin Liang , Flora Le , Peilian Chi , Sitong Chen , Liuyue Huang , Xinli Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>At the between-person level, it is well-documented that individuals with more physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB) tend to have better sleep outcomes than their peers. However, the associations at the within-person level remain unclear. This study investigated the daily associations between PA and SB with nighttime sleep among young adults with and without insomnia symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data was collected through activity trackers and online questionnaires for 7 consecutive days among 147 university students, including time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), and SB, along with sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality. Participants were classified into two subgroups according to the presence of insomnia symptoms, which were determined by a self-reported insomnia scale. Multilevel compositional data analysis was conducted on the total sample, and separately on subsamples characterized by the presence and absence of insomnia symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the total sample and subsample without insomnia symptoms, substitutions among MVPA, LPA, and SB were not associated with changes in sleep outcomes at the daily level. However, in the subsample with insomnia symptoms, days with more MVPA or SB and less LPA were associated with higher sleep efficiency, while days with more LPA at the expense of MVPA or SB were associated with lower sleep efficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>For young adults with insomnia symptoms, replacing LPA with MVPA on a given day may improve their sleep efficiency that night.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102754
Jordan J. Smith , Mark R. Beauchamp , Eli Puterman , Angus A. Leahy , Sarah R. Valkenborghs , Levi Wade , Frances Chen , David R. Lubans
Objectives
Late adolescence (15–19 years) is a period of heightened susceptibility to stress, but regular physical activity may attenuate reactivity to stressors. We aimed to explore the effects of physical activity intensity on older adolescents’ stress-reactivity and self-reported mental health.
Design and Methods
Three-arm randomised controlled trial in New South Wales, Australia (April–June 2021). Thirty-seven older adolescents (16.1 ± 0.2 years, 59.5 % female) were randomised to: i) non-active control (CON), ii) light-intensity physical activity (LPA), or iii) moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Physical activity groups participated in 2 x 20-min sessions/week for 6 weeks. Salivary cortisol (sCort) reactivity to induced stress was assessed using the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups and quantified as area under the curve (sCortAUC; Primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included peak cortisol (sCortPeak), subjective-reactivity, perceived stress, and non-specific psychological distress. Group differences were assessed using multiple linear regression and quantified using Cohen’s d.
Results
No statistically significant effects were observed for sCortAUC or sCortPeak and the pattern of effects for subjective-reactivity was inconsistent. Effects for self-reported mental health were also non-significant (p > .05 for all) but of meaningful magnitude, favouring LPA and MVPA over CON (d’s = −0.38 to −0.54). Delivery fidelity was high, satisfaction was moderate-to-high, and there was no evidence of harm. However, recruitment, retention for sCort measures, and adherence were lower than expected.
Conclusion
Suboptimal recruitment, retention, and adherence limited our ability to conclude on the effect of physical activity intensity on older adolescents’ sCort-reactivity to induced stress. We observed potentially meaningful effects on self-reported mental health for both physical activity conditions, which could be confirmed in a future powered trial.
目的：青春期后期（15-19 岁）是一个容易受到压力影响的时期，但经常参加体育锻炼可以减轻对压力的反应。我们旨在探讨体育锻炼强度对青少年压力反应和自我报告心理健康的影响。在澳大利亚新南威尔士州进行的三臂随机对照试验（2021 年 4 月至 6 月）。37 名年龄较大的青少年（16.1±0.2 岁，59.5% 为女性）被随机分配到：i) 非积极对照组 (CON)；ii) 轻度体力活动组 (LPA) 或 iii) 中度至高强度体力活动组 (MVPA)。体育锻炼组每周参加 2 次，每次 20 分钟，共持续 6 周。唾液皮质醇（sCort）对诱导压力的反应性采用特里尔社会压力测试（Trier Social Stress Test for Groups）进行评估，并以曲线下面积（sCortAUC；主要结果）进行量化。次要结果包括皮质醇峰值（sCortPeak）、主观反应性、感知压力和非特异性心理困扰。使用多元线性回归评估组间差异，并使用 Cohen's d 进行量化：没有观察到 sCortAUC 或 sCortPeak 的影响，主观反应的影响模式不一致。对自我报告的心理健康的影响也不显著（所有影响的 p > .05），但影响程度有意义，LPA 和 MVPA 优于 CON（d's = -0.38 至 -0.54）。实施的忠实度很高，满意度为中高，没有证据表明存在危害。然而，招募、sCort 测量的保留率和坚持率均低于预期：结论：招募、保留和坚持率不理想，限制了我们就体育锻炼强度对老年青少年对诱发压力的 sCort 反应的影响得出结论的能力。无论运动强度如何，我们都观察到了对自我报告的心理健康有潜在意义的影响，这一点可以在未来的有动力试验中得到证实。
{"title":"Physical activity intensity and older adolescents’ stress: The ‘STress-Reactivity after Exercise in Senior Secondary EDucation’ (STRESSED) 3-arm randomised controlled trial","authors":"Jordan J. Smith , Mark R. Beauchamp , Eli Puterman , Angus A. Leahy , Sarah R. Valkenborghs , Levi Wade , Frances Chen , David R. Lubans","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Late adolescence (15–19 years) is a period of heightened susceptibility to stress, but regular physical activity may attenuate reactivity to stressors. We aimed to explore the effects of physical activity intensity on older adolescents’ stress-reactivity and self-reported mental health.</div></div><div><h3>Design and Methods</h3><div>Three-arm randomised controlled trial in New South Wales, Australia (April–June 2021). Thirty-seven older adolescents (16.1 ± 0.2 years, 59.5 % female) were randomised to: i) non-active control (CON), ii) light-intensity physical activity (LPA), or iii) moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Physical activity groups participated in 2 x 20-min sessions/week for 6 weeks. Salivary cortisol (sCort) reactivity to induced stress was assessed using the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups and quantified as area under the curve (sCort<sub>AUC</sub>; Primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included peak cortisol (sCort<sub>Peak</sub>), subjective-reactivity, perceived stress, and non-specific psychological distress. Group differences were assessed using multiple linear regression and quantified using Cohen’s <em>d</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No statistically significant effects were observed for sCort<sub>AUC</sub> or sCort<sub>Peak</sub> and the pattern of effects for subjective-reactivity was inconsistent. Effects for self-reported mental health were also non-significant (p > .05 for all) but of meaningful magnitude, favouring LPA and MVPA over CON (<em>d’</em>s = −0.38 to −0.54). Delivery fidelity was high, satisfaction was moderate-to-high, and there was no evidence of harm. However, recruitment, retention for sCort measures, and adherence were lower than expected.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Suboptimal recruitment, retention, and adherence limited our ability to conclude on the effect of physical activity intensity on older adolescents’ sCort-reactivity to induced stress. We observed potentially meaningful effects on self-reported mental health for both physical activity conditions, which could be confirmed in a future powered trial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102754"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102752
Tom Loeys , Tom De Clerck , Leen Haerens
Interpersonal behavior in sports teams are inherently intricate. The Social Relations Model (SRM) presents a compelling framework to conceptualize and dissect these complexities, enabling the empirical testing of theories concerning relationships within group settings. The SRM decomposes dyadic measurements obtained from a round-robin design into components at the individual (actor and partner) level, relationship level, and team level. Leveraging data on need satisfaction, as experienced by the coach, team captain and two other athletes in relation to each other across 96 sports teams, we showcase the application of the SRM. A step-by-step introduction to the implementation of the model in R is provided. We elucidate how the SRM facilitates the investigation of research questions that deepen our understanding of team dynamics. Our illustration reveals that while the team effect exhibits minimal explanatory power over variability, substantial variability in need satisfaction is accounted for by both individual factors (actor and partner) and relationship effects. Notably, considerable differences are observed between sports teams in the extent to which coaches elicited need satisfaction in their team members. On average, coaches elicit lower levels of need satisfaction compared to other team members. Reciprocal relationships are evident in the team captain-athlete dyad and the athlete-athlete dyad, but not in dyadic relationships with the coach. In sum, this tutorial illustrates how analyzing dyadic data from a round-robin design using the SRM can enhance our understanding of dyadic relationship data within sports teams.
{"title":"Unraveling relationship dynamics in sports teams: A primer on the social relations model","authors":"Tom Loeys , Tom De Clerck , Leen Haerens","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interpersonal behavior in sports teams are inherently intricate. The Social Relations Model (SRM) presents a compelling framework to conceptualize and dissect these complexities, enabling the empirical testing of theories concerning relationships within group settings. The SRM decomposes dyadic measurements obtained from a round-robin design into components at the individual (actor and partner) level, relationship level, and team level. Leveraging data on need satisfaction, as experienced by the coach, team captain and two other athletes in relation to each other across 96 sports teams, we showcase the application of the SRM. A step-by-step introduction to the implementation of the model in R is provided. We elucidate how the SRM facilitates the investigation of research questions that deepen our understanding of team dynamics. Our illustration reveals that while the team effect exhibits minimal explanatory power over variability, substantial variability in need satisfaction is accounted for by both individual factors (actor and partner) and relationship effects. Notably, considerable differences are observed between sports teams in the extent to which coaches elicited need satisfaction in their team members. On average, coaches elicit lower levels of need satisfaction compared to other team members. Reciprocal relationships are evident in the team captain-athlete dyad and the athlete-athlete dyad, but not in dyadic relationships with the coach. In sum, this tutorial illustrates how analyzing dyadic data from a round-robin design using the SRM can enhance our understanding of dyadic relationship data within sports teams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102751
Celina R. Furman , Alexander J. Rothman , Traci Mann
Physical activity (PA) produces various outcomes, including affective responses and instrumental benefits (e.g., weight loss, health). Theories of behavioral maintenance suggest that decisions to continue PA engagement will depend on one’s satisfaction with received outcomes. Thus, this study was designed to test how different combinations of affective and instrumental outcomes influence motivation, intentions, and subsequent PA behavior over a two-week study period. Participants with weight loss goals (N = 119) were provided an exercise video that was designed to manipulate their affect while exercising (positive vs. neutral) and their beliefs about the video’s instrumentality for weight loss (instrumental vs. not). Self-report measures assessed participants’ affect while exercising, instrumental beliefs that the video would produce weight loss, and motivation and intention to exercise with the video for two weeks. After two weeks, participants reported their video use. Because initial pre-registered analyses revealed that the video manipulation did not produce a difference in affect, a regression-based approach was implemented to examine whether variability in self-reported affect while exercising and beliefs about the video’s effect on weight loss predicted motivation, intentions, and video use during the two-week study period. Reports of more favorable affect were positively associated with motivation and video use, regardless of instrumental beliefs. For those reporting less favorable affect, strong instrumental beliefs appeared to bolster motivation, but had an adverse effect on video use. Findings provide insight into how different types of PA outcomes might influence motivation and continued behavioral engagement.
{"title":"How affective and instrumental physical activity outcomes are associated with motivation, intentions, and engagement in subsequent behavior","authors":"Celina R. Furman , Alexander J. Rothman , Traci Mann","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physical activity (PA) produces various outcomes, including affective responses and instrumental benefits (e.g., weight loss, health). Theories of behavioral maintenance suggest that decisions to continue PA engagement will depend on one’s satisfaction with received outcomes. Thus, this study was designed to test how different combinations of affective and instrumental outcomes influence motivation, intentions, and subsequent PA behavior over a two-week study period. Participants with weight loss goals (<em>N</em> = 119) were provided an exercise video that was designed to manipulate their affect while exercising (positive vs. neutral) and their beliefs about the video’s instrumentality for weight loss (instrumental vs. not). Self-report measures assessed participants’ affect while exercising, instrumental beliefs that the video would produce weight loss, and motivation and intention to exercise with the video for two weeks. After two weeks, participants reported their video use. Because initial pre-registered analyses revealed that the video manipulation did not produce a difference in affect, a regression-based approach was implemented to examine whether variability in self-reported affect while exercising and beliefs about the video’s effect on weight loss predicted motivation, intentions, and video use during the two-week study period. Reports of more favorable affect were positively associated with motivation and video use, regardless of instrumental beliefs. For those reporting less favorable affect, strong instrumental beliefs appeared to bolster motivation, but had an adverse effect on video use. Findings provide insight into how different types of PA outcomes might influence motivation and continued behavioral engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102751"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Affective exercise experiences are summative, valenced memories that represent the history of associations between past instances of exercise in an individual's life and pleasant or unpleasant reactions. We used the recently developed Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire to address two important questions in exercise psychology, namely the nature of affective exercise experiences during the childhood-adulthood transition and the relationship between affect and exercise behavior. The first study compared data from 949 adults and 607 children and adolescents, and showed that core affective exercise experiences were associated with different antecedent appraisals in the two groups. Being watched during exercise and perceptions of competence appeared to influence core affective experiences more in children and adolescents than in adults. The second study, using data from a subsample of 94 adults, showed that exercise behavior over 14 days can be predicted by pleasant core affective exercise experiences when they are congruent with strong attraction to exercise. These data highlight the value of theoretically informed research to understand the multifarious affective experiences individuals derive from exercise.
{"title":"Affective experiences from exercise. Youth-adult differences and prediction of exercise behavior","authors":"Ralf Brand , Gorden Sudeck , Panteleimon Ekkekakis","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Affective exercise experiences are summative, valenced memories that represent the history of associations between past instances of exercise in an individual's life and pleasant or unpleasant reactions. We used the recently developed Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire to address two important questions in exercise psychology, namely the nature of affective exercise experiences during the childhood-adulthood transition and the relationship between affect and exercise behavior. The first study compared data from 949 adults and 607 children and adolescents, and showed that core affective exercise experiences were associated with different antecedent appraisals in the two groups. Being watched during exercise and perceptions of competence appeared to influence core affective experiences more in children and adolescents than in adults. The second study, using data from a subsample of 94 adults, showed that exercise behavior over 14 days can be predicted by pleasant core affective exercise experiences when they are congruent with strong attraction to exercise. These data highlight the value of theoretically informed research to understand the multifarious affective experiences individuals derive from exercise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102755"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
External focus of attention (EFOA) has been shown to improve motor performance relative to internal focus of attention (IFOA). Recently, studies have shown that this attentional focus effect may depend upon an individual difference (i.e., motor imagery): Those with a higher ability to visualize movements benefited more from EFOA, and those with a higher ability to feel movements benefited more from IFOA. However, inconsistent findings exist, potentially due to underpowered studies with various potential biases. Thus, leveraging a registered report and single-blind procedure, we will examine the effect of EFOA and IFOA on dart-throwing performance and how the attentional focus could be altered based on individuals’ imagery dominance. Participants will complete a dart-throw task with EFOA and IFOA. Then, participants will complete practice trials with no attentional focus, which will be followed by another set of performance trials with EFOA and IFOA. This study will examine whether the effect of attentional focus instruction will persist in a single-blind study and explore its effect on imagery dominance.
{"title":"A registered report with a single blind procedure to examine the effect of attentional focus and imagery dominance on dart throwing","authors":"Masahiro Yamada , Esmaeel Saemi , Shadi Delfi , Sana Afrash","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>External focus of attention (EFOA) has been shown to improve motor performance relative to internal focus of attention (IFOA). Recently, studies have shown that this attentional focus effect may depend upon an individual difference (<em>i.e.</em>, motor imagery): Those with a higher ability to visualize movements benefited more from EFOA, and those with a higher ability to feel movements benefited more from IFOA. However, inconsistent findings exist, potentially due to underpowered studies with various potential biases. Thus, leveraging a registered report and single-blind procedure, we will examine the effect of EFOA and IFOA on dart-throwing performance and how the attentional focus could be altered based on individuals’ imagery dominance. Participants will complete a dart-throw task with EFOA and IFOA. Then, participants will complete practice trials with no attentional focus, which will be followed by another set of performance trials with EFOA and IFOA. This study will examine whether the effect of attentional focus instruction will persist in a single-blind study and explore its effect on imagery dominance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102745"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102746
Valeria C. Eckardt , Travis E. Dorsch
Objective
Parents need to cooperate with professional organizations to support their children’s development and health. In sports, knowledge on how parents, coaches, and organizations can successfully coordinate their behavior and work together for a common cause is lacking. This study was designed to identify a grounded theory of cooperation as a social process between parents and organizational stakeholders in youth soccer academies.
Design and method
Intensive interviews were conducted with parents (n = 9), coaches (n = 11), and administrators (n = 14) across 14 youth soccer academies in Germany. Data were analyzed using initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical integration following constructivist grounded theory methodology.
Results and conclusion
The grounded theory produced comprises several processes aimed at building, maintaining, and reinforcing effective cooperation between parents, coaches, and administrators. Acknowledging parents as part of the academy, providing a thorough onboarding, and defining parental roles are essential for cooperation to evolve. Cooperation was viewed as a responsive, dynamic, and iterative process impacted by person and context factors. Findings are interpreted through a systems lens highlighting nuanced dependencies between cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns. The grounded theory provides implications for future research targeting the intersection of persons and contexts in youth sport. For practitioners, we propose an evidence-based program on developing cooperation.
{"title":"“We are on the outside but it’s okay”: A grounded theory of cooperation between parents, coaches, and administrators in professional youth soccer academies","authors":"Valeria C. Eckardt , Travis E. Dorsch","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Parents need to cooperate with professional organizations to support their children’s development and health. In sports, knowledge on how parents, coaches, and organizations can successfully coordinate their behavior and work together for a common cause is lacking. This study was designed to identify a grounded theory of cooperation as a social process between parents and organizational stakeholders in youth soccer academies.</div></div><div><h3>Design and method</h3><div>Intensive interviews were conducted with parents (<em>n</em> = 9), coaches (<em>n</em> = 11), and administrators (<em>n</em> = 14) across 14 youth soccer academies in Germany. Data were analyzed using initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical integration following constructivist grounded theory methodology.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusion</h3><div>The grounded theory produced comprises several processes aimed at building, maintaining, and reinforcing effective cooperation between parents, coaches, and administrators. Acknowledging parents as part of the academy, providing a thorough onboarding, and defining parental roles are essential for cooperation to evolve. Cooperation was viewed as a responsive, dynamic, and iterative process impacted by person and context factors. Findings are interpreted through a systems lens highlighting nuanced dependencies between cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns. The grounded theory provides implications for future research targeting the intersection of persons and contexts in youth sport. For practitioners, we propose an evidence-based program on developing cooperation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102747
Luke F. Olsson , Hanna L. Glandorf , James F. Black , Rebecca E.K. Jeggo , Joseph R. Stanford , Karla L. Drew , Daniel J. Madigan
Athlete burnout potentially has negative consequences for sport performance. However, to the best of our knowledge, empirical studies have yet to examine the relationship between athlete burnout and objective sport performance. Consequently, we aimed to provide a first such examination. To do so, we recruited three samples. We used Sample 1 (n = 106: track and field athletes) to examine the predictive utility of athlete burnout on a single performance, Sample 2 (n = 181: swimmers) to examine whether the findings from Sample 1 can be replicated in a different sport, and Sample 3 (n = 169: track and field athletes) to examine the predictive utility of athlete burnout on peak performance in a three-month period. Finally, having captured three samples each assessing the athlete burnout-performance relationship, we also sought to quantify the combined effect across these samples using a relatively new analytical technique – mini meta-analysis. Results from regression analyses showed that in at least two of the three samples total burnout, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation each negatively predicted performance, whereas emotional and physical exhaustion was unrelated to performance. When we combined the samples, mini meta-analysis showed that total burnout, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation each displayed a small-to-medium negative and significant meta-correlation with performance. The findings suggest that certain athlete burnout symptoms may indeed have negative consequences for sport performance, and that this is the case when considering a single performance and peak performance.
{"title":"A multi-sample examination of the relationship between athlete burnout and sport performance","authors":"Luke F. Olsson , Hanna L. Glandorf , James F. Black , Rebecca E.K. Jeggo , Joseph R. Stanford , Karla L. Drew , Daniel J. Madigan","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Athlete burnout potentially has negative consequences for sport performance. However, to the best of our knowledge, empirical studies have yet to examine the relationship between athlete burnout and objective sport performance. Consequently, we aimed to provide a first such examination. To do so, we recruited three samples. We used Sample 1 (<em>n</em> = 106: track and field athletes) to examine the predictive utility of athlete burnout on a single performance, Sample 2 (<em>n</em> = 181: swimmers) to examine whether the findings from Sample 1 can be replicated in a different sport, and Sample 3 (<em>n</em> = 169: track and field athletes) to examine the predictive utility of athlete burnout on peak performance in a three-month period. Finally, having captured three samples each assessing the athlete burnout-performance relationship, we also sought to quantify the combined effect across these samples using a relatively new analytical technique – mini meta-analysis. Results from regression analyses showed that in at least two of the three samples total burnout, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation each negatively predicted performance, whereas emotional and physical exhaustion was unrelated to performance. When we combined the samples, mini meta-analysis showed that total burnout, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation each displayed a small-to-medium negative and significant meta-correlation with performance. The findings suggest that certain athlete burnout symptoms may indeed have negative consequences for sport performance, and that this is the case when considering a single performance and peak performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102747"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102750
Mohammed Khudair , Boris Cheval , Fiona Chun Man Ling , Florentina Johanna Hettinga , Gavin Daniel Tempest
Despite substantial research efforts to increase engagement in physical activity (PA), children are not sufficiently active. Dual-process theories suggest that PA behavior regulation occurs through both controlled (i.e., reflective, conscious) and automatic (i.e., non-reflective, less conscious) processes. Automatic processes depend on affective valuations and attitudes towards PA and have been shown to predict PA behavior. However, their role in PA behavior regulation in children remains unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the unique association of automatic attitudes towards PA on self-reported seven-day PA recall, after accounting for the effects of known controlled precursors of PA (i.e., explicit attitudes, PA self-efficacy, and PA intentions). In a cross-sectional design, 69 children (age = 10.8 ± 0.6 years) completed the Single-Category Implicit Association Task (SC-IAT) and self-reported measures of PA and controlled precursors of PA. In a hierarchical regression analysis, controlled processes accounted for 28.3 % of the variance in PA behavior. Although the bivariate association between automatic attitudes and PA was not significant, the association between them became significant but negative in the fully adjusted model (b = −1.70; p = 0.025). The fully adjusted model accounted for 35.0 % of the variance in PA. In summary, the findings indicated that both controlled and automatic processes predicted PA in children, although the association with automatic attitudes was not in the expected direction in the adjusted model. Future studies are warranted to further understand the role of automatic processes in the regulation of PA behavior in children.
尽管研究人员为提高儿童参与体育活动（PA）的积极性做出了大量努力，但儿童参与体育活动的程度仍然不够。双过程理论认为，体育锻炼行为调节是通过受控过程（即反思、有意识）和自动过程（即非反思、不太有意识）进行的。自动过程取决于对 PA 的情感评价和态度，并已被证明可以预测 PA 行为。然而，它们在儿童 PA 行为调节中的作用仍不清楚。因此，本研究在考虑了 PA 的已知受控前体（即明确态度、PA 自我效能感和 PA 意图）的影响后，调查了对 PA 的自动态度与自我报告的七天 PA 回忆之间的独特关联。在横断面设计中，69 名儿童（年龄 = 10.8 ± 0.6 岁）完成了单类别内隐联想任务（SC-IAT）以及自我报告的 PA 和受控 PA 前体测量。在分层回归分析中，受控过程占 PA 行为变异的 28.3%。虽然自动态度与 PA 之间的二元关联并不显著，但在完全调整模型中，二者之间的关联变得显著但呈负相关（b = -1.70; p = 0.025）。完全调整模型占 PA 变异的 35.0%。总之，研究结果表明，控制过程和自动过程都能预测儿童的PA，尽管在调整模型中，自动态度与PA的关系与预期方向不符。未来的研究需要进一步了解自动过程在调节儿童 PA 行为中的作用。
{"title":"Uncovering the roles of automatic attitudes and controlled processes in the regulation of physical activity behavior in children","authors":"Mohammed Khudair , Boris Cheval , Fiona Chun Man Ling , Florentina Johanna Hettinga , Gavin Daniel Tempest","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite substantial research efforts to increase engagement in physical activity (PA), children are not sufficiently active. Dual-process theories suggest that PA behavior regulation occurs through both controlled (i.e., reflective, conscious) and automatic (i.e., non-reflective, less conscious) processes. Automatic processes depend on affective valuations and attitudes towards PA and have been shown to predict PA behavior. However, their role in PA behavior regulation in children remains unclear. Therefore, the current study investigated the unique association of automatic attitudes towards PA on self-reported seven-day PA recall, after accounting for the effects of known controlled precursors of PA (i.e., explicit attitudes, PA self-efficacy, and PA intentions). In a cross-sectional design, 69 children (age = 10.8 ± 0.6 years) completed the Single-Category Implicit Association Task (SC-IAT) and self-reported measures of PA and controlled precursors of PA. In a hierarchical regression analysis, controlled processes accounted for 28.3 % of the variance in PA behavior. Although the bivariate association between automatic attitudes and PA was not significant, the association between them became significant but negative in the fully adjusted model (b = −1.70; p = 0.025). The fully adjusted model accounted for 35.0 % of the variance in PA. In summary, the findings indicated that both controlled and automatic processes predicted PA in children, although the association with automatic attitudes was not in the expected direction in the adjusted model. Future studies are warranted to further understand the role of automatic processes in the regulation of PA behavior in children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102750"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102748
Yu-Kai Chang , Jennifer L. Etnier , Ruei-Hong Li , Ying-Chu Chen , Chen-Sin Hung , Feng-Tzu Chen , Chung-Yu Chen , Chien-Heng Chu
This study assessed the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and carriage of the apolipoprotein-E ε4 (APOE ε4) alleles and cognitive function using behavioral and neuroelectric measures obtained from cognitively normal older adults. A total of 159 adults aged 50–70 years were categorized into four groups based on cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., higher vs. lower fitness) and the APOE genotype status (i.e., APOE ε4 carrier vs. non-carrier). Neurocognitive functions were indexed using response time and accuracy measures from the Stroop task and averaged mean P3 amplitudes of event-related potentials obtained during task performance. A significant main effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (p = .01) and the Stroop congruency (p < .001), but not the APOE genotype status, with shorter response times for the higher fitness group than for the lower fitness group and for the congruent condition relative to the incongruent condition, were observed. Similar findings were also revealed, with larger averaged mean P3 amplitudes for the higher fitness group than those in the lower fitness group, and in the congruent condition than in the incongruent condition. These findings suggest that higher cardiorespiratory fitness is linked to better neurocognitive function, and the positive association is evident regardless of the APOE ε4 status and the cognitive domain assessed in cognitively normal older adults.
{"title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, independent of APOE genotype, is associated with better neurocognitive function in older adults: An ERP study","authors":"Yu-Kai Chang , Jennifer L. Etnier , Ruei-Hong Li , Ying-Chu Chen , Chen-Sin Hung , Feng-Tzu Chen , Chung-Yu Chen , Chien-Heng Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and carriage of the apolipoprotein-E ε4 (<em>APOE</em> ε4) alleles and cognitive function using behavioral and neuroelectric measures obtained from cognitively normal older adults. A total of 159 adults aged 50–70 years were categorized into four groups based on cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., higher vs. lower fitness) and the <em>APOE</em> genotype status (i.e., <em>APOE</em> ε4 carrier vs. non-carrier). Neurocognitive functions were indexed using response time and accuracy measures from the Stroop task and averaged mean P3 amplitudes of event-related potentials obtained during task performance. A significant main effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (<em>p = .</em>01) and the Stroop congruency (<em>p < .</em>001), but not the <em>APOE</em> genotype status, with shorter response times for the higher fitness group than for the lower fitness group and for the congruent condition relative to the incongruent condition, were observed. Similar findings were also revealed, with larger averaged mean P3 amplitudes for the higher fitness group than those in the lower fitness group, and in the congruent condition than in the incongruent condition. These findings suggest that higher cardiorespiratory fitness is linked to better neurocognitive function, and the positive association is evident regardless of the <em>APOE</em> ε4 status and the cognitive domain assessed in cognitively normal older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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