Psychology of Sport and Exercise最新文献_第8页

Development of the multidimensional inventory of physical activity identity 体育活动认同多维度量表的开发

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102990

Denver M.Y. Brown , Alan Meca , Augustine Osman

Identity is among the most robust psychological constructs for predicting whether individuals translate physical activity (PA) intentions into action. However, existing identity measures in the PA domain focus narrowly on exercise and largely adopt limited unidimensional conceptualizations. This study aimed to develop and validate the Multidimensional Inventory of Physical Activity Identity (MIPAI-25), a novel instrument grounded in a multidimensional, theoretically integrated framework. Across two samples of university students (Study 1: n = 580, 61.6 % women; Study 2: n = 619, 66.4 % women), we used classical test theory, Mokken scale analysis, and item response theory to construct and refine the content relevancy of the items for each scale. In Study 1, the final 25-item instrument captures five distinct dimensions of PA identity: Acknowledgment, Compatibility, Centrality, Commitment, and Exploration. Each subscale score demonstrated strong internal consistency, unidimensionality, and measurement invariance across gender groups. In Study 2, all five dimensions were positively associated with moderate-to-vigorous PA behavior and PA-related constructs from the Multi-Process Action Control framework, with the strongest associations observed for habit and behavioral regulation – key post-intentional processes that facilitate action control. The MIPAI-25 offers a more ecologically valid and dynamic representation of PA identity, extending beyond exercise-specific and unidimensional measures. Findings support its use as both a comprehensive tool and a set of five stand-alone subscales, depending on research or practical needs. Future longitudinal studies are needed to explore how these identity dimensions evolve across life transitions and to inform more targeted, identity-based interventions for promoting sustained physical activity.

身份是预测个体是否将体育活动（PA）意图转化为行动的最强大的心理结构之一。然而，现有的PA领域的身份测量只局限于运动，并且很大程度上采用了有限的一维概念。本研究旨在开发和验证多维身体活动认同量表（MIPAI-25），这是一种基于多维理论整合框架的新工具。在两个大学生样本中（研究1:n = 580，女性占61.6%；研究2:n = 619，女性占66.4%），我们使用经典测试理论、Mokken量表分析和项目反应理论来构建和完善每个量表项目的内容相关性。在研究1中，最后的25项工具捕获了个人助理身份的五个不同维度：承认、兼容性、中心性、承诺和探索。每个子量表得分在性别群体中表现出很强的内部一致性、单维性和测量不变性。在研究2中，所有五个维度都与中度至重度PA行为和多过程行动控制框架中的PA相关构念呈正相关，其中习惯和行为调节（促进行动控制的关键后意向过程）的关联最强。MIPAI-25提供了一种更生态有效和动态的PA身份表征，超越了特定运动和单向度的测量。根据研究或实际需要，研究结果支持将其作为一种综合工具和一套五个独立的子量表。未来的纵向研究需要探索这些身份维度如何在生活转变中演变，并为更有针对性的、基于身份的干预措施提供信息，以促进持续的身体活动。

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引用次数: 0

Can't hold any more! A large survey on cycling subjective experience at the limit of effort 再也撑不住了！极限骑行主观体验的大调查。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102991

Juan-José Pérez-Díaz , Isabel Benítez , José-Antonio Salas-Montoro , Mikel Zabala , Daniel Sanabria

Cyclists frequently experience task failure, an abrupt inability to maintain high-intensity effort, pushing both physiological and psychological boundaries. Although the physiological underpinnings of task failure are well-documented, the associated subjective and perceptual experiences remain underexplored. To address this gap, we surveyed 2818 licensed cyclists, gathering extensive data on the subjective aspects of reaching the point of exhaustion. Key findings indicate that physical cues, particularly muscle pain, are the most salient sensations perceived as cyclists approach their effort limit. A majority of cyclists (60.5 %) reported that task failure often occurs before reaching their absolute maximum perceived exertion, highlighting a potential psychological influence on cessation. The perception of task failure as voluntary versus involuntary varied significantly with age, cycling experience, and the use of performance monitoring devices (e.g., powermeters), with older/experienced cyclists tending towards perceiving it as more voluntary. Common strategies reported to prolong effort included self-talk, goal focus, and conscious breathing regulation. The study also revealed a common alteration in time perception, with the majority experiencing a slowing of time during maximal exertion. Collectively, these findings emphasize that task failure is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by an interplay of physiological states, psychological factors, and subjective perception. A deeper understanding of these experiential dynamics holds potential for developing training interventions aimed at improving effort management and enhancing endurance performance.

骑自行车的人经常会经历任务失败，即突然无法保持高强度的努力，从而突破生理和心理的界限。尽管任务失败的生理基础已被充分证明，但相关的主观和感知体验仍未得到充分探索。为了解决这一差距，我们调查了2818名持牌骑自行车的人，收集了关于达到疲惫点的主观方面的广泛数据。主要研究结果表明，当自行车手接近他们的极限时，身体信号，尤其是肌肉疼痛，是最明显的感觉。大多数骑自行车的人（60.5%）报告说，任务失败经常发生在他们达到绝对最大感知劳累之前，这突出了对戒烟的潜在心理影响。对任务失败的感知随年龄、骑行经验和性能监测设备（如功率计）的使用而显著不同，年龄较大/经验丰富的骑行者倾向于将其视为更自愿的。据报道，延长努力时间的常见策略包括自言自语、目标聚焦和有意识的呼吸调节。该研究还揭示了一种普遍的时间感知变化，大多数人在最大运动时都会感到时间变慢。总的来说，这些发现强调任务失败是一个多方面的现象，由生理状态、心理因素和主观感知的相互作用驱动。对这些经验动态的更深入了解有助于开发旨在改善努力管理和提高耐力表现的训练干预措施。

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引用次数: 0

ACTive to the peak: Psychological flexibility and the relationship with flow and clutch states 积极到顶点：心理灵活性及其与心流状态和离合状态的关系

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102989

Luca Ziegler, Lindsey Leatherman, Ashley Coker-Cranney

Current research on psychological flexibility (PF) in sport has largely relied on cross-sectional assessments or limited follow-up, which overlooks the inherently dynamic nature of the competitive athletic season. Furthermore, the relationship between PF and optimal mental states associated with enhanced athletic performance, primarily flow and clutch states, remain relatively unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to longitudinally assess the six processes of psychological flexibility and flow and clutch states across a competitive season. Collegiate soccer players (n = 173) completed online pre-game psychological flexibility and post-game optimal mental states assessments for pre-season, non-conference, conference, and post-season games. Aside from values, the remaining five processes remained stable across the season, providing further support that processes should be specifically targeted via psychological interventions to see improvement. Furthermore, values were a significant predictor of flow states in non-conference games (R²_Adj. = .30), while cognitive defusion significantly predicted clutch states in conference games (R²_Adj. = .67). The remaining processes did not account for a significant amount of variance in flow or clutch states, suggesting that unidimensional psychological flexibility may not be directly related to improving optimal mental states. Practical implications relate to the importance of multidimensional assessment of psychological flexibility, consideration of the relative stability in psychological flexibility, and the finding that psychological flexibility did not directly relate to optimal mental states in the present study.

目前对体育运动中心理灵活性（PF）的研究在很大程度上依赖于横断面评估或有限的随访，忽视了竞技运动季节内在的动态性。此外，PF与提高运动表现的最佳心理状态（主要是心流状态和关键时刻状态）之间的关系仍然相对未被探索。因此，本研究旨在纵向评估跨赛季的心理灵活性、流动状态和离合状态的六个过程。大学足球运动员（n = 173）完成了季前赛、非季前赛、季前赛和季后赛的赛前心理灵活性和赛后最佳心理状态在线评估。除了价值之外，其余五个过程在整个季节保持稳定，这进一步支持了应该通过心理干预来明确目标的过程，以看到改善。此外，数值也是非会议游戏中心流状态的重要预测因子。= 0.30)，而认知融合显著预测了联盟比赛的关键状态(R2Adj。=正)。其余的过程并不能解释流动状态或离合状态的显著差异，这表明单维心理灵活性可能与改善最佳心理状态没有直接关系。本研究的实际意义涉及心理灵活性多维度评估的重要性、对心理灵活性相对稳定性的考虑以及心理灵活性与最佳心理状态没有直接关系的发现。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing exercise for perinatal depressive symptoms: A network meta-analysis of effective modalities and doses 围产期抑郁症状优化运动：有效方式和剂量的网络荟萃分析

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102980

Jingyi Xie, Mingyuan Jin, Bin Wang

Background

While exercise is a promising strategy for alleviating perinatal depressive symptoms, its clinical potential remains unrealized due to ambiguity in optimal modalities and dosages, hindering targeted clinical prescription and the design of effective interventions. This study aimed to identify the most effective exercise type and dosage for reducing perinatal depressive symptoms severity.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating exercise for perinatal depressive symptoms were identified from four databases (from inception to November 2024). A comprehensive comparison of the effectiveness of various exercise modalities in alleviating perinatal depressive symptoms was conducted using a combination of network meta-analysis (NMA) and dose-response meta-analysis.

Results

A total of 46 RCTs involving 5719 participants were included. In the NMA, Pilates ranked highest for reducing perinatal depressive symptoms, showing a marked effect [SMD = −1.25, 95 % CrI: (−2.14, −0.364)]. Yoga, aerobic exercise, and flexibility training followed, also showing notable effects. The optimal dose for substantial benefits was identified as approximately 360 MET-min/week. This is practically equivalent to engaging in two 30-min sessions per week for a duration of 12 weeks.

Conclusions

Our findings conclude that exercise modalities like Pilates and yoga are highly effective for alleviating perinatal depressive symptoms when prescribed at an optimal dose of approximately 360 MET-min/week. This is practically achievable through two 30-min sessions weekly for 12 weeks. These findings provide clinicians with actionable, evidence-based guidance for prescribing exercise to this population. Future research should prioritize head-to-head trials comparing leading modalities, such as Pilates and yoga, to further refine therapeutic guidelines.

虽然运动是缓解围产期抑郁症状的一种有希望的策略，但由于最佳方式和剂量的不确定性，其临床潜力尚未实现，阻碍了有针对性的临床处方和有效干预措施的设计。本研究旨在确定最有效的运动类型和剂量，以减轻围产期抑郁症状的严重程度。方法从四个数据库（从建立到2024年11月）中筛选评估运动对围产期抑郁症状的随机对照试验（rct）。采用网络荟萃分析（NMA）和剂量反应荟萃分析相结合的方法，对不同运动方式缓解围产期抑郁症状的有效性进行了全面比较。结果共纳入46项随机对照试验，受试者5719人。在NMA中，普拉提在减少围产期抑郁症状方面排名最高，效果显著[SMD = - 1.25, 95% CrI:(- 2.14, - 0.364)]。瑜伽、有氧运动和柔韧性训练也显示出显著的效果。获得实质性益处的最佳剂量被确定为约360 MET-min/周。这实际上相当于每周进行两次30分钟的训练，持续12周。结论我们的研究结果表明，当处方的最佳剂量约为360 MET-min/周时，普拉提和瑜伽等运动方式对缓解围产期抑郁症状非常有效。这实际上是可以通过每周两次30分钟的锻炼来实现的，持续12周。这些发现为临床医生开具运动处方提供了可行的、基于证据的指导。未来的研究应该优先考虑比较主要方式的正面试验，如普拉提和瑜伽，以进一步完善治疗指南。

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引用次数: 0

A path for transforming esports into a health and performance domain 将电子竞技转变为健康和性能领域的路径

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102973

Kyle J.M. Bennett , Patricia C. Jackman , Rochelle Eime , Dylan R. Poulus

The health and wellbeing of young people (10–24 years old) is a global public health priority, with evidence that many of these individuals have poor physical, mental, and social health. Adding to the growing concerns is the rise in overall digital media usage and the popularity of video gaming as a leisure activity. Developing from video gaming is a competitive form known as esport, which has now reached a level where it is starting to mirror the traditional sporting landscape in terms of professionalism. Given the competitive focus of esports and players striving to gain an edge over opponents, many have adopted a training approach characterised by long hours of repetitive practice, colloquially referred to as “grinding”. These high levels of engagement, often totalling over 20 h per week, mean players may sacrifice their physical, mental, and social wellbeing, as they do not have time to engage in healthy behaviours. With the growing visibility and mainstream status, we argue that esports is at a crossroads where failing to address the grinding culture could negatively impact players’ long-term health. Rather than seeing performance and health as a dichotomy, we propose a Performance through Health approach that raises the potential for the two to co-exist. We suggest leveraging systems thinking, socio-ecological models, and co-creation methodologies to design, develop, and implement strategies and interventions that are appropriately tailored to the needs of the industry while acknowledging the multiple interacting layers that can impact implementation and success.

年轻人（10-24岁）的健康和福祉是全球公共卫生的一个优先事项，有证据表明，其中许多人的身体、精神和社会健康状况不佳。更令人担忧的是，整体数字媒体使用量的上升，以及电子游戏作为一种休闲活动的流行。从电子游戏发展而来的是一种被称为电子竞技的竞技形式，它现在已经达到了一个水平，开始在专业程度上反映传统体育景观。考虑到电子竞技的竞争焦点和玩家努力获得优势，许多人采用了一种以长时间重复练习为特征的训练方法，通俗地称为“刷任务”。这种高参与度，通常每周超过20小时，意味着玩家可能会牺牲自己的身体、心理和社交健康，因为他们没有时间从事健康的行为。随着知名度和主流地位的提高，我们认为电子竞技正处于一个十字路口，如果不能解决刷任务文化，可能会对玩家的长期健康产生负面影响。我们不是将绩效和健康视为两分法，而是提出了一种通过健康实现绩效的方法，提高了两者共存的潜力。我们建议利用系统思维、社会生态模型和共同创造方法来设计、开发和实施适合行业需求的战略和干预措施，同时承认可能影响实施和成功的多个相互作用层面。

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引用次数: 0

A commentary on “Decision making in sports” by Johnson (2025) 对“体育决策”的评论。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102979

David P. Broadbent, Lyndell M. Bruce

In recognition of the 25th anniversary of Psychology of Sport and Exercise (PSE), Johnson (2025) provided an insightful overview of decision making in sports, detailing the foundations of this research in psychology and then outlining the growth of decision making research in sport psychology. The review highlighted the tremendous progression of this research area, outlining several theoretical approaches that have been proposed, and providing future directions that will continue to progress the area in the next 25 years. It is the latter which we have chosen to delve in to further in this commentary. Specifically, we contend that the key for advancing this area of research is the use of real-world data and representative study designs to further our understanding of the interactive and context-specific nature of decision making in sport. This will have implications for performance and training in sport, as well as wider implications for our understanding of how humans interact with the world. We provide a brief overview of the key points we took from the review by Johnson (2025) and build on each of these to highlight future directions for research that could provide unique insights into decision making in sport.

为了纪念运动与运动心理学（PSE）成立25周年，Johnson（2025）对运动中的决策进行了深刻的概述，详细介绍了这项心理学研究的基础，然后概述了运动心理学中决策研究的发展。这篇综述强调了这一研究领域的巨大进展，概述了已经提出的几种理论方法，并提供了未来25年将继续推动该领域发展的方向。在这篇评论中，我们选择深入探讨的正是后者。具体来说，我们认为推进这一研究领域的关键是使用真实世界的数据和代表性的研究设计，以进一步理解体育决策的交互性和情境特异性。这将对运动中的表现和训练产生影响，并对我们理解人类如何与世界互动产生更广泛的影响。我们将简要概述我们从Johnson（2025）的评论中得出的关键点，并在每个关键点的基础上强调未来的研究方向，这些方向可以为体育决策提供独特的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Quality participation of physical activity matters for quality of life and subjective wellbeing in people with disabilities 高质量地参加体育活动对残疾人的生活质量和主观幸福感至关重要

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102976

Chunxiao Li , Justin A. Haegele , Brett Smith

Martin Ginis (2025) critically examines the inconsistent and often inconclusive evidence on the effects of physical activity (PA) on quality of life (QOL) and subjective well-being (SWB) in people with disabilities. In this article, we build on her arguments by highlighting conceptual ambiguities, methodological limitations, and measurement challenges that have contributed to these inconsistencies. We then evaluate the Quality Participation Model of PA and QOL/SWB as a promising framework that positions quality participation as central to enhancing well-being. Finally, we outline future directions (e.g., construct refinement, technological tailoring, co-produced research, and critical happiness studies) and call for a shift toward inclusive, high-quality PA experiences to realize PA's full potential in disability contexts.

Martin Ginis（2025）批判性地研究了身体活动（PA）对残疾人生活质量（QOL）和主观幸福感（SWB）影响的不一致且往往不确定的证据。在这篇文章中，我们通过强调概念上的歧义、方法上的限制和测量上的挑战来建立她的论点，这些都导致了这些不一致。然后，我们评估了PA和QOL/SWB的质量参与模型作为一个有前途的框架，将质量参与定位为提高福祉的核心。最后，我们概述了未来的发展方向（例如，构建精细化、技术定制、联合生产研究和关键幸福研究），并呼吁向包容性、高质量的PA体验转变，以实现PA在残疾背景下的全部潜力。

引用次数: 0

Moral behaviour in sport: Tracing the past and looking to the future 体育运动中的道德行为：追本溯源，展望未来

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102975

Maria Kavussanu

Research examining prosocial and antisocial behaviours - collectively referred to as moral behaviour – in the sport context has proliferated in the past 20 years. Prosocial and antisocial behaviours are intentional behaviours that can have positive or negative consequences for the recipient's rights and psychological or physical welfare. This article reviews research on moral behaviour in sport and discusses how this research evolved in the last 20 years. Most studies have examined antecedents or predictors of prosocial and antisocial behaviours focusing predominantly on intrapersonal variables but also investigating social-environmental influences. In the last 10 years, some studies have examined consequences of these behaviours for the recipient. The review starts by tracing the development of the constructs of prosocial and antisocial sport behaviours and their measurement. Then, research on antecedents or predictors of prosocial and antisocial sport behaviours is discussed followed by studies on consequences or outcomes of these behaviours. The article concludes with a discussion of practical implications, key issues, challenges, and future research directions.

在过去的20年里，对体育运动中亲社会和反社会行为（统称为道德行为）的研究激增。亲社会行为和反社会行为是有意的行为，可以对接受者的权利和心理或身体福利产生积极或消极的后果。本文回顾了体育运动中道德行为的研究，并讨论了这一研究在过去20年中是如何发展的。大多数研究都考察了亲社会和反社会行为的前因或预测因素，主要集中在个人变量上，但也调查了社会环境的影响。在过去的10年里，一些研究调查了这些行为对接受者的影响。本文首先回顾了亲社会和反社会运动行为的结构及其测量的发展。然后，讨论了亲社会和反社会运动行为的前因或预测因素，然后研究了这些行为的后果或结果。文章最后讨论了其现实意义、关键问题、面临的挑战和未来的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond age and expertise: Emotional intelligence and heart rate variability predict decision-making under risk in mountain-guide population 超越年龄和专业知识：情绪智力和心率变异性预测山区向导人群在风险下的决策

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102974

Guillaume Pellet-Bourgeois , Pierrick Laulan , Layan Fessler , Florent Lebon

In high mountain environments, mountaineers regularly face decisions that put the physical integrity of all group members at risk, particularly in avalanche-prone terrain. These decisions, where consequences and probabilities are known, is called decision-making under risk. While knowledge and skills form the foundation of avalanche safety training, age and expertise may not be the only predictive factors. This study explored the influence of emotional intelligence (EI), vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) and inhibitory control on decision-making, in addition to age and expertise. Seventy male mountaineers (15–60 years) completed i) the Cambridge Gambling Task, a decision-making task that measured risk adjustment (RA) and risk management (RM), ii) an expertise questionnaire combining certification level and perceived expertise, iii) the Profile of Emotional Competence questionnaire, and iv) the Stop-Signal task assessing inhibitory control. We measured vmHRV at rest during 5 min. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses first tested Age and Expertise as baseline predictors, then evaluated the added predictive value of EI, vmHRV, and Inhibitory Control through model comparisons and effect size assessments. While no effects were found on RA, RM analysis revealed that EI and vmHRV improved prediction by 11.8 % compared to age and expertise alone. Global emotional competencies and heart-brain vagal interactions proved crucial in mountaineers' decision-making under risk, unlike inhibitory control. These findings suggest that emotional competencies play a role in risk management decisions in controlled settings, which may have implications for mountaineers' training programs, and highlight the potential of physiological markers as additional indicators of decision-making tendencies under risk.

在高山环境中，登山者经常面临将所有成员的人身安全置于危险之中的决定，特别是在易发生雪崩的地形中。这些决策，其结果和概率是已知的，被称为风险决策。虽然知识和技能构成了雪崩安全培训的基础，但年龄和专业知识可能不是唯一的预测因素。除了年龄和专业知识外，本研究还探讨了情绪智力（EI）、迷走神经介导的心率变异性（vmHRV）和抑制性控制对决策的影响。70名男性登山运动员（15-60岁）完成了测量风险调整（RA）和风险管理（RM）的决策任务剑桥赌博任务、结合认证水平和感知专业知识的专业技能问卷、情绪能力概况问卷和评估抑制控制的停止信号任务。我们在5分钟内测量静止时的vmHRV。分层多元回归分析首先测试了年龄和专业知识作为基线预测因子，然后通过模型比较和效应大小评估EI、vmHRV和抑制控制的附加预测价值。虽然没有发现对RA的影响，但RM分析显示，与年龄和专业知识单独相比，EI和vmHRV提高了11.8%的预测。与抑制控制不同，全球情绪能力和心脑迷走神经相互作用在登山者的风险决策中被证明是至关重要的。这些研究结果表明，情绪能力在控制环境下的风险管理决策中发挥作用，这可能对登山者的训练计划有启示，并强调了生理标记作为风险决策倾向的附加指标的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

The Multigroup Model of Identity Leadership (Multi-IL) in professional team sports: Navigating group dynamics from the perspective of professional soccer head coaches 职业团队运动中认同领导的多群体模型：基于职业足球主教练视角的群体动力学导航。

IF 3.3 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2025-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102972

Verena C. Pearce , Martin P. Fladerer , Thorsten Leber , Dieter Frey , Hans-Dieter Hermann

Objective

This study examines how subgroups and multigroup dynamics within professional soccer clubs influence the head coach's leadership effectiveness from a social identity perspective.

Design and method

In this qualitative study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 professional head coaches from the top four German men's leagues and the top two women's leagues. Data were analyzed using qualitative structuring content analysis and iterative abductive coding, integrating both deductive and inductive approaches, grounded in critical realism.

Results

The findings reveal that head coaches in professional soccer clubs operate within three key subgroups: the player group, the staff group, and the management group. Head coaches play a bridging role, unifying these subgroups as their interactions can have both positive and negative effects on their leadership effectiveness. Positive leadership experiences were characterized by functional and effective relationships (alliances) with at least two and often all three subgroups. In contrast, functional alliances with just one subgroup, even if it was the player group, proved insufficient and led to negative leadership experiences over time. Positive leadership experiences depended on the head coach's ability to manage the social identity dynamics within and across subgroups, as negative dynamics in any subgroup could undermine overall leadership effectiveness. These findings have been synthesized into the Multigroup Model of Identity Leadership (Multi-IL) in professional team sports.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the importance of considering key subgroups and their interplay for effective identity leadership. Coaches and researchers should adopt a multigroup perspective to enhance leadership effectiveness and advance leadership research.

目的：本研究从社会认同的角度考察职业足球俱乐部内部的亚群体和多群体动态对主教练领导效能的影响。设计与方法：在本定性研究中，我们对来自德国四大男足联赛和两大女足联赛的30名职业主教练进行了半结构化访谈。数据分析采用定性结构、内容分析和迭代溯因编码，结合演绎和归纳方法，以批判现实主义为基础。结果：研究结果表明，职业足球俱乐部主教练在三个关键的子群体中运作：球员群体、工作人员群体和管理群体。总教练扮演着桥梁的角色，将这些小组统一起来，因为他们的互动对他们的领导效率既有积极的影响，也有消极的影响。积极的领导经验的特点是与至少两个，通常是三个子群体的有效关系（联盟）。相比之下，只有一个子群体的功能联盟，即使是玩家群体，也会被证明是不够的，并随着时间的推移导致消极的领导体验。积极的领导经验取决于主教练管理子群体内部和跨群体的社会认同动态的能力，因为任何子群体中的消极动态都可能破坏整体领导效率。这些发现被综合到职业团队运动中认同领导的多群体模型（Multi-IL）中。结论：研究结果强调了考虑关键子群体及其相互作用对有效认同领导的重要性。教练员和研究者应该采用多群体视角来提高领导效能，推进领导力研究。

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