Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第8页

Human midfacial growth pattern differs from that of Neanderthals and chimpanzees 人类面部中部的生长模式不同于尼安德特人和黑猩猩

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103667

Alexandra Schuh , Philipp Gunz , Chiara Villa , Bruno Maureille , Michel Toussaint , Grégory Abrams , Jean-Jacques Hublin , Sarah E. Freidline

Present-day humans have small and retracted midfaces, while Neanderthals possess large and forwardly projected midfaces. To understand the ontogenetic patterns underlying these characteristic morphologies, we compared maxillary growth and development from birth to adulthood in present-day humans (Homo sapiens; n = 128), Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis; n = 13), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus; n = 33) using macroscopic (i.e., geometric morphometrics) and microscopic (i.e., surface histology) approaches. Using geometric morphometrics to quantify macroscopic patterns of growth and development, we found that the midfaces of present-day humans are on average already smaller at birth than those of Neanderthals and grow more slowly after birth. In particular, we find an early cessation of growth around adolescence, which is unique to our species. Microscopically, this is reflected in reduced amounts of bone resorption, indicative of decreased cellular activities linked to bone development. Greater amounts of bone formation in the infraorbital and nasal regions and faster growth rates are responsible for the large Neanderthal midface. These results highlight the importance of postnatal ontogeny (especially in late stages) for explaining facial differences between Neanderthals and present-day humans, as well as part of the gracilization process characteristic of present-day humans.

现代人类的中脸小而向后缩，而尼安德特人的中脸大而向前突出。为了了解这些特征形态背后的个体发生模式，我们比较了现代人类(智人；n = 128)，尼安德特人(Homo neanderthalensis；n = 13)，黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes verus；N = 33)，采用宏观（即几何形态计量学）和微观（即表面组织学）方法。使用几何形态计量学来量化生长和发育的宏观模式，我们发现现代人的中脸在出生时平均已经比尼安德特人小，出生后增长更慢。特别是，我们发现青春期前后生长会提前停止，这是人类独有的。显微镜下，这反映在骨吸收量减少，表明与骨发育有关的细胞活动减少。在眶下和鼻区有大量的骨骼形成，生长速度更快，这是尼安德特人中脸较大的原因。这些结果强调了出生后个体发育（特别是在后期）对于解释尼安德特人和现代人之间面部差异的重要性，以及现代人特征的部分纤体化过程。

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引用次数: 0

The Marine Isotope Stage 5 (∼105 ka) lithic assemblage from Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter and insights into social transmission across the Kalahari Basin and its environs 来自Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter的海洋同位素第5阶段（~ 105 ka）岩石组合以及对喀拉哈里盆地及其周边地区社会传播的见解

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103654

Precious Chiwara-Maenzanise , Benjamin J. Schoville , Yonatan Sahle , Jayne Wilkins

The social transmission of cultural information is widely acknowledged as a key factor in the survival of our species. This paper explores lithic technological systems to assess the presence and extent of cultural information transmission between early human groups in the Kalahari Basin and its environs during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 (∼130–74 ka). This period is crucial for understanding the development and expansion of complex behaviors in Africa. Dated to ∼105 ka, the dark brown silt and roofspall lithic assemblage at Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter in the southern Kalahari provides evidence of early human behavior from South Africa's interior. Technological analyses reveal that lithic reduction at Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter focused on producing flakes, convergent pieces, and blades, primarily using the recurrent Levallois method. Comparisons with contemporaneous MIS 5 assemblages in the Kalahari and surrounding regions, such as Erfkroon, Florisbad, and White Paintings Rockshelter, reveal significant technological similarities. These include the use of local raw materials, recurrent Levallois methods, hard hammer percussion technique, core maintenance through débordants, manufacturing of blanks with comparable shapes and sizes, mostly with faceted platforms, and a low frequency of formal tools. These similarities suggest a shared technological tradition and potential cultural exchange among the groups at these sites. This connectivity may reflect their shared adaptation to the predominantly arid and semi-arid conditions of the Kalahari Basin and its environs, which may have necessitated the formation of social ties to access scarce and potentially unpredictable resources, in contrast to the fragmentation observed in some other regions during interglacial periods.

文化信息的社会传播被广泛认为是人类生存的关键因素。本文探讨了岩石技术系统，以评估喀拉哈里盆地及其周边地区在海洋同位素阶段（MIS） 5 （~ 130-74 ka）早期人类群体之间文化信息传播的存在和程度。这一时期对于理解非洲复杂行为的发展和扩展至关重要。喀拉哈里南部Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter的深棕色淤泥和屋顶碎块岩石组合可追溯到~ 105 ka，为南非内陆的早期人类行为提供了证据。技术分析表明，Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter的岩屑减少主要集中在薄片、会聚块和叶片上，主要使用循环的Levallois方法。与Kalahari和周边地区（如Erfkroon、Florisbad和White Paintings Rockshelter）的同期MIS 5组合进行比较，揭示了显著的技术相似性。这些措施包括使用当地原材料、重复使用勒瓦卢瓦方法、硬锤敲击技术、通过danalys进行芯部维护、制造具有类似形状和尺寸的毛坯（主要是多面平台），以及使用正规工具的频率较低。这些相似之处表明，在这些遗址的群体之间存在着共同的技术传统和潜在的文化交流。这种连通性可能反映了他们对喀拉哈里盆地及其周边地区主要干旱和半干旱条件的共同适应，这可能需要形成社会联系以获取稀缺和潜在不可预测的资源，这与间冰期在其他一些地区观察到的碎片化形成鲜明对比。

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引用次数: 0

Ulnar morphology of Pliobates cataloniae (Pliopithecoidea: Crouzeliidae): Insights into catarrhine locomotor diversity and forelimb evolution cataloniates （Pliobates）尺骨形态（Pliobates coidea: crouzelidae）： carrine运动多样性和前肢进化的见解

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103663

Georgina Raventós-Izard , Oriol Monclús-Gonzalo , Salvador Moyà-Solà , David M. Alba , Julia Arias-Martorell

Pliobates cataloniae is a small-bodied crouzeliid pliopithecoid from the Miocene (∼11.6 Ma) of Abocador de Can Mata (ACM; Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula). It exhibits a mosaic of primitive (stem catarrhine) and derived (modern hominoid-like) postcranial features. The holotype partial skeleton, from locality ACM/C8-A4, includes an almost complete ulna—a bone that plays a critical role in forearm flexion-extension and pronation-supination. Here, we use landmark-based three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to evaluate the closest morphometric affinities of the Pliobates ulna and explore its implications for the locomotor repertoire of this taxon. The comparative sample includes 156 specimens corresponding to 35 species from 20 anthropoid genera, three lorisid genera, and 10 fossil catarrhines. Our results indicate that the trochlear notch morphology of Pliobates resembles that of stem catarrhines and other nonhominoid primates. However, Pliobates differs from cercopithecoids (especially terrestrial taxa) in radial notch features related to enhanced pronation-supination capabilities, closely resembling the condition displayed by crown hominoids, Ateles, and Loris. In turn, the distal ulna of Pliobates does not overlap with any extant group and differs from the other fossils analyzed, most closely resembling that of hylobatids and lorisids. Pliobates probably had an extensive range of movement in the distal forearm, as indicated by the incipiently expanded semilunar ulnar head, the relatively short styloid process, the deep fovea, and the hooklike styloid process. This suggests that Pliobates would have frequently displayed nonstereotypical limb postures and slow locomotor behaviors. Overall, the ulnar morphology of Pliobates suggests that its locomotor repertoire may have combined cautious above-branch quadrupedalism and eclectic climbing with nonagile suspensory behaviors resembling those of Ateles.

cataloniae Pliobates是一种小体crouzeliid pliopithecoid，来自Abocador de Can Mata （ACM）中新世（~ 11.6 Ma）；伊比利亚半岛东北部的vall - pened盆地)。它展示了原始（干卡塔林）和衍生（现代类人猿）后颅特征的马赛克。完整型部分骨骼，来自部位ACM/C8-A4，包括一个几乎完整的尺骨，在前臂屈伸和旋前中起关键作用。在这里，我们使用基于地标的三维几何形态计量学来评估尺骨唇形类最接近的形态相似性，并探讨其对该分类单元运动能力的影响。比较样本包括20个类人猿属、3个猴目属、10个卡鼻目化石的35种156个标本。我们的研究结果表明，上颚类动物的滑车切迹形态与干鼻虫和其他非人猿灵长类动物相似。然而，Pliobates与cercopithecoids（尤其是陆生类群）的不同之处在于，其径向缺口特征与增强的旋前-旋后能力有关，与冠类人猿、Ateles和Loris的情况非常相似。反过来，Pliobates的远端尺骨与任何现存的类群都没有重叠，并且与其他被分析的化石不同，最接近于hylobatids和lorisids。从早期扩张的半月尺骨头、相对较短的茎突、较深的中央窝和钩状茎突可以看出，凸突骨在前臂远端可能具有广泛的活动范围。这表明棱叶虫可能经常表现出非典型的肢体姿势和缓慢的运动行为。总的来说，唇形纲的尺骨形态表明，它的运动方式可能结合了谨慎的枝上四足行走和折衷的攀爬，以及类似于掌形纲的非敏捷悬吊行为。

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引用次数: 0

A fresh look at an iconic human fossil: Virtual reconstruction of the KNM-WT 15000 cranium 对标志性人类化石的全新看法：KNM-WT 15000颅骨的虚拟重建

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103664

Karen L. Baab

引用次数: 0

Micro-computed tomography unveils anatomy of the oldest known plesiadapiform cranium 微型计算机断层扫描揭示了已知最古老的蛇颈状头盖骨的解剖结构

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103655

Jordan W. Crowell , K. Christopher Beard , Stephen G.B. Chester

Palaechthonids are a likely paraphyletic or polyphyletic assemblage of dentally plesiomorphic plesiadapiforms known from the Paleocene of North America. This family is known primarily from isolated dental fossils, but one partial cranium of the palaechthonid Plesiolestes nacimienti (Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas [KUVP] 9557) exists and was studied a half-century ago to infer aspects of the paleobiology of basal or stem primates. Since then, additional plesiadapiform crania representing several families have been described, but KUVP 9557 remains the best preserved for a palaechthonid and is the geologically oldest known cranial fossil of any plesiadapiform or euarchontan mammal (primates + colugos + treeshrews). Here, for the first time, we scanned the partial cranium of P. nacimienti using micro-computed tomography (μCT) to assess previously described morphology, document novel morphology, and make comparisons with crania of other plesiadapiforms and euarchontans. While several previous cranial descriptions are reaffirmed here (e.g., caudal expansion of the nasals, an intraorbital lacrimal foramen), μCT scan data have clarified that certain previously identified structures (e.g., postorbital process) are not present and have unveiled previously unknown structures (e.g., foramen ovale, optic foramen). Comparisons indicate that the cranial anatomy of P. nacimienti is most like that of non-microsyopid plesiadapiforms and that unambiguous synapomorphies with an extant euarchontan clade are absent. Paleobiological inferences presented here suggest that P. nacimienti was broadly similar to the extant treeshrew Ptilocercus, albeit less insectivorous, which is in line with evolutionary scenarios proposed for the ancestral primatomorphan or the ancestral primate (sensu lato) that emphasize the importance of arboreality and angiosperm products.

古棘齿目动物是一种可能由牙齿似形蛇形适应动物组成的泛系或多系组合，已知于北美古新世。这个科主要是从孤立的牙齿化石中得知的，但古棘目Plesiolestes nacimienti（堪萨斯大学生物多样性研究所脊椎动物古生物学部[KUVP] 9557]）的一个部分颅骨存在，并在半个世纪前进行了研究，以推断基础或主干灵长类动物的古生物学方面。从那时起，代表几个科的其他蛇颈类颅骨被描述，但KUVP 9557仍然是保存最完好的古蛇颈类，是地质上已知最古老的蛇颈类或原始哺乳动物（灵长类动物+鼯猴+树鼩）的颅骨化石。在这里，我们首次使用微计算机断层扫描（μCT）对P. nacimienti的部分颅骨进行了扫描，以评估先前描述的形态学，记录新的形态学，并与其他plesiadapiforms和euarchontans的颅骨进行了比较。虽然这里重申了先前的一些颅部描述（例如，鼻尾部扩张，眶内泪孔），但μCT扫描数据澄清了某些先前确定的结构（例如，眶后突）不存在，并且揭示了以前未知的结构（例如，卵圆孔，视神经孔）。比较表明，P. nacimienti的颅骨解剖结构最像非微颌类蛇的适应性，与现存的等颌类进化枝没有明确的突触形态。本文提出的古生物学推断表明，P. nacimienti与现存的树鼩Ptilocercus大致相似，尽管较少食虫，这与强调树栖和被子植物产物重要性的灵长类祖先或灵长类祖先（sensu lato）的进化情景一致。

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引用次数: 0

Morphological variation of the Australopithecus afarensis maxilla 南猿上颌骨的形态变异

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103651

Hester Hanegraef , Fred Spoor

Central to discussions about hominin diversity in the mid-Pliocene of eastern Africa is whether or not certain fossils should be attributed to Australopithecus afarensis, instead of representing separate species. Key to answering this question is a good understanding of the magnitude and pattern of intraspecific variation shown by A. afarensis. Given the importance of maxillary characteristics in species diagnoses of early hominins, we explored morphological variation among all nine sufficiently preserved A. afarensis maxillae from Hadar. After CT-based virtual reconstruction, these were analyzed in the comparative context of 448 extant hominine (modern human and African ape) maxillae, representing all currently recognized subspecies, large geographic areas, and both sexes. Maxillary morphology was captured by three-dimensional landmarks, and size and shape were examined using geometric morphometric methods. The main findings are that 1) A. afarensis has high degrees of size and shape variation compared with extant hominines, potentially linked with sexual dimorphism, 2) no allometry was found, despite the large size variation, 3) a temporal trend in maxillary size is suggested but not in shape, and 4) the inferred patterns of sexual dimorphism in form and shape are different from those observed in Homo sapiens, Pan, and Gorilla. These results provide a greater understanding of A. afarensis, enable quantitative comparisons with contemporary maxillae attributed to Kenyanthropus platyops, Australopithecus deyiremeda, and Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and can help evaluate variation in other Plio-Pleistocene hominins, such as those assigned to species of early Homo.

关于东非上新世中期人类多样性的讨论的核心是，某些化石是否应该归于南方古猿阿法种，而不是代表单独的物种。回答这个问题的关键是对南方南方古猿种内变异的大小和模式有一个很好的理解。考虑到上颌特征在早期古人类物种诊断中的重要性，我们对哈达尔所有保存完好的9种阿法南方古猿上颌进行了形态学变异研究。在基于ct的虚拟重建之后，这些数据在448个现存的人类（现代人类和非洲猿）上颌骨的比较背景下进行了分析，这些上颌骨代表了所有目前公认的亚种，大地理区域和两性。采用三维地标法捕获上颌形态，并用几何形态计量学方法检测大小和形状。主要发现有：(1)阿法古猿与现存人科动物相比，其大小和形状有较大差异，可能与性别二态性有关；(2)未发现异速生长，但尺寸差异较大；(3)上颌大小有时间变化趋势，但形状没有变化趋势；(4)推测的形状和形状的性别二态性模式与智人、潘人和大猩猩不同。这些结果提供了对南方古猿阿法种更深入的了解，可以与肯尼亚猿人（Kenyanthropus platyops）、deyiremeda南方古猿（Australopithecus deyiremeda）和bahrelghazali南方古猿（Australopithecus bahrelghazali）的当代上颌进行定量比较，并可以帮助评估其他上新世-更新世人科动物的变异，例如那些属于早期人属的物种。

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引用次数: 0

First articulating os coxae, femur, and tibia of a small adult Paranthropus robustus from Member 1 (Hanging Remnant) of the Swartkrans Formation, South Africa 南非Swartkrans组第1成员（悬挂残余物）中一个小型成年副粗壮人的髋部、股骨和胫骨

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103647

Travis Rayne Pickering , Marine Cazenave , R.J. Clarke , A.J. Heile , Matthew V. Caruana , Kathleen Kuman , Dominic Stratford , C.K. Brain , Jason L. Heaton

Since paleontological work began there in 1948, Swartkrans (South Africa) has yielded hundreds of Early Pleistocene hominin fossils, currently attributed to (in ascending order of quantity) cf. Australopithecus africanus, Homo spp., and Paranthropus robustus. The bulk of that large sample comprises craniodental remains, with (mostly fragmentary) postcranial materials being much less abundant at the site. In that context, our announcement here of the first articulating partial os coxae, nearly complete femur, and complete tibia of a young adult hominin (SWT1/HR-2), excavated from the <2.3 to >1.7-million-year-old Hanging Remnant (Member 1) of the Swartkrans Formation, represents an important addition to the understanding of hominin postural and locomotor behavior in Early Pleistocene South Africa. We provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions and initial functional morphological interpretations of the fossils, based mostly on external bone morphology. Epiphyseal fusion data, element dimensions, the crural index, and live body stature and mass estimates that we provide all indicate that SWT1/HR-2 is one of the smallest known adult hominins in the fossil record. We discuss the paleobiological implications of these findings in relation to our taxonomic diagnosis of SWT1/HR-2 as representing P. robustus.

自从1948年在那里开始古生物学工作以来，斯瓦特克朗斯（南非）已经发现了数百块早更新世的古人类化石，这些化石目前被归类为（按数量由高到低）非洲南方古猿、智人和傍人粗壮人。这个大样本的大部分是颅齿残骸，（大部分是碎片）颅后材料在现场的数量要少得多。在此背景下，我们在此宣布，从距今230万至170万年前的Swartkrans组悬挂遗迹（成员1）中出土的一个年轻成年人族（SWT1/HR-2）的第一个可连接的部分股骨、几乎完整的股骨和完整的胫骨，为了解早更新世南非人族的姿势和运动行为提供了重要的补充。我们提供化石的定性和定量描述和初步功能形态学解释，主要基于外部骨骼形态学。我们提供的骨骺融合数据、元素尺寸、脚指数、活体身高和质量估计都表明，SWT1/HR-2是化石记录中已知最小的成年人族之一。我们讨论了这些发现的古生物意义与我们的分类诊断SWT1/HR-2代表壮种。

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引用次数: 0

New specimens allow revisiting the dental anatomy of Middle Miocene fossil primates from Patagonia 新的标本允许重新审视巴塔哥尼亚中新世中灵长类化石的牙齿解剖

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103648

Nelson M. Novo , Ulyses F.J. Pardiñas , Marcelo F. Tejedor

引用次数: 0

Examining the relationship between pelvic shape and numbers of lumbar vertebrae in anthropoid primates 研究类人猿的骨盆形状和腰椎数目之间的关系

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103649

Eva-Mercè Fuentes , Monica V. Avilez , Jeffery K. Spear , Scott A. Williams

引用次数: 0

A three-dimensional geometric morphometric study of Miocene ape lumbar vertebrae, with implications for hominoid locomotor evolution 中新世猿猴腰椎的三维几何形态计量学研究，对类人猿运动进化的影响

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103650

Scott A. Williams , Xue Wang , Monica V. Avilez , Lillian Fok , Maria V. Giraldo , Jeffrey K. Spear , Thomas C. Prang

Miocene apes represent snapshots in time of key transitions in hominoid evolution. While all extant apes are adapted to orthograde posture and suspensory behavior, many Miocene apes demonstrate evidence for pronogrady and habitual arboreal quadrupedalism or present ‘mosaic’ morphologies suggestive of locomotion and posture unlike any extant catarrhine. Here, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to study penultimate lumbar vertebrae of extant anthropoids and those of three well-preserved Miocene apes: Ekembo nyanzae (KNM-MW 13142), Morotopithecus bishopi (UMP 67-28), and Pierolapithecus catalaunicus (IPS 21350-64), which have been interpreted as a pronograde arboreal quadruped, an orthograde suspensory or vertical climbing ape, and an orthograde vertical climber that was not adapted to suspensory behavior, respectively. Our results show that E. nyanzae shares three-dimensional shape space with terrestrial papionins, whereas M. bishopi and P. catalaunicus fall within overlapping morphospace shared by Ateles and hylobatids. Morotopithecus bishopi and P. catalaunicus share with hylobatids and brachiating atelids (Ateles and Brachyteles) well-established features such as dorsal lumbar transverse (costal) processes and a newly identified feature in this study, the presence of a convex pillar along the pars interarticularis that forms the lateral borders of the laminae. The latter feature is also shared with E. nyanzae. Together with their large body size estimates, we interpret these results to indicate that E. nyanzae was primarily a pronograde quadruped that may have been semiterrestrial rather than strictly arboreal, while M. bishopi and P. catalaunicus were adapted to both orthogrady and forelimb-dominated climbing and suspension.

中新世猿类代表了类人猿进化关键过渡时期的快照。虽然所有现存的猿类都适应直立姿势和悬吊行为，但许多中新世猿类显示出前倾和习惯性树栖四足行走的证据，或者呈现出与任何现存的卡他林动物不同的运动和姿势的“马赛克”形态。本文利用三维几何形态测量学研究了现存类人猿和3种保存完好的中新世类人猿：Ekembo nyanzae （KNM-MW 13142）、Morotopithecus bishopi （UMP 67-28）和Pierolapithecus catalaunicus （IPS 21350-64）的第二腰椎，这3种类人猿分别被解释为前行树栖四足动物、直立悬吊或垂直攀爬猿类和不适应悬吊行为的直立攀爬猿类。我们的研究结果表明，E. nyanzae与陆生番木瓜素共享三维形态空间，而M. bishopi和P. catalaunicus则属于Ateles和hylobatids共享的重叠形态空间。Morotopithecus bishopi和P. catalaunicus与舌足和臂状舌足（Ateles和Brachyteles）有共同的特征，如腰背横突（肋突）和本研究中新发现的特征，即沿关节间部形成椎板外侧边界的凸柱的存在。后一个特征也与E. nyanzae共享。结合它们巨大的体型估计，我们解释这些结果表明，E. nyanzae主要是一种前向四足动物，可能是半陆栖的，而不是严格意义上的树栖动物，而M. bishopi和P. catalaunicus既适应直立攀登，也适应前肢主导的攀登和悬浮。

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引用次数: 0