Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第8页

A reanalysis of the Taung endocranial surface: Comparison with large samples of living hominids 对黄种人颅内表面的再分析：与现存大样本原始人的比较

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103637

Shawn Hurst , Ralph Holloway , Heather Garvin , Grace Bocko , Kara Garcia , Zachary Cofran , John Hawks , Lee Berger

Since its discovery, the natural endocast of the Taung cranium has played a central role in the interpretation of human brain evolution. Aspects of the endocast including the identification of the lunate sulcus, possible expansion of the parietal lobe, and rounded profile suggested to R. Dart that the Taung individual was aligned with humans and not with other anthropoid primates, yet these interpretations were immediately controversial and remain so today. We have generated a detailed curvature map of the Taung endocast to evaluate its surface organization with reference to 189 chimpanzee and 20 human brains. These data enable evolutionary consideration of the surface detail of depressions and projections sufficient to mark primary sulci and variations in sulcal organization due to superficial bridges between adjacent gyri. Our results suggest that the lunate sulcus in the Taung endocast displays a gyral bridge between the occipital lobe and the inferior parietal lobule seen in 65% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 1.8% of our chimpanzee ones. The frontal lobe organization of the Taung endocast reflects a superior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 92.8% of our adult human brain hemispheres, but in 0% of our adult chimpanzee sample, and an inferior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 100% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 2.1% of our chimpanzee ones. The Taung inferior frontal gyrus retains a fronto-orbital sulcus which is seen in 0% of our adult human brain hemispheres and in 100% of our adult chimpanzee ones. These observations help to resolve some apparent inconsistencies of interpretation of the posterior endocast of the Taung specimen while showing that the specimen shared some derived aspects of endocast organization with humans that were not found in chimpanzees.

自发现以来，黄氏头盖骨的自然内蕴在解释人类大脑进化中发挥了核心作用。对达特来说，包括月骨沟的识别、顶叶可能的扩张和圆形轮廓在内的内骨骼特征表明，陶人与人类而不是其他类人猿灵长类动物是一致的，但这些解释立即引起了争议，直到今天仍然如此。我们已经生成了一幅详细的陶氏脑脊膜的曲率图，以参考189只黑猩猩和20只人类的大脑来评估它的表面组织。这些数据使我们能够从进化的角度考虑凹陷和突起的表面细节，足以标记初级脑沟和由于邻近脑回之间的浅表桥而导致的脑沟组织的变化。我们的研究结果表明，陶氏脑内皮层的月状沟在枕叶和顶叶下叶之间显示了一个回状桥，在65%的成年人大脑半球中可见，但在黑猩猩的大脑半球中仅占1.8%。陶氏脑内皮层的额叶组织反映了92.8%的成人大脑半球中出现的额上沟模式，但在成年黑猩猩样本中只出现了0%；成年人类大脑半球中100%出现了额下沟模式，但在黑猩猩样本中只出现了2.1%。黄种人的额下回保留了一个额眶沟，这个沟在0%的成人大脑半球和100%的成年黑猩猩大脑半球中都有。这些观察结果有助于解决对陶氏标本后内腔的一些明显不一致的解释，同时表明该标本与人类共享一些在黑猩猩中没有发现的内腔组织的衍生方面。

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引用次数: 0

Paleoenvironments at the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Java, Indonesia): The artiodactyl evidence 印尼爪哇Trinil地区直立人类型的古环境：偶蹄类证据

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103638

B. Gruwier , K. Kovarovic

In this study, we assess the artiodactyl fossil record of the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Indonesia) and explore the paleoenvironmental implications for the site and for our understanding of early hominin paleoecology. Combining ecomorphological analyses on postcranial elements of cervids from Trinil (n = 43) with a range of existing paleobiological and paleoecological data on the bovids and cervids, a holistic reconstruction is made of the ecology of the artiodactyl community. The ecomorphological analyses indicate that the cervid Axis lydekkeri was adapted to relatively open environments with wet substrate. In combination with evidence of the other families, these results are compared in a correspondence analysis with the artiodactyl communities of contemporary Asian nature reserves. Trinil was shown to be similar to a number of Mainland Southeast Asian sites and reconstructed as an open woodland habitat with a wet component, possibly in the form of alluvial grasslands. The paleoenvironmental conditions reconstructed for Trinil indicate that Homo erectus was present in relatively open environments but that it still had a significant degree of environmental flexibility and was able to persist in wet and dry environments, with a vegetation structure ranging from grassland to open woodland.

在这项研究中，我们评估了印度尼西亚Trinil地区直立人类型的偶蹄类化石记录，并探讨了该遗址的古环境意义以及我们对早期人类古生态的理解。结合对来自Trinil （n = 43）的鹿科动物的颅后成分的生态形态学分析，以及一系列现有的牛科动物和鹿科动物的古生物学和古生态学资料，对偶蹄动物群落的生态进行了整体重建。生态形态分析表明，紫颈菊适应于相对开放、基质湿润的环境。结合其他科的证据，这些结果与当代亚洲自然保护区偶蹄动物群落的对应分析进行了比较。研究表明，Trinil与东南亚大陆的许多遗址相似，并被重建为具有湿润成分的开放林地栖息地，可能以冲积草原的形式存在。重建的特里尼尔古环境条件表明，直立人存在于相对开放的环境中，但仍具有显著的环境灵活性，能够在干湿环境中生存，植被结构从草地到开阔林地不等。

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引用次数: 0

Divergent otolithic systems in the inner ear of Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus 粗壮副人与非洲南方古猿内耳不同的耳石系统。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103624

Christopher M. Smith , Ashley S. Hammond , Alessandro Urciuoli , José Braga , Amélie Beaudet , Marine Cazenave , Jeffrey T. Laitman , Sergio Almécija

The bony labyrinth of the inner ear houses the sensory end-organs responsible for balance (otolithic system in the utricle and saccule, and semicircular canal system) and hearing (cochlea). Study of the bony labyrinth has revealed considerable morphological diversity in the hominin lineage (semicircular canals and cochleae) and aided in reconstructing essential aspects of primate evolution, including positional behavior, audition, and phylogenic affinities. However, evidence of evolutionary change in the hominin otolithic system remains elusive. Such morphological variation in these gravitoinertial sensory end-organs may suggest functional differences as their geometry is linked with positional behavior. We approach the question of evolutionary morphological change in the hominin otolithic system by examining bony vestibule morphology in two South African hominin taxa Paranthropus robustus (n = 9) and Australopithecus africanus (n = 6), compared to extant hominids (Pongo pygmaeus, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Homo sapiens). We use landmark-based shape analyses of 78 extant hominid inner ears by means of virtual three-dimensional models derived from micro-computed tomography scans. Thirty bony landmarks were chosen to approximate otolithic organ morphology and relative configuration. Results show a distinctive morphology in P. robustus compared to A. africanus and extant hominids. Specifically, P. robustus exhibits anterolateral–posteromedial compression in bony otolithic organ structure, reducing the size of the saccule and vestibular aqueduct. In contrast, A. africanus exhibits a modern-human-like otolithic system. This newfound morphological diversity identifies unique bony features of the P. robustus inner ear which: 1) offers potential evidence for differential positional behavior between P. robustus and A. africanus and 2) presents osteological markers to be used in taxonomic identification of P. robustus remains and in future assessments of Paranthropus classification.

内耳的骨质迷宫容纳了负责平衡的感觉末端器官（外耳道和囊管中的耳石系统以及半规管系统）和负责听觉的感觉末端器官（耳蜗）。对骨性迷宫的研究揭示了类人（半规管和耳蜗）的形态多样性，有助于重建灵长类进化的重要方面，包括位置行为、听觉和系统亲缘关系。然而，有关类人耳石系统进化变化的证据仍然难以捉摸。这些重力惯性感觉末端器官的形态变化可能暗示着功能上的差异，因为它们的几何形状与位置行为有关。我们通过研究两个南非类人类群--健壮古人类（Paranthropus robustus，n = 9）和非洲澳洲人（Australopithecus africanus，n = 6）--与现存类人类（Pongo pygmaeus、大猩猩、潘氏猿和智人）相比的骨质前庭形态，来探讨类人耳石系统的进化形态变化问题。我们通过从微型计算机断层扫描中提取的虚拟三维模型，对 78 个现存类人动物的内耳进行了基于地标的形状分析。我们选择了 30 个骨性地标来近似耳石器官的形态和相对构造。结果显示，与非洲人和现存类人猿相比，健壮人的形态与众不同。具体来说，健壮猪的骨质耳石器官结构表现出前外侧-后内侧压缩，缩小了囊状器和前庭导水管的尺寸。与此相反，非洲巨蜥则表现出类似现代人的耳石系统。这一新发现的形态多样性确定了健壮猪内耳独特的骨骼特征，这些特征包括1）为健壮人和非洲人之间不同的位置行为提供了潜在的证据；2）提供了骨学标记，可用于健壮人遗骸的分类鉴定和未来的古人类分类评估。

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引用次数: 0

Contextualizing the Upper Paleolithic of the Armenian Highlands: New data from Solak-1, central Armenia 亚美尼亚高地旧石器时代晚期的背景：来自亚美尼亚中部Solak-1的新数据。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103632

Tanner Z. Kovach , Artur Petrosyan , Keith N. Wilkinson , Yannick Raczynski-Henk , Kathleen Rodrigues , Ellery Frahm , Emily Beverly , Jayson P. Gill , Jennifer E. Sherriff , Boris Gasparyan , Hayk G. Avetisyan , Artak V. Gnuni , Daniel S. Adler

As a potential corridor connecting Southwest Asia with western and northern Europe, the Armenian Highlands and southern Caucasus hold great potential for increasing our understanding of Upper Paleolithic behavioral and cultural variability. However, given the dearth of Upper Paleolithic sites, we lack the data necessary to answer basic questions regarding the timing and nature of the Upper Paleolithic in this region. Solak-1 is an open-air site located along the upper Hrazdan Valley (1635 m above sea level) in central Armenia. The site preserves a rich Upper Paleolithic lithic assemblage produced almost exclusively on obsidian and is just the fourth Upper Paleolithic sequence in Armenia. The goal of this study is to present geoarchaeological, chronometric, and technological analyses of the Solak-1 site to integrate the site into the regional Upper Paleolithic sequence. Solak-1 is composed of six lithostratigraphic units (LUs 1–6) comprising recently reworked (LUs 1–2), pedogenically modified (LUs 3–5), and primary (LU 6) loess. A single-grain postinfrared infrared stimulated luminescence date of 27.73 ± 3.63 ka was obtained from LU 4. This age is comparable to regional Middle Upper Paleolithic sites in Armenia and Georgia. Technotypological analyses indicate a lithic assemblage dominated by the production of bladelets and bladelet tools from formal and informal cores. Geochemical sourcing of the obsidian highlights a predominance of local raw material use, with rare transport of artifacts over 185 linear km. These results add an important new datapoint to the Upper Paleolithic record of the Armenian Highlands, offering additional insights into technotypological patterning within this period.

作为连接西南亚与西欧和北欧的潜在走廊，亚美尼亚高地和南高加索地区具有巨大的潜力，可以增加我们对旧石器时代晚期行为和文化多样性的理解。然而，由于旧石器时代晚期遗址的缺乏，我们缺乏必要的数据来回答有关该地区旧石器时代晚期的时间和性质的基本问题。Solak-1是位于亚美尼亚中部Hrazdan河谷上游（海拔1635米）的露天场地。该遗址保存了丰富的旧石器时代晚期石器组合，几乎完全由黑曜石制成，是亚美尼亚第四个旧石器时代晚期序列。本研究的目的是对Solak-1遗址进行地质考古、时间学和技术分析，将该遗址纳入区域性的旧石器时代晚期序列。索拉克-1由6个岩石地层单元（LUs 1-6）组成，包括新近改造的（LUs 1-2）、土成改造的（LUs 3-5）和原生的（LUs 6）黄土。单粒红外后红外激发发光时间为27.73±3.63 ka。这个时代可以与亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚旧石器时代中晚期的地区相媲美。技术类型学分析表明，由正式和非正式岩心的叶片和叶片工具的生产主导的岩屑组合。黑曜石的地球化学来源突出了当地原材料使用的优势，罕见的文物运输超过185线性公里。这些结果为亚美尼亚高地旧石器时代晚期的记录增加了一个重要的新数据点，为这一时期的技术类型学模式提供了额外的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Interpreting statistical significance in hominin dimorphism: Power and Type I error rates for resampling tests of univariate and missing-data multivariate size dimorphism estimation methods in the fossil record 解释古人类二型性的统计意义：化石记录中单变量和缺失数据的多变量大小二型性估计方法的重采样测试的功率和I型错误率。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103630

Adam D. Gordon

The degree of sexual size dimorphism in fossil hominins is important evidence for the evaluation of evolutionary hypotheses, but it is also difficult/impossible to measure directly. Multiple methods have been developed to estimate dimorphism in univariate and multivariate datasets, including when data are missing. This paper introduces 'dimorph', an R package that implements many of these methods and associated resampling-based significance tests and evaluates their performance in terms of Type I error rates and power. Tests evaluated here are those that appear most commonly in the hominin literature: testing whether a fossil sample is significantly more dimorphic than a comparative sample of known dimorphism. Univariate and multivariate methods are applied to metric data from four extant hominoid species: Gorilla gorilla, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Hylobates lar. Each species is represented by 47 female and 47 male adult individuals, from which 10 linear postcranial measurements are collected. Data are resampled at a broad range of sample sizes (n = 4 to n = 82), sex ratios (proportion of females range from 0 to 1), and in the case of missing-data methods, proportions of missing data (0–0.9). Type I error rates and power are evaluated by the proportion of tests correctly or incorrectly rejecting null hypotheses regarding dimorphism difference within pairs of samples drawn from these four species, in which one sample stands in for a fossil sample. Results indicate low Type I error rates for all methods, whereas power is variable across methods but often low at sample sizes common to fossil analyses. Recommendations are made for the best significance tests. Additionally, previous work using lack of significant difference as evidence for similarity in dimorphism between fossils and extant species should be re-examined to determine whether those studies have enough power to detect known differences among extant taxa.

古人类性别大小二态性的程度是评价进化假说的重要依据，但也难以直接测量。已经开发了多种方法来估计单变量和多变量数据集的二态性，包括当数据缺失时。本文介绍了“dimorph”，这是一个R包，它实现了许多这些方法和相关的基于重采样的显著性检验，并根据I型错误率和功率评估它们的性能。这里评估的测试是那些在古人类文献中最常见的测试：测试化石样本是否明显比已知二态性的比较样本更二态。单变量和多变量方法应用于四个现存的类人猿物种的度量数据：大猩猩、智人、类人猿和大hyloates。每个物种由47个雌性和47个雄性成年个体代表，从中收集了10个线性颅后测量值。在广泛的样本量范围内（n = 4至n = 82），性别比率（女性比例范围为0至1），以及在缺失数据方法的情况下，缺失数据比例（0-0.9）对数据进行重新采样。I型错误率和功率是通过正确或错误地拒绝从这四个物种中抽取的成对样本中有关二态性差异的零假设的测试比例来评估的，其中一个样本代表化石样本。结果表明，所有方法的I型错误率都很低，而功率在不同方法之间是可变的，但在化石分析中常见的样本量通常很低。对最佳显著性检验提出了建议。此外，应该重新检查以前的工作，以缺乏显著差异作为化石和现存物种之间二态性相似性的证据，以确定这些研究是否有足够的能力来检测现存分类群之间的已知差异。

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引用次数: 0

Stone selection by wild chimpanzees shares patterns with Oldowan hominins 野生黑猩猩对石头的选择与奥尔德瓦古人类有共同的模式。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103625

D.R. Braun , S. Carvalho , R.S. Kaplan , M. Beardmore-Herd , T. Plummer , D. Biro , T. Matsuzawa

The use of broad tool repertoires to increase dietary flexibility through extractive foraging behaviors is shared by humans and their closest living relatives (chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes). However, comparisons between tool use in ancient human ancestors (hominins) and chimpanzees are limited by differences in their toolkits. One feature shared by primate and hominin toolkits is rock selection based on physical properties of the stones and the targets of foraging behaviors. Here, we document the selectivity patterns of stone tools used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts at Bossou, Guinea, through controlled experiments that introduce rocks unknown to this population. Experiments incorporate specific rock types because previous studies document hominin selection of these lithologies at Kanjera South 2 Ma. We investigate decisions made by chimpanzees when selecting stones that vary in their mechanical properties—features not directly visible to the individual. Results indicate that the selection of anvils and hammers is linked to task-specific mechanical properties. Chimpanzees select harder stones for hammers and softer stones for anvils, indicating an understanding of specific properties for distinct functions. Selectivity of rock types suggests that chimpanzees assess the appropriate materials for functions by discriminating these ‘invisible’ properties. Adults identify mechanical properties through individual learning, and juveniles often reused the tools selected by adults. Selection of specific rock types may be transmitted through the reuse of combinations of rocks. These patterns of stone selection parallel what is documented for Oldowan hominins. The processes identified in this experiment provide insights into the discrete nature of hominin rock selection patterns in Plio-Pleistocene stone artifact production.

人类和他们的近亲（黑猩猩，泛穴居人）共同使用广泛的工具库，通过采掘觅食行为来增加饮食的灵活性。然而，对古代人类祖先（古人类）和黑猩猩使用工具的比较受到工具包差异的限制。灵长类动物和人类工具箱共有的一个特征是，根据石头的物理性质和觅食行为的目标来选择岩石。在这里，我们记录了在几内亚Bossou，野生黑猩猩使用石器来敲开坚果的选择性模式，通过控制实验，引入了未知的岩石。实验纳入了特定的岩石类型，因为以前的研究记录了在Kanjera South 2 Ma这些岩性的人类选择。我们研究了黑猩猩在选择不同机械性能的石头时所做的决定——这些特征对个体来说是不直接可见的。结果表明，砧和锤的选择与特定任务的机械性能有关。黑猩猩选择较硬的石头做锤子，较软的石头做铁砧，这表明它们对不同功能的特定属性有不同的理解。岩石类型的选择性表明黑猩猩通过区分这些“看不见的”属性来评估合适的功能材料。成年人通过个人学习来识别机械特性，青少年经常重复使用成年人选择的工具。特定岩石类型的选择可以通过岩石组合的重复使用来传递。这些选择石头的模式与记载的奥尔多瓦古人类相似。在本实验中确定的过程提供了对上新世-更新世石器制品生产中人类岩石选择模式的离散性质的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Shanidar 3 ‘rings the bell’: Virtual ribcage reconstruction and its implications for understanding the Neanderthal bauplan 沙尼达尔3“敲响警钟”：虚拟胸腔重建及其对理解尼安德特人bauplan的影响。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103629

José M. López-Rey , Daniel García-Martínez , Markus Bastir

The study of the ribcage is fundamental to understanding hominin evolution. However, ribs and vertebrae are scarce in the fossil record. Although Neanderthals are one of the most represented and, therefore, one of the most studied fossil Homo species, it is controversial whether there is a standardized Neanderthal ribcage morphotype that could differ from modern humans. Hence, we used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to reconstruct and compare the Neanderthal ribcage of Shanidar 3 with another Neanderthal specimen, Kebara 2, and with 58 Homo sapiens individuals of worldwide distribution. Shape differences among the Neanderthal and H. sapiens ribcages were analyzed by a hierarchical cluster using the Euclidean distances among the permuted Procrustes distances between groups. Size differences between the Neanderthal and H. sapiens ribcages were examined using a permutation test on centroid size. To examine the potential for allometry, we performed a linear regression of Procrustes coordinates on centroid size of the sample, followed by a principal component analysis in form space. Our results show that Shanidar 3 has the ‘bell-shaped’ thorax typically described for Neanderthals. In fact, the shapes of both Shanidar 3 and Kebara 2 ribcages cluster apart from that of H. sapiens, being closer to cold-adapted individuals. The study of the centroid size supports similarities between Neanderthals and cold-adapted H. sapiens since significant size differences were found only between Neanderthals and temperate/tropical recent humans. The linear regression and principal component analysis showed an allometric relationship between ribcage size and shape, suggesting Neanderthals had larger and stockier ribcages than most H. sapiens, although they fall within the H. sapiens range of variation. Finally, ribcage similarities found between Shanidar 3 and Kebara 2, both inhabiting warm Levantine locations during the Upper Pleistocene, could challenge the conventional idea of a cold-adapted bauplan in Neanderthals.

对肋骨的研究是了解类人进化的基础。然而，肋骨和脊椎骨在化石记录中很少见。虽然尼安德特人是代表性最强的智人化石物种之一，因此也是研究最多的智人化石物种之一，但是否存在与现代人不同的标准化尼安德特人肋骨形态，仍存在争议。因此，我们使用三维几何形态计量学重建了 Shanidar 3 号尼安德特人的肋骨，并将其与另一个尼安德特人标本 Kebara 2 号以及分布在世界各地的 58 个智人个体进行了比较。尼安德特人和智人的肋骨形状差异通过分层聚类进行分析，使用的是组间包络Procrustes距离中的欧氏距离。尼安德特人和智人的肋骨之间的尺寸差异则是通过对中心点尺寸的置换检验进行的。为了检验异体测量的可能性，我们对样本中心点尺寸的普氏坐标进行了线性回归，然后在形式空间中进行了主成分分析。结果显示，Shanidar 3 具有尼安德特人典型的 "钟形 "胸廓。事实上，Shanidar 3 和 Kebara 2 的肋骨形状都与智人不同，更接近于适应寒冷的个体。对中心点尺寸的研究支持尼安德特人和适应寒冷的智人之间的相似性，因为只有在尼安德特人和温带/热带近代人类之间才发现了显著的尺寸差异。线性回归和主成分分析表明，肋骨的大小和形状之间存在异速关系，这表明尼安德特人的肋骨比大多数智人的肋骨更大、更粗壮，尽管它们属于智人的变异范围。最后，Shanidar 3 和 Kebara 2 之间发现的肋骨相似性可能对尼安德特人适应寒冷的传统观点提出了挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Additional analyses of stem catarrhine and hominoid dental morphology support Kapi ramnagarensis as a stem hylobatid 另外对牙根和类人猿牙齿形态的分析支持Kapi ramnagarensis是一种牙根虫

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103628

Christopher C. Gilbert , Alejandra Ortiz , Kelsey D. Pugh , Christopher J. Campisano , Biren A. Patel , Ningthoujam Premjit Singh , John G. Fleagle , Rajeev Patnaik

Fossil gibbons are exceedingly rare, with much of the hylobatid fossil record and, consequently, hylobatid evolutionary history remaining unknown. Kapi ramnagarensis was described as a stem hylobatid on the basis of an isolated lower right M₃ from ∼13.0–12.5 Ma deposits surrounding Ramnagar (J&K), India. This interpretation was recently challenged, with alternative hypotheses suggesting that it is instead a stem catarrhine or a strangely derived pliopithecoid that has converged on hylobatid morphology. A series of morphological features were said to distinguish Kapi from fossil and extant hylobatids; notably, however, none of these features were examined or compared using quantitative analyses. Here, we further examine the dental morphology of Kapi, providing quantitative analyses to critically evaluate the hypothesis that Kapi represents a stem catarrhine or pliopithecoid rather than a stem hylobatid. Results demonstrate that none of the claimed differences between Kapi and hylobatids hold up under closer scrutiny, and multivariate discriminant analyses taking size and shape into account strongly support Kapi as a hylobatid with high posterior probabilities. Although only represented by a single lower molar, Kapi remains the most compelling candidate for the earliest known hylobatid in the fossil record and thus likely documents the simultaneous arrival of lesser and great apes to Asia during the Middle Miocene.

长臂猿化石极为罕见，有许多舌足类化石记录，因此，舌足类的进化史仍然未知。根据印度Ramnagar （J&；K）周围约13.0-12.5 Ma沉积物中孤立的右下方M3， Kapi ramnagarensis被描述为茎状水螅体。这一解释最近受到了挑战，有其他假说认为，它是一种茎卡塔林或一种奇怪的衍生上棘类，在水螅体形态上趋同。一系列的形态特征被认为将卡皮与化石和现存的水螅虫区分开来；然而，值得注意的是，这些特征都没有使用定量分析进行检查或比较。在这里，我们进一步研究了Kapi的牙齿形态，提供了定量分析，以批判性地评估Kapi代表茎卡塔林或上棘类而不是茎棘类的假设。结果表明，在更仔细的审查下，Kapi和舌裂体之间所声称的差异都不成立，考虑到大小和形状的多变量判别分析强烈支持Kapi作为具有高后验概率的舌裂体。虽然只有一颗下臼齿，但卡皮仍然是化石记录中已知最早的舌足最有说服力的候选者，因此可能证明了中新世中期小猿和大猿同时到达亚洲。

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引用次数: 0

The Grotte du Bison Neandertals (Arcy-sur-Cure, France) 尼安德特人野牛洞穴（法国库尔河畔阿尔西）。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103631

Juliette Henrion , Bruno Maureille , Cédric Beauval , Nicolas Vanderesse , Jean-Jacques Hublin , Maurice Hardy

The Grotte du Bison, in Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France), yielded a large assemblage of 49 Neandertal remains from late Mousterian layers, offering critical insights for the study of Middle to Upper Paleolithic populations of Western Europe. Previous studies described the external morphology of 13 isolated teeth and a partial maxilla. Building on this previous work, the current study provides further descriptions and analyses of the remains, including one postcranial fragment, six cranial fragments, two maxillary fragments, and 40 isolated teeth. The dental remains are examined for a more detailed assessment of the metric and nonmetric variability of their external and internal morphologies. We focus our description on preservation, health status, and age at death, and we assess the minimum number of individuals. The dental variability is also compared to that of Middle and Upper Pleistocene hominins. Our results indicate that the collection represents at least nine to 17 individuals, comprising mostly children and adolescents. Five to seven pairings are identified based on shared dental traits, developmental criteria, such as perikymata and pitted hypoplasia, wear patterns, and taphonomic alterations. This collection exhibits characteristic Neandertal features, including occasionally markedly expressed traits (e.g., I¹ and P³ ridging and tubercular expressions), as well as a homogenous expression of accessory structures (particularly for the molars). The highest morphological variability is observed on maxillary premolar roots, which display different stages of root fusion, mesially placed hypercementosis, and pulp cavity extension. This collection also reflects the morphological and behavioral diversity observed in the other Arcy-sur-Cure caves.

在法国约内的阿尔西-库尔河畔的石窟（Grotte du Bison），发现了来自摩斯特时代晚期的49具尼安德特人遗骸，为研究西欧旧石器时代中晚期的人群提供了重要的见解。先前的研究描述了13颗分离牙齿和部分上颌骨的外部形态。在先前工作的基础上，目前的研究提供了对遗骸的进一步描述和分析，包括一个颅后碎片，六个颅骨碎片，两个上颌碎片和40个分离的牙齿。检查牙齿遗骸，以更详细地评估其外部和内部形态的公制和非公制变异性。我们将描述重点放在保存、健康状况和死亡年龄上，并评估个体的最小数量。并与中更新世和上更新世古人类的牙齿变异性进行了比较。我们的研究结果表明，该集合代表了至少9到17个人，其中大多数是儿童和青少年。根据共同的牙齿特征、发育标准（如齿突周围和凹陷性发育不全）、磨损模式和语音学改变来确定5到7对配对。这组标本展示了典型的尼安德特人特征，包括偶尔明显表达的特征（例如，I1和P3隆起和结核表达），以及附属结构的同质表达（特别是臼齿）。上颌前磨牙根的形态差异最大，表现出不同阶段的根融合、近端多牙和牙髓腔延伸。这个集合也反映了在其他阿尔西-苏尔-库尔洞穴中观察到的形态和行为的多样性。

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引用次数: 0

New modern and Pleistocene fossil micromammal assemblages from Swartkrans, South Africa: Paleobiodiversity, taphonomic, and environmental context 来自南非Swartkrans的新的现代和更新世化石微哺乳动物组合：古生物多样性、地语学和环境背景。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103636

Pierre Linchamps , Emmanuelle Stoetzel , Laurie Amberny , Christine Steininger , Ronald J. Clarke , Matthew V. Caruana , Kathleen Kuman , Travis Rayne Pickering

The oldest deposit at the hominin-bearing cave of Swartkrans, South Africa, is the Lower Bank of Member 1, dated to ca. 2.2 million years ago. Excavations of this unit have produced a diverse and extensive mammalian fossil record, including Paranthropus robustus and early Homo fossils, along with numerous Oldowan stone tools. The present study focuses on the taxonomic analysis of the micromammalian fossil assemblage obtained from recent excavations of the Lower Bank, conducted between 2005 and 2010, as part of the Swartkrans Paleoanthropological Research Project. The taxonomic composition of this assemblage is dominated by Mystromys, a rodent indicative of grassland environments. Taphonomic analysis indicates an accumulation of prey by Tyto alba (Barn owl) or a related species. Environments inferred from this evidence reflect an open landscape primarily covered by grassland vegetation, but they also feature components of wooded areas, rocky outcrops, and the proximity of a river. The Swartkrans fossil assemblage is compared with Cooper's D (dated to ca. 1.4 Ma) and a modern coprocoenosis of Bubo africanus (spotted eagle-owl) collected within the Swartkrans cave for taxonomic, taphonomic, and paleoecological perspectives. Contrasting fossil and modern micromammalian data provide a better understanding of accumulation processes and facilitate a diachronic reconstruction of changes in climate and landscape evolution. Issues regarding paleoenvironmental reconstruction methodologies based on micromammals are also discussed.

在南非斯瓦特克兰的人类洞穴中，最古老的沉积物是成员1的下银行，可以追溯到大约220万年前。在这个单位的发掘中发现了种类繁多的哺乳动物化石记录，包括类人猿粗壮人和早期人属化石，以及大量的奥尔多瓦石器。本研究的重点是对2005年至2010年间进行的下岸考古发掘中获得的小型哺乳动物化石组合进行分类分析，该研究是Swartkrans古人类研究项目的一部分。这个组合的分类组成主要是神秘鼠，一种草原环境的啮齿动物。地形学分析表明，这是由仓鸮（Tyto alba）或其相关物种积累的猎物。从这一证据推断出的环境反映了一个主要被草原植被覆盖的开阔景观，但它们也具有树木繁茂地区、露出地面的岩石和靠近河流的特征。将Swartkrans化石组合与Cooper的D化石（年代约1.4 Ma）和在Swartkrans洞穴中收集的Bubo africanus（斑点鹰鸮）的现代coprocoenosis进行了分类、分类和古生态学的比较。对比化石和现代微哺乳动物的数据，有助于更好地理解积累过程，并有助于重建气候和景观演变的历时变化。讨论了基于微哺乳动物的古环境重建方法问题。

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引用次数: 0