Journal of Human Evolution最新文献_第9页

Locomotor adaptation in the hominoid clavicle through ontogeny 类人猿锁骨通过个体发生的运动适应

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103652

Hannah N. Farrell, Zeresenay Alemseged

Reconstructions of the locomotor behavior of early hominins have been hindered by our incomplete understanding of the form-function relationship in the extant hominoid shoulder. Although extensive research has highlighted the role of the highly mobile shoulder in supporting the locomotor diversity and versatility observed in hominoids, the contribution of the clavicle and its morphological diversity to shoulder function remains significantly underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the cross-sectional geometry of the ape clavicle using a large ontogenetic sample to identify new osteological signals related to locomotor adaptation in the shoulder. We assessed the interspecific and intraspecific differences in cortical bone distribution, with ratios of cortical properties describing the relative eccentricity of the cross section (the ratio of the second moments of area about the maximum [I_MAX] and minimum [I_MIN] principal axes [I_MAX/I_MIN]), the orientation of the anatomical plane that eccentricity is occurring in (the ratio of the second moments of area relative to the craniocaudal [I_X] and dorsoventral [I_Y] axes [I_X/I_Y]), and the relative proportion of cortical bone in each section. Our analyses demonstrate that the hominoid clavicle holds strong signals of locomotor adaptation that can be identified both across taxa and through ontogeny. Gibbons and orangutans have a relatively uniform clavicular cortical geometry throughout life, with gibbon clavicles built to best withstand habitual, unidirectional bending forces and orangutan clavicles remodeled to resist unpredictable, multidirectional loading. Furthermore, we find a clear signal of increased clavicular bending in the same portion of the diaphysis through ontogeny in the cortical geometry of chimpanzees and gorillas, likely reflecting both the shifts toward terrestriality through ontogeny and bending rigidity needed for continued arboreality at a larger body mass. Ultimately, these results are promising for the identification of locomotor adaptation in the shoulder of early hominins, especially Australopithecus, and highlight the key structural role of the clavicle in ape locomotion.

由于我们对现存类人猿肩部的形式-功能关系的不完全理解，早期人类运动行为的重建受到了阻碍。尽管广泛的研究强调了高活动性肩膀在支持类人猿运动多样性和多功能性方面的作用，但锁骨及其形态多样性对肩部功能的贡献仍未得到充分探索。在这项研究中，我们使用大量个体发生样本分析了类人猿锁骨的横截面几何形状，以确定与肩部运动适应相关的新骨学信号。我们评估了种间和种内皮质骨分布的差异，皮质特性的比值描述了横截面的相对偏心率（最大[IMAX]和最小[IMIN]主轴的第二次面积矩之比[IMAX/IMIN]），发生偏心率的解剖平面的方向（相对于颅侧[IX]和背侧[IY]轴的第二次面积矩之比[IX/IY]），以及各切片中皮质骨的相对比例。我们的分析表明，类人猿锁骨具有强烈的运动适应信号，可以通过分类群和个体发生来识别。长臂猿和猩猩一生中锁骨皮质的几何形状相对一致，长臂猿的锁骨结构可以最好地承受习惯性的单向弯曲力，而猩猩的锁骨结构可以抵抗不可预测的多向载荷。此外，我们在黑猩猩和大猩猩的皮质几何结构中发现了锁骨弯曲度增加的明显信号，这可能反映了通过个体发育向陆地化的转变，以及在更大的体重下继续树栖所需要的弯曲刚度。最终，这些结果为早期人类，特别是南方古猿肩部运动适应性的鉴定提供了希望，并强调了锁骨在类人猿运动中的关键结构作用。

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引用次数: 0

Facial morphologies of Middle Pleistocene Europe: Morphological mosaicism and the evolution of Homo neanderthalensis 欧洲中更新世的面部形态：形态镶嵌和尼安德特人的进化

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103645

Siri Topsø Olsen , Suzanna White

The phylogeny of the Middle Pleistocene hominins is a matter of intense scientific debate. Important phylogenetic and taxonomic uncertainties remain, not least due to conflicting results of phylogenetic analyses when methodologies or morphological focus differ. Geography has been proposed to play a key role in Middle Pleistocene hominin diversity, with a European group potentially ancestral to Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and an African group possibly ancestral to Homo sapiens, but the evidence is equivocal. In this study, we explore the connection between geography and facial morphology in Middle Pleistocene hominins with a particular emphasis on the potential Neanderthal affinities of the European group. Furthermore, to assess the impact of methodology on the results, we use a multimethod approach in which morphological affinities in both facial shape and discrete facial traits are assessed on a dataset consisting of 38 fossil and 20 recent hominin skulls divided into five groups (European and non-European Middle Pleistocene hominins, H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and Homo erectus/Homo ergaster). Two main conclusions emerge from these analyses. First, methodological approach has a marked impact on the recorded pattern of morphological affinity, which may explain result discrepancies among previous studies. Second, this disparity may be caused by morphological mosaicism and polymorphism in the facial region of Middle Pleistocene hominins. The results provide some support for a closer connection between European Middle Pleistocene hominins and Neanderthals in terms of discrete facial traits, but not in overall facial shape, raising questions about the process of evolution of the Neanderthal facial phenotype. As a consequence of these results, we argue that greater attention needs to be paid to clarifying the broader evolutionary processes guiding hominin evolution during this period.

中更新世人类的系统发育是一个激烈的科学争论的问题。重要的系统发育和分类学的不确定性仍然存在，尤其是由于当方法或形态学焦点不同时，系统发育分析的结果相互矛盾。地理被认为在中更新世人类多样性中起着关键作用，一个欧洲群体可能是尼安德特人（穴居人）的祖先，一个非洲群体可能是智人的祖先，但证据是模棱两可的。在这项研究中，我们探索了地理与中更新世人类面部形态之间的联系，特别强调了欧洲群体潜在的尼安德特人亲缘关系。此外，为了评估方法对结果的影响，我们使用了一种多方法方法，在一个数据集上评估了面部形状和离散面部特征的形态学亲和性，该数据集由38个化石和20个新近的人类头骨组成，分为5个群体（欧洲和非欧洲中更新世人类、智人、尼安德特人、直立人/直立人）。这些分析得出了两个主要结论。首先，方法方法对形态学亲和模式的记录有显著影响，这可能解释了以往研究结果的差异。第二，这种差异可能是由中更新世古人类面部区域的形态嵌合和多态性造成的。这一结果为欧洲中更新世人族与尼安德特人在离散的面部特征上有更密切的联系提供了一些支持，但在整体面部形状上却没有，这就提出了关于尼安德特人面部表型进化过程的问题。由于这些结果，我们认为需要更多的注意力来澄清在这一时期指导人类进化的更广泛的进化过程。

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引用次数: 0

Dental microwear of Neogene cercopithecoids from the Turkana Basin, Kenya 肯尼亚图尔卡纳盆地新近系颈石类的牙齿微磨损

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103646

Leah K. Fehringer , Catherine C. Beck , Louise N. Leakey , Patricia Princehouse , John Rowan , Gabrielle A. Russo , Mark F. Teaford , Kevin T. Uno , Peter S. Ungar

Reconstructions of the diets of individual fossil species can help us better understand the adaptive radiations of higher-level primate taxa. Some researchers have posited that folivory was key to the divergence of cercopithecoids from the catarrhine stem, with bilophodonty reflecting an adaptation for leaf consumption. Others have questioned this model, suggesting that dental functional morphology and wear patterns are more consistent with frugivory and perhaps hard-object consumption. Here, we present new microwear texture data (n = 22) that might contribute to the discussion. Specimens were sampled from Buluk (∼17 Ma, Early Miocene, Noropithecus bulukensis) and Lothagam (∼8–4 Ma, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, Parapapio lothagamensis/sp. indet and fossil Colobinae) in the Turkana Basin, Kenya, and compared with a select group of extant taxa. Point clouds were generated from high-resolution replicas of molar teeth using a white light confocal profiler and analyzed using scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Redults of dental microwear texture analyses for both fossil samples align with those off extant grass (Theropithecus) and leaf (Trachypithecus) eaters and differ significantly from those of frugivores/generalists (Macaca, Papio) and hard-object specialists (Cercocebus). While both Noropithecus and Parapapio postdate the divergence of the cercopithecoid clade from other catarrhines, these results are largely consistent with previous work on the dietary ecology of the early papionin Parapapio from Lothagam and the traditional ‘tough-food’ model of leaves/grasses. Some previous Noropithecus dietary reconstructions indicated a diet of harder objects or fruits. Thus, the discrepancy between the microwear results and previous dietary reconstructions for N. bulukensis is unexpected. These results raise hypotheses that may help provide new context and insights into the radiation of this important superfamily of primates.

重建单个化石物种的饮食可以帮助我们更好地理解高级灵长类类群的适应性辐射。一些研究人员认为，叶状体是蛇尾类与鼻鞘类分化的关键，叶状体反映了对叶片消耗的适应。其他人对这个模型提出质疑，认为牙齿的功能形态和磨损模式更符合节俭和可能的硬物消费。在这里，我们提出了新的微磨损纹理数据（n = 22），可能有助于讨论。标本来自Buluk （~ 17 Ma，早中新世，Noropithecus bulukensis）和Lothagam （~ 8-4 Ma，晚中新世至上新世早期，Parapapio lothagamensis/sp）。在肯尼亚的图尔卡纳盆地发现了一组现存的分类群，并与之进行了比较。使用白光共聚焦轮廓仪从高分辨率的臼齿复制品中生成点云，并使用尺度敏感分形分析进行分析。这两种化石样本的牙齿微磨损纹理分析结果与现存的食草动物（兽猿）和食草动物（粗猿）的牙齿微磨损纹理分析结果一致，与食果动物/通才动物（猕猴、Papio）和硬物专家（尾猴）的牙齿微磨损纹理分析结果存在显著差异。虽然Noropithecus和Parapapio都将cercopithecoid分支与其他卡鼻目动物的分化时间延后，但这些结果在很大程度上与之前关于Lothagam的早期papionin Parapapio的饮食生态学的研究以及传统的叶子/草的“硬食物”模型一致。一些先前的诺古猿饮食重建表明，他们的饮食是较硬的物体或水果。因此，微磨损结果与之前的布鲁肯梭菌饮食重建结果之间的差异是出乎意料的。这些结果提出的假设可能有助于为这个重要的灵长类超家族的辐射提供新的背景和见解。

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引用次数: 0

A reanalysis of the Taung endocranial surface: Comparison with large samples of living hominids 对黄种人颅内表面的再分析：与现存大样本原始人的比较

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103637

Shawn Hurst , Ralph Holloway , Heather Garvin , Grace Bocko , Kara Garcia , Zachary Cofran , John Hawks , Lee Berger

Since its discovery, the natural endocast of the Taung cranium has played a central role in the interpretation of human brain evolution. Aspects of the endocast including the identification of the lunate sulcus, possible expansion of the parietal lobe, and rounded profile suggested to R. Dart that the Taung individual was aligned with humans and not with other anthropoid primates, yet these interpretations were immediately controversial and remain so today. We have generated a detailed curvature map of the Taung endocast to evaluate its surface organization with reference to 189 chimpanzee and 20 human brains. These data enable evolutionary consideration of the surface detail of depressions and projections sufficient to mark primary sulci and variations in sulcal organization due to superficial bridges between adjacent gyri. Our results suggest that the lunate sulcus in the Taung endocast displays a gyral bridge between the occipital lobe and the inferior parietal lobule seen in 65% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 1.8% of our chimpanzee ones. The frontal lobe organization of the Taung endocast reflects a superior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 92.8% of our adult human brain hemispheres, but in 0% of our adult chimpanzee sample, and an inferior frontal sulcus pattern seen in 100% of our adult human brain hemispheres but in only 2.1% of our chimpanzee ones. The Taung inferior frontal gyrus retains a fronto-orbital sulcus which is seen in 0% of our adult human brain hemispheres and in 100% of our adult chimpanzee ones. These observations help to resolve some apparent inconsistencies of interpretation of the posterior endocast of the Taung specimen while showing that the specimen shared some derived aspects of endocast organization with humans that were not found in chimpanzees.

自发现以来，黄氏头盖骨的自然内蕴在解释人类大脑进化中发挥了核心作用。对达特来说，包括月骨沟的识别、顶叶可能的扩张和圆形轮廓在内的内骨骼特征表明，陶人与人类而不是其他类人猿灵长类动物是一致的，但这些解释立即引起了争议，直到今天仍然如此。我们已经生成了一幅详细的陶氏脑脊膜的曲率图，以参考189只黑猩猩和20只人类的大脑来评估它的表面组织。这些数据使我们能够从进化的角度考虑凹陷和突起的表面细节，足以标记初级脑沟和由于邻近脑回之间的浅表桥而导致的脑沟组织的变化。我们的研究结果表明，陶氏脑内皮层的月状沟在枕叶和顶叶下叶之间显示了一个回状桥，在65%的成年人大脑半球中可见，但在黑猩猩的大脑半球中仅占1.8%。陶氏脑内皮层的额叶组织反映了92.8%的成人大脑半球中出现的额上沟模式，但在成年黑猩猩样本中只出现了0%；成年人类大脑半球中100%出现了额下沟模式，但在黑猩猩样本中只出现了2.1%。黄种人的额下回保留了一个额眶沟，这个沟在0%的成人大脑半球和100%的成年黑猩猩大脑半球中都有。这些观察结果有助于解决对陶氏标本后内腔的一些明显不一致的解释，同时表明该标本与人类共享一些在黑猩猩中没有发现的内腔组织的衍生方面。

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引用次数: 0

Paleoenvironments at the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Java, Indonesia): The artiodactyl evidence 印尼爪哇Trinil地区直立人类型的古环境：偶蹄类证据

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103638

B. Gruwier , K. Kovarovic

In this study, we assess the artiodactyl fossil record of the Homo erectus type locality of Trinil (Indonesia) and explore the paleoenvironmental implications for the site and for our understanding of early hominin paleoecology. Combining ecomorphological analyses on postcranial elements of cervids from Trinil (n = 43) with a range of existing paleobiological and paleoecological data on the bovids and cervids, a holistic reconstruction is made of the ecology of the artiodactyl community. The ecomorphological analyses indicate that the cervid Axis lydekkeri was adapted to relatively open environments with wet substrate. In combination with evidence of the other families, these results are compared in a correspondence analysis with the artiodactyl communities of contemporary Asian nature reserves. Trinil was shown to be similar to a number of Mainland Southeast Asian sites and reconstructed as an open woodland habitat with a wet component, possibly in the form of alluvial grasslands. The paleoenvironmental conditions reconstructed for Trinil indicate that Homo erectus was present in relatively open environments but that it still had a significant degree of environmental flexibility and was able to persist in wet and dry environments, with a vegetation structure ranging from grassland to open woodland.

在这项研究中，我们评估了印度尼西亚Trinil地区直立人类型的偶蹄类化石记录，并探讨了该遗址的古环境意义以及我们对早期人类古生态的理解。结合对来自Trinil （n = 43）的鹿科动物的颅后成分的生态形态学分析，以及一系列现有的牛科动物和鹿科动物的古生物学和古生态学资料，对偶蹄动物群落的生态进行了整体重建。生态形态分析表明，紫颈菊适应于相对开放、基质湿润的环境。结合其他科的证据，这些结果与当代亚洲自然保护区偶蹄动物群落的对应分析进行了比较。研究表明，Trinil与东南亚大陆的许多遗址相似，并被重建为具有湿润成分的开放林地栖息地，可能以冲积草原的形式存在。重建的特里尼尔古环境条件表明，直立人存在于相对开放的环境中，但仍具有显著的环境灵活性，能够在干湿环境中生存，植被结构从草地到开阔林地不等。

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引用次数: 0

Divergent otolithic systems in the inner ear of Paranthropus robustus and Australopithecus africanus 粗壮副人与非洲南方古猿内耳不同的耳石系统。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103624

Christopher M. Smith , Ashley S. Hammond , Alessandro Urciuoli , José Braga , Amélie Beaudet , Marine Cazenave , Jeffrey T. Laitman , Sergio Almécija

The bony labyrinth of the inner ear houses the sensory end-organs responsible for balance (otolithic system in the utricle and saccule, and semicircular canal system) and hearing (cochlea). Study of the bony labyrinth has revealed considerable morphological diversity in the hominin lineage (semicircular canals and cochleae) and aided in reconstructing essential aspects of primate evolution, including positional behavior, audition, and phylogenic affinities. However, evidence of evolutionary change in the hominin otolithic system remains elusive. Such morphological variation in these gravitoinertial sensory end-organs may suggest functional differences as their geometry is linked with positional behavior. We approach the question of evolutionary morphological change in the hominin otolithic system by examining bony vestibule morphology in two South African hominin taxa Paranthropus robustus (n = 9) and Australopithecus africanus (n = 6), compared to extant hominids (Pongo pygmaeus, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Homo sapiens). We use landmark-based shape analyses of 78 extant hominid inner ears by means of virtual three-dimensional models derived from micro-computed tomography scans. Thirty bony landmarks were chosen to approximate otolithic organ morphology and relative configuration. Results show a distinctive morphology in P. robustus compared to A. africanus and extant hominids. Specifically, P. robustus exhibits anterolateral–posteromedial compression in bony otolithic organ structure, reducing the size of the saccule and vestibular aqueduct. In contrast, A. africanus exhibits a modern-human-like otolithic system. This newfound morphological diversity identifies unique bony features of the P. robustus inner ear which: 1) offers potential evidence for differential positional behavior between P. robustus and A. africanus and 2) presents osteological markers to be used in taxonomic identification of P. robustus remains and in future assessments of Paranthropus classification.

内耳的骨质迷宫容纳了负责平衡的感觉末端器官（外耳道和囊管中的耳石系统以及半规管系统）和负责听觉的感觉末端器官（耳蜗）。对骨性迷宫的研究揭示了类人（半规管和耳蜗）的形态多样性，有助于重建灵长类进化的重要方面，包括位置行为、听觉和系统亲缘关系。然而，有关类人耳石系统进化变化的证据仍然难以捉摸。这些重力惯性感觉末端器官的形态变化可能暗示着功能上的差异，因为它们的几何形状与位置行为有关。我们通过研究两个南非类人类群--健壮古人类（Paranthropus robustus，n = 9）和非洲澳洲人（Australopithecus africanus，n = 6）--与现存类人类（Pongo pygmaeus、大猩猩、潘氏猿和智人）相比的骨质前庭形态，来探讨类人耳石系统的进化形态变化问题。我们通过从微型计算机断层扫描中提取的虚拟三维模型，对 78 个现存类人动物的内耳进行了基于地标的形状分析。我们选择了 30 个骨性地标来近似耳石器官的形态和相对构造。结果显示，与非洲人和现存类人猿相比，健壮人的形态与众不同。具体来说，健壮猪的骨质耳石器官结构表现出前外侧-后内侧压缩，缩小了囊状器和前庭导水管的尺寸。与此相反，非洲巨蜥则表现出类似现代人的耳石系统。这一新发现的形态多样性确定了健壮猪内耳独特的骨骼特征，这些特征包括1）为健壮人和非洲人之间不同的位置行为提供了潜在的证据；2）提供了骨学标记，可用于健壮人遗骸的分类鉴定和未来的古人类分类评估。

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引用次数: 0

Contextualizing the Upper Paleolithic of the Armenian Highlands: New data from Solak-1, central Armenia 亚美尼亚高地旧石器时代晚期的背景：来自亚美尼亚中部Solak-1的新数据。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103632

Tanner Z. Kovach , Artur Petrosyan , Keith N. Wilkinson , Yannick Raczynski-Henk , Kathleen Rodrigues , Ellery Frahm , Emily Beverly , Jayson P. Gill , Jennifer E. Sherriff , Boris Gasparyan , Hayk G. Avetisyan , Artak V. Gnuni , Daniel S. Adler

As a potential corridor connecting Southwest Asia with western and northern Europe, the Armenian Highlands and southern Caucasus hold great potential for increasing our understanding of Upper Paleolithic behavioral and cultural variability. However, given the dearth of Upper Paleolithic sites, we lack the data necessary to answer basic questions regarding the timing and nature of the Upper Paleolithic in this region. Solak-1 is an open-air site located along the upper Hrazdan Valley (1635 m above sea level) in central Armenia. The site preserves a rich Upper Paleolithic lithic assemblage produced almost exclusively on obsidian and is just the fourth Upper Paleolithic sequence in Armenia. The goal of this study is to present geoarchaeological, chronometric, and technological analyses of the Solak-1 site to integrate the site into the regional Upper Paleolithic sequence. Solak-1 is composed of six lithostratigraphic units (LUs 1–6) comprising recently reworked (LUs 1–2), pedogenically modified (LUs 3–5), and primary (LU 6) loess. A single-grain postinfrared infrared stimulated luminescence date of 27.73 ± 3.63 ka was obtained from LU 4. This age is comparable to regional Middle Upper Paleolithic sites in Armenia and Georgia. Technotypological analyses indicate a lithic assemblage dominated by the production of bladelets and bladelet tools from formal and informal cores. Geochemical sourcing of the obsidian highlights a predominance of local raw material use, with rare transport of artifacts over 185 linear km. These results add an important new datapoint to the Upper Paleolithic record of the Armenian Highlands, offering additional insights into technotypological patterning within this period.

作为连接西南亚与西欧和北欧的潜在走廊，亚美尼亚高地和南高加索地区具有巨大的潜力，可以增加我们对旧石器时代晚期行为和文化多样性的理解。然而，由于旧石器时代晚期遗址的缺乏，我们缺乏必要的数据来回答有关该地区旧石器时代晚期的时间和性质的基本问题。Solak-1是位于亚美尼亚中部Hrazdan河谷上游（海拔1635米）的露天场地。该遗址保存了丰富的旧石器时代晚期石器组合，几乎完全由黑曜石制成，是亚美尼亚第四个旧石器时代晚期序列。本研究的目的是对Solak-1遗址进行地质考古、时间学和技术分析，将该遗址纳入区域性的旧石器时代晚期序列。索拉克-1由6个岩石地层单元（LUs 1-6）组成，包括新近改造的（LUs 1-2）、土成改造的（LUs 3-5）和原生的（LUs 6）黄土。单粒红外后红外激发发光时间为27.73±3.63 ka。这个时代可以与亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚旧石器时代中晚期的地区相媲美。技术类型学分析表明，由正式和非正式岩心的叶片和叶片工具的生产主导的岩屑组合。黑曜石的地球化学来源突出了当地原材料使用的优势，罕见的文物运输超过185线性公里。这些结果为亚美尼亚高地旧石器时代晚期的记录增加了一个重要的新数据点，为这一时期的技术类型学模式提供了额外的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Interpreting statistical significance in hominin dimorphism: Power and Type I error rates for resampling tests of univariate and missing-data multivariate size dimorphism estimation methods in the fossil record 解释古人类二型性的统计意义：化石记录中单变量和缺失数据的多变量大小二型性估计方法的重采样测试的功率和I型错误率。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103630

Adam D. Gordon

The degree of sexual size dimorphism in fossil hominins is important evidence for the evaluation of evolutionary hypotheses, but it is also difficult/impossible to measure directly. Multiple methods have been developed to estimate dimorphism in univariate and multivariate datasets, including when data are missing. This paper introduces 'dimorph', an R package that implements many of these methods and associated resampling-based significance tests and evaluates their performance in terms of Type I error rates and power. Tests evaluated here are those that appear most commonly in the hominin literature: testing whether a fossil sample is significantly more dimorphic than a comparative sample of known dimorphism. Univariate and multivariate methods are applied to metric data from four extant hominoid species: Gorilla gorilla, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Hylobates lar. Each species is represented by 47 female and 47 male adult individuals, from which 10 linear postcranial measurements are collected. Data are resampled at a broad range of sample sizes (n = 4 to n = 82), sex ratios (proportion of females range from 0 to 1), and in the case of missing-data methods, proportions of missing data (0–0.9). Type I error rates and power are evaluated by the proportion of tests correctly or incorrectly rejecting null hypotheses regarding dimorphism difference within pairs of samples drawn from these four species, in which one sample stands in for a fossil sample. Results indicate low Type I error rates for all methods, whereas power is variable across methods but often low at sample sizes common to fossil analyses. Recommendations are made for the best significance tests. Additionally, previous work using lack of significant difference as evidence for similarity in dimorphism between fossils and extant species should be re-examined to determine whether those studies have enough power to detect known differences among extant taxa.

古人类性别大小二态性的程度是评价进化假说的重要依据，但也难以直接测量。已经开发了多种方法来估计单变量和多变量数据集的二态性，包括当数据缺失时。本文介绍了“dimorph”，这是一个R包，它实现了许多这些方法和相关的基于重采样的显著性检验，并根据I型错误率和功率评估它们的性能。这里评估的测试是那些在古人类文献中最常见的测试：测试化石样本是否明显比已知二态性的比较样本更二态。单变量和多变量方法应用于四个现存的类人猿物种的度量数据：大猩猩、智人、类人猿和大hyloates。每个物种由47个雌性和47个雄性成年个体代表，从中收集了10个线性颅后测量值。在广泛的样本量范围内（n = 4至n = 82），性别比率（女性比例范围为0至1），以及在缺失数据方法的情况下，缺失数据比例（0-0.9）对数据进行重新采样。I型错误率和功率是通过正确或错误地拒绝从这四个物种中抽取的成对样本中有关二态性差异的零假设的测试比例来评估的，其中一个样本代表化石样本。结果表明，所有方法的I型错误率都很低，而功率在不同方法之间是可变的，但在化石分析中常见的样本量通常很低。对最佳显著性检验提出了建议。此外，应该重新检查以前的工作，以缺乏显著差异作为化石和现存物种之间二态性相似性的证据，以确定这些研究是否有足够的能力来检测现存分类群之间的已知差异。

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引用次数: 0

Stone selection by wild chimpanzees shares patterns with Oldowan hominins 野生黑猩猩对石头的选择与奥尔德瓦古人类有共同的模式。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103625

D.R. Braun , S. Carvalho , R.S. Kaplan , M. Beardmore-Herd , T. Plummer , D. Biro , T. Matsuzawa

The use of broad tool repertoires to increase dietary flexibility through extractive foraging behaviors is shared by humans and their closest living relatives (chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes). However, comparisons between tool use in ancient human ancestors (hominins) and chimpanzees are limited by differences in their toolkits. One feature shared by primate and hominin toolkits is rock selection based on physical properties of the stones and the targets of foraging behaviors. Here, we document the selectivity patterns of stone tools used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts at Bossou, Guinea, through controlled experiments that introduce rocks unknown to this population. Experiments incorporate specific rock types because previous studies document hominin selection of these lithologies at Kanjera South 2 Ma. We investigate decisions made by chimpanzees when selecting stones that vary in their mechanical properties—features not directly visible to the individual. Results indicate that the selection of anvils and hammers is linked to task-specific mechanical properties. Chimpanzees select harder stones for hammers and softer stones for anvils, indicating an understanding of specific properties for distinct functions. Selectivity of rock types suggests that chimpanzees assess the appropriate materials for functions by discriminating these ‘invisible’ properties. Adults identify mechanical properties through individual learning, and juveniles often reused the tools selected by adults. Selection of specific rock types may be transmitted through the reuse of combinations of rocks. These patterns of stone selection parallel what is documented for Oldowan hominins. The processes identified in this experiment provide insights into the discrete nature of hominin rock selection patterns in Plio-Pleistocene stone artifact production.

人类和他们的近亲（黑猩猩，泛穴居人）共同使用广泛的工具库，通过采掘觅食行为来增加饮食的灵活性。然而，对古代人类祖先（古人类）和黑猩猩使用工具的比较受到工具包差异的限制。灵长类动物和人类工具箱共有的一个特征是，根据石头的物理性质和觅食行为的目标来选择岩石。在这里，我们记录了在几内亚Bossou，野生黑猩猩使用石器来敲开坚果的选择性模式，通过控制实验，引入了未知的岩石。实验纳入了特定的岩石类型，因为以前的研究记录了在Kanjera South 2 Ma这些岩性的人类选择。我们研究了黑猩猩在选择不同机械性能的石头时所做的决定——这些特征对个体来说是不直接可见的。结果表明，砧和锤的选择与特定任务的机械性能有关。黑猩猩选择较硬的石头做锤子，较软的石头做铁砧，这表明它们对不同功能的特定属性有不同的理解。岩石类型的选择性表明黑猩猩通过区分这些“看不见的”属性来评估合适的功能材料。成年人通过个人学习来识别机械特性，青少年经常重复使用成年人选择的工具。特定岩石类型的选择可以通过岩石组合的重复使用来传递。这些选择石头的模式与记载的奥尔多瓦古人类相似。在本实验中确定的过程提供了对上新世-更新世石器制品生产中人类岩石选择模式的离散性质的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Shanidar 3 ‘rings the bell’: Virtual ribcage reconstruction and its implications for understanding the Neanderthal bauplan 沙尼达尔3“敲响警钟”：虚拟胸腔重建及其对理解尼安德特人bauplan的影响。

IF 3.1 1区地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY

Journal of Human Evolution

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103629

José M. López-Rey , Daniel García-Martínez , Markus Bastir

The study of the ribcage is fundamental to understanding hominin evolution. However, ribs and vertebrae are scarce in the fossil record. Although Neanderthals are one of the most represented and, therefore, one of the most studied fossil Homo species, it is controversial whether there is a standardized Neanderthal ribcage morphotype that could differ from modern humans. Hence, we used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to reconstruct and compare the Neanderthal ribcage of Shanidar 3 with another Neanderthal specimen, Kebara 2, and with 58 Homo sapiens individuals of worldwide distribution. Shape differences among the Neanderthal and H. sapiens ribcages were analyzed by a hierarchical cluster using the Euclidean distances among the permuted Procrustes distances between groups. Size differences between the Neanderthal and H. sapiens ribcages were examined using a permutation test on centroid size. To examine the potential for allometry, we performed a linear regression of Procrustes coordinates on centroid size of the sample, followed by a principal component analysis in form space. Our results show that Shanidar 3 has the ‘bell-shaped’ thorax typically described for Neanderthals. In fact, the shapes of both Shanidar 3 and Kebara 2 ribcages cluster apart from that of H. sapiens, being closer to cold-adapted individuals. The study of the centroid size supports similarities between Neanderthals and cold-adapted H. sapiens since significant size differences were found only between Neanderthals and temperate/tropical recent humans. The linear regression and principal component analysis showed an allometric relationship between ribcage size and shape, suggesting Neanderthals had larger and stockier ribcages than most H. sapiens, although they fall within the H. sapiens range of variation. Finally, ribcage similarities found between Shanidar 3 and Kebara 2, both inhabiting warm Levantine locations during the Upper Pleistocene, could challenge the conventional idea of a cold-adapted bauplan in Neanderthals.

对肋骨的研究是了解类人进化的基础。然而，肋骨和脊椎骨在化石记录中很少见。虽然尼安德特人是代表性最强的智人化石物种之一，因此也是研究最多的智人化石物种之一，但是否存在与现代人不同的标准化尼安德特人肋骨形态，仍存在争议。因此，我们使用三维几何形态计量学重建了 Shanidar 3 号尼安德特人的肋骨，并将其与另一个尼安德特人标本 Kebara 2 号以及分布在世界各地的 58 个智人个体进行了比较。尼安德特人和智人的肋骨形状差异通过分层聚类进行分析，使用的是组间包络Procrustes距离中的欧氏距离。尼安德特人和智人的肋骨之间的尺寸差异则是通过对中心点尺寸的置换检验进行的。为了检验异体测量的可能性，我们对样本中心点尺寸的普氏坐标进行了线性回归，然后在形式空间中进行了主成分分析。结果显示，Shanidar 3 具有尼安德特人典型的 "钟形 "胸廓。事实上，Shanidar 3 和 Kebara 2 的肋骨形状都与智人不同，更接近于适应寒冷的个体。对中心点尺寸的研究支持尼安德特人和适应寒冷的智人之间的相似性，因为只有在尼安德特人和温带/热带近代人类之间才发现了显著的尺寸差异。线性回归和主成分分析表明，肋骨的大小和形状之间存在异速关系，这表明尼安德特人的肋骨比大多数智人的肋骨更大、更粗壮，尽管它们属于智人的变异范围。最后，Shanidar 3 和 Kebara 2 之间发现的肋骨相似性可能对尼安德特人适应寒冷的传统观点提出了挑战。

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引用次数: 0