Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献_第5页

Adolescent development of sexual misperception biases: females increasingly overperceived, males consistently underperceived 青少年性误解偏见的发展：女性越来越多地过度感知，男性持续低估

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106758

Marius Stavang, Mons Bendixen, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair

Men overestimate women's sexual interest and women underestimate men's. Error Management Theory conceptualizes these sexual over- and underperception biases as adaptations. While the presence of these biases is well documented in adults, no previous research has explored their emergence and development during adolescence. We examined whether sexual over- and underperception biases were already present at age 16, whether they emerged later, and how they developed from ages 16 to 19. Given that adolescents face similar reproductive challenges as adults, we predicted these adaptations would already be activated by age 16. Following Haselton's (2003) procedure, a high-school community sample (males = 551, females = 739) from the Norwegian Health, Sexual Harassment, and Experiences Study (2013) reported if they had experienced being sexually over- and underperception during the previous 12 months.

Unexpectedly, females were first 17 years of age when they reported that males had an overperception bias, and it was not until age 19 that females were more frequently overperceived than males. This pattern resulted from females becoming increasingly overperceived from age 16 (7 %) to 19 (25 %). More males (13 %) than females (3 %) were underperceived at all ages. Since the proportion of overperceived males dropped to 3 % at age 19, 19-year-old males consequently reported that females had an underperception bias. Sociosexuality increased the risk of being overperceived for both sexes and additionally increased males' risk of being underperceived. Singlehood and sexual debut did not influence risk of being misperceived. Mate value strongly increased males' likelihood of being overperceived.

Developmentally, reports of sexual overperception undergo sex differentiation from mid- to late adolescence, while reports of sexual underperception are already sex-differentiated by age 16. Thus, males' overperception bias appears to emerge in middle adolescence, whereas females' greater tendency to underperceive males is likely present before mid-adolescence. Limitations regarding the timing of these biases and future directions for studying their developmental trajectories are discussed.

男人高估了女人的性兴趣，而女人低估了男人的性兴趣。错误管理理论将这些对性的过度认知和认知不足的偏见概念化为适应。虽然这些偏见在成年人中有很好的记录，但之前没有研究探讨过它们在青春期的出现和发展。我们研究了在16岁时是否已经存在性认知过度和性认知不足的偏见，它们是否在16岁之后出现，以及它们在16岁到19岁期间是如何发展的。考虑到青少年和成年人面临着相似的生殖挑战，我们预测这些适应性在16岁时就已经被激活了。遵循Haselton（2003）的程序，来自挪威健康、性骚扰和经历研究（2013）的高中社区样本（男性= 551，女性= 739）报告了他们在过去12个月里是否经历过性认知过度和性认知不足。出乎意料的是，女性在17岁时就开始报告男性有过度感知偏见，直到19岁，女性才比男性更经常被过度感知。这种模式是由于女性在16岁（7%）至19岁（25%）期间被越来越多地高估。在所有年龄段，男性（13%）比女性（3%）被低估。由于过度感知的男性比例在19岁时下降到3%，因此19岁的男性报告说女性有感知不足的偏见。社会性行为增加了两性被高估的风险，同时也增加了男性被低估的风险。单身和初次性行为对被误解的风险没有影响。配偶价值极大地增加了男性被高估的可能性。在发育过程中，性知觉过度的报告在青春期中期到青春期晚期经历了性别分化，而性知觉不足的报告在16岁之前已经发生了性别分化。因此，男性的过度感知偏见似乎出现在青春期中期，而女性更倾向于低估男性可能出现在青春期中期之前。关于这些偏差的时间限制和研究其发展轨迹的未来方向进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 0

A content-general adaptation for tribal value-acquisition 对部落价值获取的内容通用适应

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106791

Peter Carruthers

This article proposes a solution to a puzzle: why is it that, across a wide range of domains, evaluative beliefs are apt to immediately shift our evaluative experience in both short-term and long-term ways? And why are these top-down influences on affective valuation so powerful? For there is no evidence of such influences in other animals, where evaluative learning is typically slow and experience-based. The proposal is that it was a vitally-important adaptive problem for our hunter-gatherer ancestors to swiftly acquire the values of the tribe, including not just tastes in food, fear of local predators and dangers, and so on, but also a whole suite of local norms, as well as a default positive valuation of co-tribal members themselves. The argument for content-generality then turns on the fact that some of these top-down influences appear to be by-products of a more general mechanism rather than adaptive in their own right.

这篇文章提出了一个谜题的解决方案：为什么在广泛的领域中，评估性信念倾向于立即以短期和长期的方式改变我们的评估经验？为什么这些自上而下对情感评价的影响如此强大？因为在其他动物中没有这种影响的证据，在其他动物中，评估性学习通常是缓慢的和基于经验的。这个建议是，对于我们的狩猎采集祖先来说，迅速获得部落的价值观是一个至关重要的适应问题，不仅包括对食物的品味，对当地捕食者和危险的恐惧等等，还包括一整套当地规范，以及对共同部落成员自身的默认积极评价。内容通用性的论据则指向这样一个事实，即一些自上而下的影响似乎是一个更普遍的机制的副产品，而不是它们自身的适应性。

引用次数: 0

Ancient kiss-tory: new perspectives on the evolution of early historical kissing 古代接吻史：早期历史接吻演变的新视角

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106778

Troels P. Arbøll

This article examines the earliest historical evidence for kissing in societies of the ancient Middle East and surrounding regions, from the mid-3rd to the early 1st millennium BCE. Drawing on linguistic, textual, visual, and archaeological sources, the study explores the cultural roles of romantic-sexual and familial-friendly kissing in ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Syria). The paper demonstrates that early written references to kissing range from mythological narratives of divine intimacy to legal texts regulating social behavior. The work employs translations of cuneiform sources, and all materials are available in previously published works referenced throughout the article. By situating these practices within broader debates on the origins and cultural contexts of especially romantic-sexual kissing, the article considers whether the earliest evidence reflects not only acts of intimacy, but also social practices that, in the 3rd millennium BCE, could have been associated with elite behavior. The analysis contributes to ongoing discussions in anthropology, by reconsidering whether romantic-sexual kissing originated as an elite practice or was more widely embedded in everyday life, while highlighting the methodological challenges of interpreting ancient sources.

这篇文章研究了公元前3世纪中期到公元前1世纪早期，古代中东和周边地区社会中关于接吻的最早的历史证据。利用语言、文字、视觉和考古资料，该研究探索了古代美索不达米亚（今天的伊拉克和叙利亚）浪漫的性和家庭友好的接吻的文化角色。论文表明，早期关于接吻的文字记载范围从神圣亲密的神话叙述到规范社会行为的法律文本。工作采用翻译楔形文字的来源，所有的材料都可以在以前发表的作品中引用整个文章。通过将这些行为置于更广泛的关于浪漫性接吻的起源和文化背景的辩论中，文章考虑了最早的证据是否不仅反映了亲密行为，还反映了公元前3000年的社会实践，这些社会实践可能与精英行为有关。该分析有助于人类学中正在进行的讨论，通过重新考虑浪漫的性亲吻是起源于精英实践还是更广泛地嵌入日常生活，同时突出了解释古代来源的方法论挑战。

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引用次数: 0

The evolution of human lip-to-lip kissing 人类唇对唇接吻的进化

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106775

William H. Gilbert

Throughout this paper ‘LL’ = lip-to-lip kissing, ‘LN’ = lip-to-non-lip, and ‘TK’ = tongue- kissing. This paper focuses on romantic/sexual (LL and TK) kissing. Romantic kissing is best analyzed not as an adaptation in itself but as part of a behaviorally-constructed niche common among humans that repeatedly brings two faces into high-sensory- bandwidth proximity. Selection cannot target the act itself, rather, it acts on heritable components recruited into this niche: lip features; chemosensory and touch-endocrine couplings; context-sensitive decision rules for approach, mutuality, escalation, and stopping; and social signaling to a larger community. Bovid head-butting and horns provide a useful analogy of trait–behavior coevolution from which we can derive concrete predictions, and then apply the framework to the evolutionary dimensionality of kissing.

在本文中，“LL”=唇对唇接吻，“LN”=唇对非唇接吻，“TK”=舌吻。本文的重点是浪漫/性（LL和TK）接吻。最好的分析方法不是把浪漫的接吻作为一种适应本身，而是作为一种行为构建的利基的一部分，这种利基在人类中很常见，它会不断地让两张脸进入高感官带宽的接近状态。选择不能针对行为本身，相反，它作用于招募到这个利基的遗传成分：嘴唇特征；化学感觉和触觉-内分泌耦合；方法、相互关系、升级和停止的上下文敏感决策规则；向更大的群体发出社会信号。牛的头撞和角提供了一个有用的特征-行为共同进化的类比，从中我们可以得出具体的预测，然后将这个框架应用到接吻的进化维度上。

引用次数: 0

The evolutionary logic of anger and hatred: an empirical test 愤怒与仇恨的进化逻辑：一个实证检验

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106776

Mitchell Landers , Aaron Sell , Coltan Scrivner , Anthony Lopez

The emotions of anger and hatred are implicated in both individual and intergroup conflict, aggression, violence, and war. Despite their significance, these emotions are often poorly defined and conflated. Following Sell, Scrivner, Landers, & Lopez, 2021, we provide theoretical groundwork for understanding anger and hatred from an adaptationist perspective, unpacking the evolved functional logic of each emotion that ultimately explains how and why each works the way it does. From this logic, we derive predictions about anger and hatred's behavioral and cognitive outputs and terminating conditions. Using a first person recall design, we then test these predictions across two countries (the United States and United Kingdom) in online participant pools (n = 725). In line with theoretically derived predictions, we find striking consistency in the distinctiveness of anger and hatred: Anger produces behaviors functionally designed to bargain for better treatment through recalibration, while hatred produces behaviors functionally designed to neutralize targets costly to the hater. Accurately distinguishing anger from hatred is crucial, as mistaking one for the other can derail conflict resolution and lead to misguided interventions. Viewing anger and hatred through an adaptationist lens not only explains their distinct evolutionary functions but can also guide interventions aimed at reducing conflict at both the individual and societal level.

愤怒和仇恨的情绪涉及到个人和群体间的冲突、侵略、暴力和战争。尽管这些情绪很重要，但它们往往定义不清，并被混为一谈。继Sell， Scrivner, Landers, & Lopez（2021）之后，我们从适应主义的角度为理解愤怒和仇恨提供了理论基础，揭示了每种情绪的进化功能逻辑，最终解释了每种情绪的运作方式和原因。根据这个逻辑，我们可以预测愤怒和仇恨的行为和认知输出以及终止条件。使用第一人称回忆设计，我们在两个国家（美国和英国）的在线参与者池（n = 725）中测试了这些预测。根据理论推导的预测，我们发现愤怒和仇恨的独特性具有惊人的一致性：愤怒产生的行为在功能上被设计为通过重新校准来讨价还价以获得更好的待遇，而仇恨产生的行为在功能上被设计为抵消对仇恨者来说代价高昂的目标。准确区分愤怒和仇恨是至关重要的，因为把两者混为一谈可能会破坏冲突的解决，并导致错误的干预。从适应主义的角度看待愤怒和仇恨不仅可以解释它们独特的进化功能，还可以指导旨在减少个人和社会层面冲突的干预措施。

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引用次数: 0

Tradeoffs between self and mates reveal larger sex differences in trait preferences 自我和配偶之间的权衡揭示了性格偏好上更大的性别差异

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106774

Tania Reynolds , Roy Baumeister , Bill von Hippel

If people often mate assortatively by traits, individuals will be more likely to attract mates with desirable attributes if they also possess those same attributes. Thus, individuals should value and advertise attributes in themselves to appeal to potential mates' preferences (intersexual motivations) and to attract mates with attributes they desire (assortative motivations). Because these two motivations are often conflated, extant research might underestimate sex differences in trait preferences. Across three pre-registered online studies (N_S1 = 196, N_S2 = 179, N_S3 = 831 MTurkers), we applied a novel technique— self-versus-mate tradeoffs—to disentangle these competing motivations for six traits: attractiveness, intelligence, ambition, wealth, humor, and kindness. When forced to trade off possessing a trait oneself against having mates with that trait, larger sex differences emerged. Men more strongly valued partner (versus own) attractiveness and own (versus partner) intelligence, wealth, and ambition. Women more strongly valued partner (versus own) humor. Tradeoffs did not reveal sex differences in kindness, perhaps because women more strongly valued their own and partner kindness. Tradeoff items enhanced prediction of participant sex, beyond isolated motivations, revealing incremental explanatory value. These results suggest assortative motivations might inflate the apparent similarity between the sexes in desires to be attractive, ambitious, wealthy, intelligent, and humorous.

如果人们经常根据特征进行选择性交配，那么如果个体也拥有相同的特征，那么他们将更有可能吸引具有理想特征的伴侣。因此，个人应该重视和宣传自己的属性，以吸引潜在伴侣的偏好（双性动机），并吸引具有自己渴望的属性的伴侣（分类动机）。因为这两种动机经常被混为一谈，现有的研究可能低估了特质偏好的性别差异。在三个预先注册的在线研究中（NS1 = 196, NS2 = 179, NS3 = 831名土耳其人），我们采用了一种新颖的技术——自我与伴侣的权衡——来区分六个特征的竞争动机：吸引力，智力，野心，财富，幽默和善良。当被迫在自己拥有某种特质与伴侣拥有这种特质之间进行权衡时，更大的性别差异出现了。男性更看重伴侣（而不是自己）的吸引力，看重自己（而不是伴侣）的智慧、财富和抱负。女性更看重伴侣（而不是自己）的幽默。权衡并没有揭示善良的性别差异，也许是因为女性更看重自己和伴侣的善良。权衡项目增强了对参与者性别的预测，超越了孤立的动机，揭示了增量的解释价值。这些结果表明，分类动机可能会夸大性别之间在渴望有吸引力、雄心勃勃、富有、聪明和幽默方面的明显相似性。

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引用次数: 0

Towards an ecological model of the dark triad traits 走向黑暗三合一特征的生态模型

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106780

Peter K. Jonason , Dritjon Gruda , Mark van Vugt

Personality is shaped not only by individual and social experiences but also by the broader ecological contexts in which populations develop. This exploratory study integrates trait activation, life history, and sexual selection theories into an ecological model to explain cross-national variation in narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy as measured with the ultra-brief, Dirty Dozen measure. Using standardized data from 48 countries (N = 11,504) and six ecological indicators (i.e., population density, operational sex ratio, life expectancy, natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and income inequality) across three developmental windows, we apply spatial autoregressive models to estimate both direct and spillover effects. We found that harsh or unpredictable ecologies (e.g., male-biased sex ratios, lower survival rates, disaster exposure) were associated with elevated Dark Triad personality traits and these same conditions magnify sex differences, while pathogen prevalence attenuates them. Moreover, neighboring countries' environments influenced focal nations' trait profiles. This work highlights the evolutionary and functional roots of antisocial tendencies at the macro-level by situating the Dark Triad traits within a multi-layered socio-ecological framework.

个性不仅是由个人和社会经历塑造的，也是由人口发展的更广泛的生态环境塑造的。这项探索性研究将特质激活、生活史和性选择理论整合到一个生态模型中，用超简短的Dirty Dozen测量方法来解释自恋、马基雅维利主义和精神病的跨国差异。利用来自48个国家（N = 11,504）的标准化数据和六个生态指标（即人口密度、经营性别比、预期寿命、自然灾害、疾病暴发和收入不平等）跨越三个发展窗口，我们应用空间自回归模型来估计直接和溢出效应。我们发现严酷或不可预测的生态环境（例如，男性偏好的性别比例，较低的存活率，灾难暴露）与黑暗三合一人格特征的升高有关，这些相同的条件放大了性别差异，而病原体的流行则减弱了性别差异。此外，周边国家的环境也会影响焦点民族的特征特征。这项工作强调了反社会倾向在宏观层面上的进化和功能根源，将黑暗三合一特征置于多层次的社会生态框架中。

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引用次数: 0

Updating evidence on facial metrics: A Bayesian perspective on sexual dimorphism in facial width-to-height ratio and bizygomatic width 面部指标的更新证据：面部宽高比和双颧宽度性别二态性的贝叶斯视角

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106781

Alex L. Jones , Tobias L. Kordsmeyer , Robin S.S. Kramer , Julia Stern , Lars Penke

Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is an extensively studied morphological measure, which was presumably shaped by sexual selection and has been linked to a wide range of perceptual and physiological traits. Underpinning these associations is the premise that fWHR is larger in men, which empirically exhibits a mixed and equivocal pattern in the literature due to variation in measurement, large sample sizes revealing small but significant differences, and a lack of control of body size. In Study 1, in a sample of 1949 faces, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model that incorporates prior information to simultaneously estimate sexual dimorphism in fWHR, adjusted for body size, across five measurement types. While we found larger fWHR in women, comparing this effect to variability in fWHR due to image capture settings revealed no robust evidence of sex differences in fWHR. In Study 2, we investigated sex differences in facial width specifically (also adjusted for body size), again incorporating prior information, and confirmed men have greater face width than women. Advances in this area can be made by shifting focus away from arbitrary ratios like fWHR to direct measures like facial width – as well as carefully considering prior evidence of existing associations.

面部宽高比（fWHR）是一个被广泛研究的形态学指标，它可能是由性选择形成的，并与广泛的感知和生理特征有关。支撑这些关联的前提是男性的fWHR更大，由于测量的变化，大样本量揭示了微小但显著的差异，以及缺乏对体型的控制，从经验上看，在文献中表现出混合和模棱两可的模式。在研究1中，我们使用了一个包含先验信息的贝叶斯层次模型，同时估计了五种测量类型中fWHR的性别二态性，并对体型进行了调整。虽然我们发现女性的fWHR更大，但将这种影响与图像捕获设置引起的fWHR变异性进行比较，并没有发现fWHR性别差异的有力证据。在研究2中，我们专门调查了面部宽度的性别差异（也根据体型进行了调整），再次结合先前的信息，证实了男性的面部宽度大于女性。这一领域的进展可以通过将焦点从像fWHR这样的任意比率转移到像面部宽度这样的直接测量上，以及仔细考虑现有关联的先前证据来实现。

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引用次数: 0

The shared genome constraint: why between-sex genetic correlation matters for evolutionary social science 共享的基因组约束：为什么两性之间的遗传相关性对进化社会科学很重要

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106773

Thomas Felesina

Evolutionary social scientists propose adaptationist hypotheses that contribute significantly to our understanding of human traits. However, relatively little attention has been given to the constraints imposed by the largely shared genome of males and females, which results in substantial positive between-sex genetic correlations (rMF) for many complex traits. This oversight can lead researchers to propose sex-specific adaptive functions for traits that may instead persist in one sex primarily as a correlated genetic response to selection acting on the other (i.e., indirect selection via rMF). I briefly review the quantitative genetics literature underlying the logic of correlated responses, before turning to the implications of large and positive rMF for evolutionary hypothesizing in the social sciences. The implications are explored using human behavioral traits where rMF is likely high but remains unmeasured (paternal care, male choosiness, female aggression), as well as traits for which rMF has been estimated and found to range from high to low (risk taking, same-sex sexual behavior, extra-pair mating). I present genetic signatures for distinguishing between sex-specific selection and correlated responses to selection on the opposite sex and conclude by advocating for explicit consideration of high positive rMF and correlated responses in evolutionary social science, recommending that researchers state their assumptions about rMF.

进化社会科学家提出的适应主义假说对我们理解人类特征有重大贡献。然而，相对较少的关注是由于男性和女性大部分共享基因组所施加的限制，这导致许多复杂性状的大量正性别遗传相关（rMF）。这种疏忽可能导致研究人员提出性别特异性的适应功能，这些特征可能主要是作为对另一种性别的选择（即通过rMF进行的间接选择）的相关遗传反应而存在于一种性别中。我简要回顾了相关反应逻辑的数量遗传学文献，然后转向社会科学中进化假设的大而积极的rMF的含义。研究人员利用rMF可能很高但仍无法测量的人类行为特征（父系关怀、男性挑剔、女性攻击），以及rMF已被估计并发现范围从高到低的特征（冒险、同性性行为、额外配对交配）来探索其含义。我提出了区分性别特异性选择和对异性选择的相关反应的遗传特征，并主张在进化社会科学中明确考虑高正rMF和相关反应，建议研究人员陈述他们对rMF的假设。

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引用次数: 0

Evolution of psychopathy in the public goods game with institutional redistribution of resources 资源制度性再分配下公共物品博弈中精神病的演化

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106771

Dražen Domijan , Janko Međedović

Following the model of Testori et al. (2022), we examined the dynamics of the evolution of psychopathy in the public goods game that incorporates both punishing psychopaths (selfish/manipulative risk-taking agents) and rewarding cooperators (generous, risk-averse agents). We systematically varied the mortality of psychopathic phenotypes, and the community cost they inflict on society in an abundant or harsh environment in order to check how they affect population size and the proportion of psychopathic agents in the population. Our aim was to determine which combination of mechanisms for the redistribution of resources enables the model to converge to the solution where the percentage of psychopathic individuals in the population is very low, consistent with empirical estimates on human populations. Model simulations revealed several notable results. Firstly, a low frequency of psychopathy emerges: 1) if psychopathic phenotypes have a high mortality rate; and 2) if society not only punishes psychopaths but actively rewards generous individuals. Secondly, psychopathy showed higher fitness in scarce environments and small-sized populations; the latter result is incongruent with existing theories about the association between population size and the adaptive potential of psychopathy. Hence, the proposed model highlights, in addition to punishment of psychopaths, the societal reward for cooperative individuals as the crucial socioecological condition that maintains the frequency of psychopathic phenotypes at a low level.

根据Testori等人（2022）的模型，我们研究了公共物品博弈中精神病患者进化的动态，该博弈既包括惩罚精神病患者（自私/操纵的冒险行为者），也包括奖励合作者（慷慨、厌恶风险的行为者）。我们系统地改变了精神病态表型的死亡率，以及它们在丰富或恶劣的环境中对社会造成的社区成本，以检查它们如何影响人口规模和人口中精神病态因子的比例。我们的目的是确定资源再分配的哪种机制组合能够使模型收敛于解决方案，在该解决方案中，精神病患者在人口中的百分比非常低，与对人口的经验估计一致。模型模拟揭示了几个值得注意的结果。首先，出现精神病的低频率：1)如果精神病表型具有高死亡率；2)如果社会不仅惩罚精神病患者，而且积极奖励慷慨的个人。第二，精神病态在稀缺环境和小群体中表现出较高的适应度；后者的结果与现有的关于群体规模与精神病适应潜力之间关系的理论不一致。因此，该模型强调，除了对精神病患者的惩罚之外，对合作个体的社会奖励是维持精神病表型频率在低水平上的关键社会生态条件。

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引用次数: 0