Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献_第7页

Tradeoffs between self and mates reveal larger sex differences in trait preferences 自我和配偶之间的权衡揭示了性格偏好上更大的性别差异

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106774

Tania Reynolds , Roy Baumeister , Bill von Hippel

If people often mate assortatively by traits, individuals will be more likely to attract mates with desirable attributes if they also possess those same attributes. Thus, individuals should value and advertise attributes in themselves to appeal to potential mates' preferences (intersexual motivations) and to attract mates with attributes they desire (assortative motivations). Because these two motivations are often conflated, extant research might underestimate sex differences in trait preferences. Across three pre-registered online studies (N_S1 = 196, N_S2 = 179, N_S3 = 831 MTurkers), we applied a novel technique— self-versus-mate tradeoffs—to disentangle these competing motivations for six traits: attractiveness, intelligence, ambition, wealth, humor, and kindness. When forced to trade off possessing a trait oneself against having mates with that trait, larger sex differences emerged. Men more strongly valued partner (versus own) attractiveness and own (versus partner) intelligence, wealth, and ambition. Women more strongly valued partner (versus own) humor. Tradeoffs did not reveal sex differences in kindness, perhaps because women more strongly valued their own and partner kindness. Tradeoff items enhanced prediction of participant sex, beyond isolated motivations, revealing incremental explanatory value. These results suggest assortative motivations might inflate the apparent similarity between the sexes in desires to be attractive, ambitious, wealthy, intelligent, and humorous.

如果人们经常根据特征进行选择性交配，那么如果个体也拥有相同的特征，那么他们将更有可能吸引具有理想特征的伴侣。因此，个人应该重视和宣传自己的属性，以吸引潜在伴侣的偏好（双性动机），并吸引具有自己渴望的属性的伴侣（分类动机）。因为这两种动机经常被混为一谈，现有的研究可能低估了特质偏好的性别差异。在三个预先注册的在线研究中（NS1 = 196, NS2 = 179, NS3 = 831名土耳其人），我们采用了一种新颖的技术——自我与伴侣的权衡——来区分六个特征的竞争动机：吸引力，智力，野心，财富，幽默和善良。当被迫在自己拥有某种特质与伴侣拥有这种特质之间进行权衡时，更大的性别差异出现了。男性更看重伴侣（而不是自己）的吸引力，看重自己（而不是伴侣）的智慧、财富和抱负。女性更看重伴侣（而不是自己）的幽默。权衡并没有揭示善良的性别差异，也许是因为女性更看重自己和伴侣的善良。权衡项目增强了对参与者性别的预测，超越了孤立的动机，揭示了增量的解释价值。这些结果表明，分类动机可能会夸大性别之间在渴望有吸引力、雄心勃勃、富有、聪明和幽默方面的明显相似性。

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引用次数: 0

Equivalence, causality, and cultural evolution 对等，因果关系和文化进化

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106755

Pat Barclay, Oliver Twardus

Baumard and André's (2025) ecological approach presents a compelling perspective on cultural evolution. Although it may appear as an alternative to Dual Inheritance Theory, we argue that these theories need not be in opposition to one another. If anything, the ecological approach may have greater causal validity – although future research is necessary to determine whether this is the case.

Baumard和andr(2025)的生态方法提出了一个令人信服的文化进化视角。虽然它可能看起来是双重继承理论的另一种选择，但我们认为这些理论不一定是相互对立的。如果有的话，生态学方法可能有更大的因果有效性——尽管需要未来的研究来确定情况是否如此。

引用次数: 0

Evolution of psychopathy in the public goods game with institutional redistribution of resources 资源制度性再分配下公共物品博弈中精神病的演化

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106771

Dražen Domijan , Janko Međedović

Following the model of Testori et al. (2022), we examined the dynamics of the evolution of psychopathy in the public goods game that incorporates both punishing psychopaths (selfish/manipulative risk-taking agents) and rewarding cooperators (generous, risk-averse agents). We systematically varied the mortality of psychopathic phenotypes, and the community cost they inflict on society in an abundant or harsh environment in order to check how they affect population size and the proportion of psychopathic agents in the population. Our aim was to determine which combination of mechanisms for the redistribution of resources enables the model to converge to the solution where the percentage of psychopathic individuals in the population is very low, consistent with empirical estimates on human populations. Model simulations revealed several notable results. Firstly, a low frequency of psychopathy emerges: 1) if psychopathic phenotypes have a high mortality rate; and 2) if society not only punishes psychopaths but actively rewards generous individuals. Secondly, psychopathy showed higher fitness in scarce environments and small-sized populations; the latter result is incongruent with existing theories about the association between population size and the adaptive potential of psychopathy. Hence, the proposed model highlights, in addition to punishment of psychopaths, the societal reward for cooperative individuals as the crucial socioecological condition that maintains the frequency of psychopathic phenotypes at a low level.

根据Testori等人（2022）的模型，我们研究了公共物品博弈中精神病患者进化的动态，该博弈既包括惩罚精神病患者（自私/操纵的冒险行为者），也包括奖励合作者（慷慨、厌恶风险的行为者）。我们系统地改变了精神病态表型的死亡率，以及它们在丰富或恶劣的环境中对社会造成的社区成本，以检查它们如何影响人口规模和人口中精神病态因子的比例。我们的目的是确定资源再分配的哪种机制组合能够使模型收敛于解决方案，在该解决方案中，精神病患者在人口中的百分比非常低，与对人口的经验估计一致。模型模拟揭示了几个值得注意的结果。首先，出现精神病的低频率：1)如果精神病表型具有高死亡率；2)如果社会不仅惩罚精神病患者，而且积极奖励慷慨的个人。第二，精神病态在稀缺环境和小群体中表现出较高的适应度；后者的结果与现有的关于群体规模与精神病适应潜力之间关系的理论不一致。因此，该模型强调，除了对精神病患者的惩罚之外，对合作个体的社会奖励是维持精神病表型频率在低水平上的关键社会生态条件。

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引用次数: 0

Willingness to protect from violence, independent of strength, guides partner choice 不受暴力侵害的意愿，独立于力量，指导着伴侣的选择

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106745

Michael Barlev , Sakura Arai , John Tooby , Leda Cosmides

Ancestrally, physical violence from conspecifics was a recurrent adaptive problem. Did selection favor preferences for partners who are both strong (highly able) and willing to protect us from violence? Strength and willingness are interrelated, so dissociating their effects is necessary. Here we assessed both inferences and preferences. In 7 experiments (N = 4,508 U.S. adults recruited via MTurk), we systematically varied the willingness of a date or friend to physically protect you from an attack, compared to scenarios where you do not have this information. We also varied that person's strength. Discovering that a person is willing to protect greatly increased their attractiveness as a romantic partner or friend, regardless of their strength. This held for both women and men raters, and when evaluating both opposite- and same-sex dates and friends. In fact, partners who were willing to protect were attractive even if they tried to do so but failed, and even if you were harmed because of their failure. Discovering that a partner is unwilling to protect decreased their attractiveness, and was a deal-breaker for women evaluating a male date. Unwillingness decreased attractiveness more when the rater was a woman, when the target was a man, and when the target was being evaluated as a date versus friend. Women placed some importance on a male date's strength, but this was mostly due to inferences about his willingness to protect them. Surprisingly, we found only weak evidence that differences in strength, independent of willingness, increased the attractiveness of a partner.

从古至今，来自同种动物的身体暴力是一个反复出现的适应性问题。选择是否倾向于那些既强壮（能力强）又愿意保护我们免受暴力侵害的伴侣？力量和意愿是相互关联的，因此将它们的影响分离是必要的。在这里，我们评估了推论和偏好。在7个实验中（通过MTurk招募的4508名美国成年人），我们系统地改变了约会对象或朋友保护你免受攻击的意愿，与你没有这些信息的情况相比。我们还改变了那个人的力量。发现一个人愿意保护大大增加了他们作为浪漫伴侣或朋友的吸引力，无论他们的力量如何。这对女性和男性评分者都适用，在评估异性和同性约会对象和朋友时也适用。事实上，愿意保护你的伴侣是有吸引力的，即使他们试图这样做但失败了，即使你因为他们的失败而受到伤害。发现伴侣不愿意保护会降低他们的吸引力，这是女性评估男性约会对象时的一大障碍。当评价者是女性、被评价者是男性、被评价者是约会对象还是朋友时，不情愿更能降低吸引力。女性对男性约会对象的力量有一定的重视，但这主要是由于推断他愿意保护她们。令人惊讶的是，我们发现只有微弱的证据表明，力量的差异，独立于意愿，增加了伴侣的吸引力。

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引用次数: 0

Women's intrasexual competitiveness, but not fertility, predicts greater competitive behavior toward attractive women across the menstrual cycle 女性的性内竞争力，而不是生育能力，预示着在整个月经周期中，她们对漂亮女性的竞争行为更强

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106760

Jaime L. Palmer-Hague, Jade S. Stobbart, Benjamin J. Zubaly

Women compete for mates and social status, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these behaviors. Previous work suggests that mating competition should be most intense when women are fertile; thus, we hypothesized that women would exhibit more competitive behavior toward a high, rather than low, mating threat competitor during ovulation compared to other menstrual phases. Additionally, given that social support is crucial for women's access to resources and therefore offspring survival, we hypothesized that women would exhibit more competitive behavior toward a high, rather than low, social threat competitor following ovulation and possible conception. We tested 464 women recruited through social networking sites, psychology classes, and Prolific. Each rated their likelihood of exhibiting competitive behavior toward hypothetical mating and social competitors. Although women were more competitive toward the high, compared to low, mating and social threat competitors, there were no effects of cycle phase. Further, we found that intrasexual competitiveness, but not estimated hormones or other personality variables, predicted stronger competitive responses to the high mating threat competitor. We found no effects for social competitors. Together, these results suggest that in mating contexts, women's competition is dependent on individual tendency toward competition with other women, not fertility.

女性为配偶和社会地位而竞争，但人们对这些行为背后的机制知之甚少。先前的研究表明，当女性处于生育期时，交配竞争应该是最激烈的；因此，我们假设与其他月经期相比，女性在排卵期会表现出更多的竞争行为，而不是对交配威胁低的竞争对手。此外，考虑到社会支持对女性获得资源和后代生存至关重要，我们假设女性在排卵和可能受孕后，会对高社会威胁的竞争对手表现出更多的竞争行为，而不是低社会威胁的竞争对手。我们测试了通过社交网站、心理学课程和多产网站招募的464名女性。每个人都评估了他们对假想的配偶和社会竞争对手表现出竞争行为的可能性。尽管女性在追求高品质的竞争对手时比追求低品质的竞争对手更有竞争力，但生理周期并没有影响。此外，我们发现性内竞争，而不是估计激素或其他人格变量，预测对高交配威胁竞争者的更强竞争反应。我们没有发现对社会竞争者的影响。总之，这些结果表明，在交配环境中，女性的竞争取决于与其他女性竞争的个人倾向，而不是生育能力。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding olfactory fertility cues in humans: chemical analysis of women's vulvar odour and perceptual detection of these cues by men 了解人类的嗅觉生育线索：女性外阴气味的化学分析和男性对这些线索的感知检测

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106742

Madita Zetzsche , Marlen Kücklich , Brigitte M. Weiß , Julia Stern , Andrea C. Marcillo Lara , Claudia Birkemeyer , Lars Penke , Anja Widdig

By conveying cues of their current fertility, females can provide valuable reproductive information to conspecifics. Our closest relatives, non-human primates, employ diverse strategies, including olfactory cues from the anogenital region, to communicate information about female fertility. While their shared phylogeny with humans suggests that analogous olfactory cues may have been preserved in modern women, empirical evidence is lacking. In a comprehensive two-fold approach, we investigated fertility-related shifts in the chemical composition of women's vulvar volatiles as well as men's ability to perceive them. We collected vulvar odour from 28 naturally cycling women (students, academic staff members, and citizen of Göttingen) on up to ten days of their menstrual cycle, focusing on fertile days. For 146 vulvar samples (subsample of n = 16 women), we assessed whether their volatile profiles varied in relation to female fertility using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Simulating a first encounter, 139 men evaluated a total of 274 vulvar odour samples from 28 women, collected on different cycle days. We used hormonal analyses to confirm women's fertile days. We assessed variation in chemical composition and male odour ratings in relation to women's conception probability, temporal distance to ovulation, and ovarian hormone levels. We found no evidence for chemical changes allowing tracking of fertility across the cycle. However, in the immediate assessment (i.e., without tracking), no significant effects were found for any predictors except conception risk. Notably, the significance of the conception risk effect varied depending on the model specification. Further, men's attraction to vulvar odour was not significantly predicted by female fertility. Overall, our data suggests a relatively low retention of chemical fertility cues in vulvar odour of modern women.

通过传递其当前生育能力的线索，雌性可以向同种生物提供有价值的生殖信息。我们的近亲，非人类灵长类动物，采用多种策略，包括来自肛门生殖器区域的嗅觉线索，来传达有关女性生育能力的信息。虽然她们与人类共同的系统发育表明，现代女性可能保留了类似的嗅觉线索，但缺乏经验证据。在一个全面的双重方法中，我们调查了与生育有关的女性外阴挥发物化学成分的变化以及男性感知它们的能力。我们收集了28名自然月经周期的女性（学生、学术人员和Göttingen的公民）的外阴气味，这些女性的月经周期最长为10天，重点是生育期。对于146份外阴样本（n = 16名女性的子样本），我们使用气相色谱-质谱法评估了它们的挥发性特征是否与女性生育能力有关。139名男性模拟第一次接触，评估了28名女性在不同月经周期收集的274份外阴气味样本。我们用荷尔蒙分析来确定女性的受孕日期。我们评估了化学成分和男性气味评级的变化与女性受孕概率、排卵时间距离和卵巢激素水平的关系。我们没有发现任何化学变化的证据，可以追踪整个周期的生育能力。然而，在即时评估（即没有跟踪）中，除了受孕风险外，没有发现任何预测因素的显著影响。值得注意的是，概念风险效应的显著性因模型规格而异。此外，男性对外阴气味的吸引力与女性的生育能力没有显著的关系。总的来说，我们的数据表明，现代女性外阴气味中化学生育线索的保留相对较低。

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引用次数: 0

The shared genome constraint: why between-sex genetic correlation matters for evolutionary social science 共享的基因组约束：为什么两性之间的遗传相关性对进化社会科学很重要

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106773

Thomas Felesina

Evolutionary social scientists propose adaptationist hypotheses that contribute significantly to our understanding of human traits. However, relatively little attention has been given to the constraints imposed by the largely shared genome of males and females, which results in substantial positive between-sex genetic correlations (rMF) for many complex traits. This oversight can lead researchers to propose sex-specific adaptive functions for traits that may instead persist in one sex primarily as a correlated genetic response to selection acting on the other (i.e., indirect selection via rMF). I briefly review the quantitative genetics literature underlying the logic of correlated responses, before turning to the implications of large and positive rMF for evolutionary hypothesizing in the social sciences. The implications are explored using human behavioral traits where rMF is likely high but remains unmeasured (paternal care, male choosiness, female aggression), as well as traits for which rMF has been estimated and found to range from high to low (risk taking, same-sex sexual behavior, extra-pair mating). I present genetic signatures for distinguishing between sex-specific selection and correlated responses to selection on the opposite sex and conclude by advocating for explicit consideration of high positive rMF and correlated responses in evolutionary social science, recommending that researchers state their assumptions about rMF.

进化社会科学家提出的适应主义假说对我们理解人类特征有重大贡献。然而，相对较少的关注是由于男性和女性大部分共享基因组所施加的限制，这导致许多复杂性状的大量正性别遗传相关（rMF）。这种疏忽可能导致研究人员提出性别特异性的适应功能，这些特征可能主要是作为对另一种性别的选择（即通过rMF进行的间接选择）的相关遗传反应而存在于一种性别中。我简要回顾了相关反应逻辑的数量遗传学文献，然后转向社会科学中进化假设的大而积极的rMF的含义。研究人员利用rMF可能很高但仍无法测量的人类行为特征（父系关怀、男性挑剔、女性攻击），以及rMF已被估计并发现范围从高到低的特征（冒险、同性性行为、额外配对交配）来探索其含义。我提出了区分性别特异性选择和对异性选择的相关反应的遗传特征，并主张在进化社会科学中明确考虑高正rMF和相关反应，建议研究人员陈述他们对rMF的假设。

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引用次数: 0

Coalitional support regulates resource divisions in men 联合支持调节男性的资源分配

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106715

Elsa Ermer , Gary Charness , John Tooby , Leda Cosmides

The logic of animal conflict predicts that organisms should assess cues of formidability to mitigate the costs of escalated contests. Accordingly, individual fighting ability has been shown to regulate the outcome of contests: All else equal, more formidable individuals claim a larger share of disputed resources, and less formidable individuals defer to their claims. The human ability to cooperate in groups complicates these interactions because a coalition of individuals can take resources from an individual that none of them could dominate when acting alone. We propose that the prevalence of male coalitional aggression in humans selected for psychological mechanisms that track how much coalitional support is immediately available to men when they are contesting a resource and use this information to regulate decisions about how to divide it. Specifically, men with coalitional allies present should be motivated to press their self-interest more than men who are acting alone—even if the solitary man has allies elsewhere. Experiments using economic games in a university lab setting were employed to test this coalitional support hypothesis. Across six experiments employing three different economic games (total n = 496), coalitional support consistently regulated men's—but not women's—choices. These results suggest that coalitional support is an important factor regulating resource division in men. The fact that women pressed their self-interest, but did so whether allies were present versus absent, suggests that women's coalitional psychology was designed by different selection pressures than men's.

动物冲突的逻辑预测，生物应该评估强大的线索，以减轻升级竞争的成本。因此，个人的战斗能力已经被证明可以调节竞争的结果：在其他条件相同的情况下，更强大的个体要求更大份额的争议资源，而不那么强大的个体则服从他们的要求。人类在群体中合作的能力使这些互动变得复杂，因为一个个体的联盟可以从一个个体那里获得资源，而这些资源在单独行动时任何一个个体都无法占据主导地位。我们认为，男性联盟攻击在人类中的普遍存在，是因为当男性在争夺资源时，他们可以立即获得多少联盟支持，并利用这些信息来调节如何分配资源的决定。具体来说，与独自行动的人相比，有联盟盟友在场的人应该更有动力去追求自己的利益——即使这个孤独的人在其他地方有盟友。在大学实验室环境中使用经济博弈的实验来检验这一联盟支持假设。在采用三种不同经济博弈（总n = 496）的六个实验中，联合支持始终调控着男性（而非女性）的选择。这些结果表明，联盟支持是调节男性资源分配的重要因素。事实上，无论同盟是否存在，女性都强调自己的利益，这表明女性的结盟心理是由不同于男性的选择压力设计的。

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引用次数: 0

Culture is not ecology 文化不是生态

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106717

Kaleda K. Denton , Elisa Heinrich-Mora , Noah Egan , Marcus W. Feldman

In “The Ecological Approach to Culture”, Baumard and André (2025) argue that culture is not fundamentally different from ecology, and that “adaptationist thinking and inclusive fitness theory [are] just as central to understanding cultural phenomena as [they are] to explaining any animal behavior—and, more broadly, any biological process” (p. 15). These statements are empirically and theoretically incorrect. Here, we outline why culture is different from ecology, why adaptationist thinking is misguided, and why inclusive fitness theory is of very limited applicability.

在《文化的生态方法》一书中，Baumard和andr(2025)认为文化与生态并没有本质上的不同，“适应主义思维和包容性适应理论对于理解文化现象和解释任何动物行为，更广泛地说，对于解释任何生物过程一样重要”（第15页）。这些说法在经验和理论上都是不正确的。在这里，我们概述了为什么文化不同于生态，为什么适应主义思想是错误的，以及为什么包容性适应性理论的适用性非常有限。

引用次数: 0

Explaining cultural adaptation: commentary on “the ecological approach to culture” 阐释文化适应：“生态文化观”述评

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106739

Kim Sterelny Kim

引用次数: 0