Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

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Evolutionary moral psychology: Lessons from Westermarck 进化道德心理学：来自韦斯特马克的教训

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106747

Otto Pipatti

Edward Westermarck, a pioneer of modern evolutionary approaches to human behavior, is best known for his work on incest avoidance, while other significant aspects of his legacy remain unappreciated. This article argues that Westermarck's theory of moral emotions—arguably the most comprehensive evolutionary account of morality to date—offers a valuable analytical framework for investigating the emotional and evolutionary origins of moral judgments. It presents a concise synthesis of Westermarck's core ideas, focusing on how moral disapproval or indignation resembles anger and motivates punishment, while moral approval or praise resembles gratitude and motivates reward. These moral emotions differ from anger and gratitude in their apparent disinterestedness, impartiality, and generality, grounded in human social nature. They arise from sympathy, emotional contagion, aversion and disgust, and norm violations. In addition to Westermarck's moral psychology, the article examines his work on family formation and kinship as they relate to morality. It highlights connections to key theories of human cooperation, including kin selection, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, and gene-culture coevolution. The article concludes by exploring Westermarck's work on incest avoidance and the incest taboo in relation to his theory of moral emotions. It clarifies ambiguities in the literature on the incest taboo and illustrates how individual aversions can lead to sociocultural prohibitions across various domains. In addition to aversion-based rules, Westermarck also proposed a theory of sympathy-based rules, which is equally significant.

爱德华·韦斯特马克（Edward Westermarck）是研究人类行为的现代进化方法的先驱，他以避免乱伦的工作而闻名，而他的遗产的其他重要方面仍未得到重视。本文认为，韦斯特马克的道德情感理论——可以说是迄今为止最全面的道德进化理论——为研究道德判断的情感和进化起源提供了一个有价值的分析框架。它对韦斯特马克的核心思想进行了简明的综合，重点关注道德上的反对或愤慨如何类似于愤怒并激发惩罚，而道德上的赞同或赞扬如何类似于感激并激发奖励。这些道德情感与愤怒和感激的不同之处在于它们明显的无私、公正和普遍性，它们根植于人类的社会本性。它们产生于同情、情绪传染、厌恶和厌恶以及违反规范。除了韦斯特马克的道德心理学之外，本文还考察了他关于家庭形成和亲属关系的工作，因为它们与道德有关。它强调了与人类合作的关键理论的联系，包括亲缘选择、互惠利他主义、间接互惠和基因-文化共同进化。文章最后将韦斯特马克关于避免乱伦和禁忌乱伦的研究与他的道德情感理论联系起来进行探讨。它澄清了关于乱伦禁忌的文献中的歧义，并说明了个人厌恶如何导致跨各个领域的社会文化禁止。除了基于厌恶的规则外，Westermarck还提出了基于同情的规则理论，这一理论同样重要。

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引用次数: 0

Human behavioural ecology is cultural ecology 人类行为生态学就是文化生态学

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106744

Ruth Mace

引用次数: 0

Hot hand thinking in children 儿童热手思维

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106743

Andreas Wilke , Gracie DeLaBruere , Steven Pedersen , Bang-Geul Han , Hannah Spilman , Yadhira Garcia , H. Clark Barrett , Peter M. Todd , Annie E. Wertz

A tendency to perceive illusory streaks or clumps in random sequences of data—the hot hand phenomenon—has been identified as a human universal tied to our evolutionary history of foraging for clumpy resources. We explored how this misperception of randomness and, more generally, ecologically relevant statistical thinking develops ontogenetically. Based on previous work with adults, we developed three tablet-based decision-making tasks that assessed how 3- to 10-year-old children in the U.S. and Germany decide whether sequential events will continue in a streak or not, their understanding of randomness, and their ability to reason about randomness in spatially dependent terms. Our analyses suggest that children, like adults, hold strong expectations of clumpy resources when they search through and reason about 1- and 2-dimensional statistical distributions. This evolved psychological default to clumped resources decreases somewhat with age. Future research should explore possible early interventions to improve statistical literacy and minimize the detrimental effects that (mis)perceptions of streaks and patterns can have on everyday life.

在随机数据序列中感知虚幻的条纹或团块的倾向——热手现象——已被确定为人类的普遍现象，与我们寻找团块资源的进化史有关。我们探讨了这种对随机性的误解，以及更普遍地说，与生态相关的统计思维是如何在个体上发展的。基于之前对成人的研究，我们开发了三个基于平板电脑的决策任务，以评估美国和德国3- 10岁的儿童如何决定连续事件是否会连续进行，他们对随机性的理解，以及他们在空间依赖条件下对随机性进行推理的能力。我们的分析表明，儿童和成人一样，在搜索和推理一维和二维统计分布时，对块状资源抱有强烈的期望。随着年龄的增长，这种对资源集中的心理默认会有所减少。未来的研究应该探索可能的早期干预措施，以提高统计素养，并尽量减少对条纹和模式的（错误）认知对日常生活的有害影响。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding olfactory fertility cues in humans: chemical analysis of women's vulvar odour and perceptual detection of these cues by men 了解人类的嗅觉生育线索：女性外阴气味的化学分析和男性对这些线索的感知检测

IF 3.2 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106742

Madita Zetzsche , Marlen Kücklich , Brigitte M. Weiß , Julia Stern , Andrea C. Marcillo Lara , Claudia Birkemeyer , Lars Penke , Anja Widdig

By conveying cues of their current fertility, females can provide valuable reproductive information to conspecifics. Our closest relatives, non-human primates, employ diverse strategies, including olfactory cues from the anogenital region, to communicate information about female fertility. While their shared phylogeny with humans suggests that analogous olfactory cues may have been preserved in modern women, empirical evidence is lacking. In a comprehensive two-fold approach, we investigated fertility-related shifts in the chemical composition of women's vulvar volatiles as well as men's ability to perceive them. We collected vulvar odour from 28 naturally cycling women (students, academic staff members, and citizen of Göttingen) on up to ten days of their menstrual cycle, focusing on fertile days. For 146 vulvar samples (subsample of n = 16 women), we assessed whether their volatile profiles varied in relation to female fertility using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Simulating a first encounter, 139 men evaluated a total of 274 vulvar odour samples from 28 women, collected on different cycle days. We used hormonal analyses to confirm women's fertile days. We assessed variation in chemical composition and male odour ratings in relation to women's conception probability, temporal distance to ovulation, and ovarian hormone levels. We found no evidence for chemical changes allowing tracking of fertility across the cycle. However, in the immediate assessment (i.e., without tracking), no significant effects were found for any predictors except conception risk. Notably, the significance of the conception risk effect varied depending on the model specification. Further, men's attraction to vulvar odour was not significantly predicted by female fertility. Overall, our data suggests a relatively low retention of chemical fertility cues in vulvar odour of modern women.

通过传递其当前生育能力的线索，雌性可以向同种生物提供有价值的生殖信息。我们的近亲，非人类灵长类动物，采用多种策略，包括来自肛门生殖器区域的嗅觉线索，来传达有关女性生育能力的信息。虽然她们与人类共同的系统发育表明，现代女性可能保留了类似的嗅觉线索，但缺乏经验证据。在一个全面的双重方法中，我们调查了与生育有关的女性外阴挥发物化学成分的变化以及男性感知它们的能力。我们收集了28名自然月经周期的女性（学生、学术人员和Göttingen的公民）的外阴气味，这些女性的月经周期最长为10天，重点是生育期。对于146份外阴样本（n = 16名女性的子样本），我们使用气相色谱-质谱法评估了它们的挥发性特征是否与女性生育能力有关。139名男性模拟第一次接触，评估了28名女性在不同月经周期收集的274份外阴气味样本。我们用荷尔蒙分析来确定女性的受孕日期。我们评估了化学成分和男性气味评级的变化与女性受孕概率、排卵时间距离和卵巢激素水平的关系。我们没有发现任何化学变化的证据，可以追踪整个周期的生育能力。然而，在即时评估（即没有跟踪）中，除了受孕风险外，没有发现任何预测因素的显著影响。值得注意的是，概念风险效应的显著性因模型规格而异。此外，男性对外阴气味的吸引力与女性的生育能力没有显著的关系。总的来说，我们的数据表明，现代女性外阴气味中化学生育线索的保留相对较低。

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引用次数: 0

Interpersonal leverage: Individual differences in the endorsement of anger and gratitude 人际杠杆作用：愤怒和感激认同的个体差异

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106726

Joseph Billingsley, Danielle Goldwert, Debra Lieberman

Social emotions such an anger and gratitude evolved to help people navigate the adaptive problems posed by social interactions. Building on the logic of the recalibrational theory of anger, we argue that a systematically inverted relationship exists between the triggering conditions, inputs, outputs, and consequences of anger and gratitude, and we introduce the novel hypothesis that this inverted relationship between anger and gratitude extends to the individual difference characteristics that modulate the proneness of individuals to endorse and express each emotion. Where Sell, Tooby, and Cosmides (2009) found evidence that physical strength in men and attractiveness in women—two ancestrally valid dimensions of social leverage—predict greater proneness to anger, we suggest that these same dimensions of social leverage negatively predict proneness to gratitude. We report three studies (N's of 417, 309, and 728 adults, respectively, all recruited from MTurk) that collectively address three goals related to the above reasoning: 1) to replicate the findings of Sell et al. (2009) concerning strength and attractiveness as sex-differentiated predictors of proneness to anger; 2) to develop and validate a novel measure of interpersonal gratitude, based on Sell et al.'s (2009) measures of anger; and 3) to test the hypothesis that physical strength in men and attractiveness in women correlate negatively with proneness to gratitude. Results provide new support for Sell et al.'s finding that strength in men, and attractiveness in women, predict proneness to anger, but contrary to Sell et al. (2009) indicate that physical strength also predicts proneness to anger in women. Regarding gratitude, we find that physical strength in men and attractiveness in women correlate as expected with some but not all dimensions of proneness to gratitude.

像愤怒和感激这样的社会情感是为了帮助人们应对社会互动带来的适应性问题而进化的。基于愤怒再校准理论的逻辑，我们认为在愤怒和感激的触发条件、输入、输出和后果之间存在着系统的反向关系，并且我们引入了新的假设，即愤怒和感激之间的这种反向关系延伸到调节个体支持和表达每种情绪的倾向的个体差异特征。塞尔、托比和科斯米德斯（2009）发现，男性的体力和女性的吸引力——社会杠杆的两个古老有效维度——预示着更大的愤怒倾向，而我们认为，这些相同的社会杠杆维度消极地预示着感恩倾向。我们报告了三项研究（分别涉及417、309和728名成年人，均来自MTurk），它们共同解决了与上述推理相关的三个目标：1)重复Sell等人（2009）关于力量和吸引力作为性别差异的愤怒倾向预测因素的研究结果；2)基于Sell等人（2009）的愤怒测量方法，开发并验证一种新的人际感恩测量方法；3)检验男性的体力和女性的吸引力与感恩倾向负相关的假设。结果为Sell等人的发现提供了新的支持，即男性的力量和女性的吸引力可以预测愤怒的倾向，但与Sell等人（2009）相反的是，体力也可以预测女性的愤怒倾向。关于感恩，我们发现男性的体力和女性的吸引力与感恩倾向的某些方面（但不是所有方面）如预期的那样相关。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental evidence that people consider transgressors' exploitation risk when deciding to forgive 实验证据表明，人们在决定原谅时，会考虑冒犯者的剥削风险

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106740

Daniel E. Forster , Jeni L. Burnette , Yohsuke Ohtsubo , Debra Lieberman , Michael E. McCullough

On an adaptationist view of forgiveness, people's decisions to forgive transgressors are coordinated by a psychological system that estimates (a) the likely benefits of a restored relationship with the transgressor (called relationship value) and (b) the risk that the transgressor will impose additional harm in the future (called exploitation risk). Correlational evidence supports these claims, but experimental evidence is limited. Here, we used a novel experimental manipulation of exploitation risk, along with well-established manipulations of post-transgression communication, to evaluate claims about the effects of exploitation risk on forgiveness. We also evaluated whether the effects of post-transgression gestures of apology-compensation and antagonistic messages on forgiveness result from their intermediate effects on perceived exploitation risk. The manipulations of exploitation risk and post-transgression messages influenced self-report measures and behavioral measures associated with forgiveness in theoretically expected directions, and a standard measurement-of-mediator approach suggested they operate via their intermediate effects on exploitation risk, but experimental tests provided only limited support for that claim. We conclude that exploitation risk does indeed deter forgiveness, but we will find little unambiguous causal evidence that antagonistic messages and expressions of apology-compensation exert their effects on forgiveness via their intermediate effects on perceived exploitation risk.

在宽恕的适应主义观点中，人们原谅冒犯者的决定是由一个心理系统协调的，这个心理系统估计(a)与冒犯者恢复关系的可能好处（称为关系价值）和(b)冒犯者在未来施加额外伤害的风险（称为剥削风险）。相关证据支持这些说法，但实验证据有限。在这里，我们使用了一种新的剥削风险实验操作，以及一种成熟的犯罪后沟通操作，来评估剥削风险对宽恕的影响。我们还评估了过失后道歉补偿姿态和对抗性信息对宽恕的影响是否源于它们对感知剥削风险的中间影响。剥削风险和犯罪后信息的操纵在理论预期方向上影响了自我报告测量和与宽恕相关的行为测量，标准的中介测量方法表明它们通过对剥削风险的中间效应起作用，但实验测试仅为这一说法提供了有限的支持。我们的结论是，剥削风险确实会阻碍宽恕，但我们发现很少有明确的因果证据表明，敌对信息和道歉补偿的表达是通过对感知剥削风险的中间效应来影响宽恕的。

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引用次数: 0

Through the lens of adaptationism: Commentary on Baumard & André 从适应主义的视角看：鲍玛和安德烈评述

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106741

Leda Cosmides

引用次数: 0

Explaining cultural adaptation: commentary on “the ecological approach to culture” 阐释文化适应：“生态文化观”述评

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106739

Kim Sterelny Kim

引用次数: 0

Is the Lamborghini like a peacock's tail? No evidence for relationships between conspicuous consumption and male attractiveness 兰博基尼像孔雀的尾巴吗？没有证据表明炫耀性消费和男性吸引力之间存在联系

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106725

Felipe Carvalho Novaes, Jean Natividade

Women more interested in short-term relationships prefer men with good genes. We ran four controlled experiments with heterosexual women, based on the idea that conspicuous consumption manifestations signal good genes, to test whether a conspicuous object could increase the attractiveness and desire for an uncommitted relationship with a man. We also tested the interaction between car type (non-conspicuous and conspicuous) and reproductive strategy in the judgment of attractiveness and desire for an uncommitted relationship. Contrary to previous studies, the results of our experiments rejected the hypothesis of conspicuous consumption as an enhancer of attractiveness. None of our studies showed an interaction between car type and sociosexuality. In Study 3, the non-conspicuous car's man was considered more attractive. This effect disappeared after controlling social desirability in Study 4. Perhaps the positive publication bias explains the unprecedented nature of our results. Another possible explanation remains in some cultural influence. Maybe, Brazilian women with a high education level (our participants) are not susceptible to conspicuous consumption as an indicator of good genes. We also want to emphasize that, although other studies have corroborated our hypotheses using similar experiments, the present study was the only one that controlled social desirability and socioeconomic status.

对短期关系更感兴趣的女性更喜欢有良好基因的男性。我们对异性恋女性进行了四个对照实验，基于炫耀性消费表现表明基因良好的想法，来测试一个引人注目的物体是否会增加吸引力和对与男人保持未承诺关系的渴望。我们还测试了汽车类型（不显眼和显眼）与生殖策略之间的相互作用，以判断吸引力和对未承诺关系的渴望。与之前的研究相反，我们的实验结果否定了炫耀性消费能增强吸引力的假设。我们的研究都没有显示出汽车类型和社会性别之间的相互作用。在研究3中，不显眼的司机被认为更有吸引力。在研究4中，这种效应在控制社会可取性后消失。也许正面的发表偏倚解释了我们的研究结果是史无前例的。另一个可能的解释是文化的影响。也许，受过高等教育的巴西女性（我们的参与者）不容易受到炫耀性消费的影响，这是良好基因的一个指标。我们还想强调的是，尽管其他研究已经通过类似的实验证实了我们的假设，但本研究是唯一一个控制社会期望和社会经济地位的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Creatures of habit(us): A commentary on Baumard and André's ‘The ecological approach to culture’ 习惯的生物（我们）：评鲍玛和安德烈的“文化的生态方法”

IF 3 1区心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Evolution and Human Behavior

Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106737

Daniel Nettle

引用次数: 0

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