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Victims of misfortune may not “deserve” help: A possible factor in victim-devaluation 不幸的受害者可能并不 "值得 "帮助:评价受害者的一个可能因素
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.005
Pascal Boyer , Eric Chantland , Lou Safra

Why do people blame, devalue or derogate the victims of misfortune? The literature suggests general factors like a belief in a just world or a desire to distance oneself from misfortune, but the empirical results are often unclear. Here we suggest another potential factor in victim-devaluation in particular. Attitudes to victims should be seen in the context of human cooperation, as victims can be a source of costs for others and, therefore, may constitute poor potential cooperation partners. If that is the case, devaluation should be associated with a reluctance to offer help to victims. As predicted, across six pre-registered studies, we found that participants' reluctance to donate their own money (their bonus for participation), or allocate other people's money to a victim predicted the devaluation of the victim's character. Both devaluation and willingness to help were influenced by manipulating the victim's apparent competence, and the victim's concern for other people's possible costs, two crucial dimensions of cooperative potential. These results are consistent with the overall hypothesis that people's intuitions about a victim's cooperation potential are relevant to victim-devaluation.

为什么人们会指责、贬低或贬损不幸的受害者?文献中提出了一些一般性的因素,如人们相信世界是公正的,或希望远离不幸,但实证结果往往并不明确。在此,我们特别提出了受害者评价的另一个潜在因素。我们应该从人类合作的角度来看待对受害者的态度,因为受害者可能是他人付出代价的来源,因此可能构成不良的潜在合作伙伴。如果是这样的话,对受害者的贬低应该与不愿意向受害者提供帮助有关。正如我们所预测的那样,在六项预先登记的研究中,我们发现参与者不愿意捐出自己的钱(他们参与研究的奖金)或将其他人的钱分配给受害者,这预示着对受害者人格的贬低。通过操纵受害者的表面能力和受害者对他人可能付出的代价的关心程度,这两个合作潜力的关键维度都会对贬低和帮助意愿产生影响。这些结果与总体假设一致,即人们对受害者合作潜力的直觉与受害者评价相关。
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引用次数: 0
Costly inductions as a commitment-selection strategy: Assessing hazing's relationship with attrition in a college fraternity 代价高昂的入会仪式是一种选择承诺的策略:评估欺凌与大学生兄弟会自然减员的关系
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.09.003
Aldo Cimino , Joshua Pollock , Benjamin J. Thomas

Social scientists have often claimed or implied that hazing selects out uncommitted newcomers in voluntary associations. Because groups that engage in hazing are generally secretive about their practices, there has never been a real-world, in situ test of this claim. Using an American social fraternity, we report the first real-world, longitudinal test of hazing's relationship with selective newcomer attrition. Our data are derived from six sets of fraternity inductees who experienced the fraternity's hazing induction process (N = 126). Our analyses suggest that experienced hazing severity is a predictor of attrition and that hazing severity differentially predicts the attrition of low-commitment newcomers. However, real-world fraternity inductions (and measurements thereof) are complex in ways that add important caveats to our findings. Our discussion focuses on the best means by which to confirm or disconfirm our results through future replications.

社会科学家经常声称或暗示,欺侮行为会挑选出志愿社团中未作出承诺的新人。由于参与欺凌的团体通常对其做法保密,因此从未在现实世界中对这一说法进行过现场测试。我们利用一个美国社交兄弟会,首次对欺侮与选择性新人流失之间的关系进行了真实世界的纵向测试。我们的数据来自六组经历过兄弟会入会欺凌过程的入会者(N = 126)。我们的分析表明,经历过的欺辱严重程度是流失的一个预测因素,而且欺辱严重程度对低承诺新人的流失有不同的预测作用。然而,现实世界中的兄弟会入会(及其衡量标准)非常复杂,这给我们的研究结果增加了重要的注意事项。我们的讨论重点是通过未来的复制来证实或反证我们的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Sex differences in birth weight depending on the mother's condition: testing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis in Indian twins 出生体重的性别差异取决于母亲的状况:在印度双胞胎中检验 Trivers-Willard 假设
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.08.003
Ryoko Takikawa , Yasuyuki Fukukawa

According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, mothers who give birth to sons when their general condition is good and daughters when their condition is bad have an advantage in fitness. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in humans by examining sex differences in birth weight according to maternal age based on a comparison of the birth weights of twins. A total of 2138 Indian twins (668 opposite sex, 2940 same sex) from the 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey IV database were identified for analysis. In total, 3700 mothers were at low risk for having low-birth-weight babies in terms of maternal age (ages 20–34 years) and 576 mothers were at high risk in terms of maternal age (20 years younger or 35 years or older). The results of the analysis of covariance showed that: 1) the birth weight ratio of opposite-sex twins is small (female newborns are heavier) when the mothers are at a high risk age. 2) At a high risk age, female newborns in opposite-sex twins, who can receive sex-based discriminatory investments, are heavier at birth than female babies in same-sex twins. These results remained significant after controlling for variables potentially related to birth weight. This study provides potential evidence that in utero selection is retained by the mother as a countermeasure against threats in terms of fitness.

根据特里弗斯-威拉德假说,如果母亲在一般状况良好时生下儿子,而在状况不佳时生下女儿,那么她们的体质就会有优势。本研究的目的是通过比较双胞胎的出生体重,研究出生体重随母亲年龄的性别差异,从而在人类中验证这一假说。从2015-2016年全国家庭健康调查IV数据库中,共确定了2138对印度双胞胎(668对异性,2940对同性)进行分析。就母亲年龄(20-34 岁)而言,共有 3700 名母亲属于低出生体重儿的低风险母亲,而就母亲年龄(20 岁以下或 35 岁或以上)而言,共有 576 名母亲属于高风险母亲。协方差分析结果显示1)当母亲处于高风险年龄时,异性双胞胎的出生体重比率较小(女性新生儿体重较重)。2)在高风险年龄段,异性双胞胎中的女婴在出生时比同性双胞胎中的女婴更重,而同性双胞胎中的女婴可以获得基于性别的歧视性投资。在控制了可能与出生体重有关的变量后,这些结果仍然显著。这项研究提供了潜在的证据,证明子宫内的选择被母亲保留下来,作为抵御健康威胁的对策。
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引用次数: 0
Distinctiveness and femininity, rather than symmetry and masculinity, affect facial attractiveness across the world 影响全球面部吸引力的是独特性和女性气质,而不是对称性和男性气质
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.10.001
Karel Kleisner , Petr Tureček , S. Adil Saribay , Ondřej Pavlovič , Juan David Leongómez , S. Craig Roberts , Jan Havlíček , Jaroslava Varella Valentova , Silviu Apostol , Robert Mbe Akoko , Marco A.C. Varella

Studies investigating facial attractiveness in humans have frequently been limited to studying the effect of individual morphological factors in isolation from other facial shape components in the same population. In this study, we go beyond this approach by focusing on multiple components and populations while combining geometric morphometrics of 72 standardized frontal facial landmarks and a Bayesian statistical framework. We investigate preferences in both sexes for three structural components of other sex facial beauty that are traditionally considered indicators of biological quality: symmetry, sexual dimorphism, and distinctiveness (i.e., the opposite of averageness). Based on a large sample of faces (n = 1550) from 10 populations across the world (Brazil, Cameroon, Czechia, Colombia, India, Namibia, Romania, Turkey, UK, and Vietnam), we found that distinctiveness negatively affects the perception of attractiveness in both sexes and that this association is stable across all studied populations. We corroborated some previous results indicating both a positive effect of femininity on male assessment of female facial beauty and a null or weak effect of masculinity on female evaluation of male facial attractiveness. Facial symmetry had no effect on facial attractiveness. In concert with other recent studies, our results support the importance of facial prototypicality but cast doubt on the role of symmetry as one of the key constituents of attractiveness in the human face.

对人类面部吸引力的研究往往局限于研究单个形态因素对同一人群中其他面部形状成分的影响。在本研究中,我们超越了这一研究方法,将 72 个标准化额面部地标的几何形态计量学与贝叶斯统计框架相结合,重点研究了多个组成部分和人群。我们研究了两性对其他性别面部美的三个结构成分的偏好,这些成分传统上被认为是生物质量的指标:对称性、性别二形性和独特性(即与平均性相反)。基于来自全球 10 个国家(巴西、喀麦隆、捷克、哥伦比亚、印度、纳米比亚、罗马尼亚、土耳其、英国和越南)的大量人脸样本(n = 1550),我们发现,独特性对两性的吸引力感知都有负面影响,而且这种关联在所有研究人群中都是稳定的。我们证实了之前的一些研究结果,即女性特质对男性评价女性面部美有积极影响,而男性特质对女性评价男性面部吸引力无影响或影响较弱。面部对称性对面部吸引力没有影响。我们的研究结果与最近的其他研究结果一致,支持了面部原型性的重要性,但对对称性作为人类面部吸引力的主要构成因素之一的作用表示怀疑。
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引用次数: 0
Parochial altruism: What it is and why it varies 狭隘利他主义:它是什么以及它为什么会变化
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.06.005
Anne C. Pisor , Cody T. Ross

Parochial altruism (PA), or ingroup favoritism paired with outgroup hostility, is sometimes treated as a synonym for human intergroup relations. However, empirical data suggest that PA is highly variable—across individuals, across situations, and across groups. Here, we review theory and data on PA to explore the candidate sources for this variability. Along the way, we unpack assumptions (e.g., what constitutes a group?), identify precursors to PA behavior (e.g., context and internal states), and review evidence for the pairing of ingroup favoritism with outgroup hostility. We discuss phenomena with measurable impact on downstream behavior, including resource access and cultural institutions, but also flag how researcher expectations and methodological design impact reported variability in PA. We close by making recommendations for how researchers can reduce noise in the study of PA by checking assumptions and being deliberate in research design; this is key, as the PA literature is part of sensitive public discourse.

狭隘利他主义(Parochial altruism,PA),或内群体偏袒与外群体敌意的搭配,有时被视为人类群体间关系的同义词。然而,经验数据表明,PA 在不同个体、不同情境和不同群体之间存在很大差异。在此,我们回顾了有关 PA 的理论和数据,以探索这种可变性的候选来源。在此过程中,我们将解开各种假设(例如,什么是群体?我们讨论了对下游行为有可测量影响的现象,包括资源获取和文化制度,同时也指出了研究者的期望和方法设计如何影响 PA 的报告变异性。最后,我们就研究人员如何通过检查假设和深思熟虑的研究设计来减少 PA 研究中的噪音提出了建议;这一点非常关键,因为 PA 文献是敏感的公共讨论的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Reference frames for spatial navigation and declarative memory: Individual differences in performance support the phylogenetic continuity hypothesis 空间导航和陈述性记忆的参考框架:表现的个体差异支持系统发育连续性假说
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.08.001
A. Fragueiro , A. Tosoni , M. Boccia , R. Di Matteo , C. Sestieri , G. Committeri

Recent experimental evidence has led to the idea that the neural mechanisms supporting spatial navigation have been flexibly adapted to organize concepts and memories through spatial codes. The “phylogenetic continuity hypothesis” (Buszáki & Moser, 2013) further proposes that the mechanisms supporting episodic and semantic memory would have respectively evolved from self-based (i.e. egocentric) and map-based (i.e. allocentric) spatial navigation mechanisms. Recent studies have observed traces of this phylogenetic continuity in human behavior, but the full original model has not yet been tested. Here, we evaluated the relationships between the four model components by using two sets of tasks in the spatial navigation and declarative memory domains based on complex materials and emphasizing the self vs. map-based processing (i.e. route vs. survey component for spatial navigation and episodic vs. semantic component for declarative memory). Consistent with the model predictions, the results of a multiple multivariate regression analysis revealed a specific across-domain relationship, such that route-based navigation performance specifically predicted episodic memory performance (self-based, egocentric components), while survey navigation performance specifically predicted the semantic memory one (map-based, allocentric components). The results of an additional regression analysis on the within-domain transformation process from self-based to map-based representations confirmed that route-based navigation specifically predicted survey navigation, while episodic memory specifically predicted semantic memory. Our results provide further behavioral evidence in support of the general hypothesis that the neural machinery evolved to map the physical world might have been recycled to organize memory and conceptual knowledge. Crucially, they also support the more specific hypothesis that the organizational principles involved in higher-level processing of information have inherited the fundamental distinction between different reference frames (egocentric vs. allocentric) for navigation in the physical world.

最近的实验证据表明,支持空间导航的神经机制已被灵活地调整为通过空间代码来组织概念和记忆。系统发育连续性假说"(Buszáki & Moser, 2013)进一步提出,支持情节记忆和语义记忆的机制将分别从基于自我(即以自我为中心)和基于地图(即以分配为中心)的空间导航机制进化而来。最近的研究在人类行为中观察到了这种系统发育连续性的痕迹,但完整的原始模型尚未得到验证。在此,我们使用两组基于复杂材料的空间导航和声明性记忆领域的任务,评估了模型四个组成部分之间的关系,并强调了自我与基于地图的处理(即空间导航的路线与调查部分,声明性记忆的情节与语义部分)。与模型预测一致的是,多重多元回归分析的结果显示了一种特定的跨领域关系,即基于路线的导航成绩特别预测了外显记忆成绩(以自我为基础、以自我为中心的成分),而调查导航成绩特别预测了语义记忆成绩(以地图为基础、以分配为中心的成分)。对从自我表征到地图表征的域内转换过程进行的额外回归分析结果证实,路线导航可具体预测调查导航,而外显记忆可具体预测语义记忆。我们的研究结果为一般假设提供了进一步的行为证据,即用于绘制物理世界地图的神经机制可能被用于组织记忆和概念知识。最重要的是,这些结果还支持了一个更具体的假设,即高层次信息处理的组织原则继承了物理世界中不同参照系(以自我为中心与以分配为中心)导航的基本区别。
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引用次数: 0
Human infant cries communicate distress and elicit sex stereotypes: Cross cultural evidence 人类婴儿的哭声传达痛苦并引发性别刻板印象:跨文化证据
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.08.004
Clément Cornec , Nicolas Mathevon , Katarzyna Pisanski , Don Entani , Claude Monghiemo , Blanchard Bola , Victor Planas-Bielsa , David Reby , Florence Levréro

The degree to which culture and context contribute to variability in human behaviour is a critical scientific question. While most research in the human behavioural sciences is based on WEIRD samples, the last decade has seen a rise in research on traditionally under-represented populations, including small-scall societies, to demonstrate reproducibility of results. Considering this framework as a major objective, here we explore cross-cultural ubiquity in the production and perception of human baby cries, focusing on remote rural communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, compared to analogous data from French and British samples. Through acoustic analysis of Congolese baby cries recorded in natural discomfort (bath) and pain (vaccine) contexts, combined with psychoacoustic experiments on Congolese adult listeners, we show that distress is reliably encoded in the acoustic cry signal, namely in nonlinear acoustic phenomena. Despite the absence of sexual dimorphism in cries, low-pitched cries are more often perceived as produced by boys than girls, and cries experimentally attributed to boys are perceived as expressing more distress than the same cries experimentally attributed to girls. Having obtained similar results in European samples, this study provides compelling evidence that these voice-based stereotypes are stable and robust, observed across extremely distinct human populations.

文化和环境对人类行为变异的影响程度是一个关键的科学问题。虽然人类行为科学领域的大多数研究都是基于世界卫生组织(WEIRD)的样本,但在过去的十年中,为了证明研究结果的可重复性,对传统上代表性不足的人群(包括小范围社会)的研究也在不断增加。考虑到这一框架的主要目标,我们在此以刚果民主共和国的偏远农村社区为重点,对比法国和英国样本的类似数据,探索人类婴儿哭声产生和感知的跨文化普遍性。通过对刚果婴儿在自然不适(洗澡)和疼痛(接种疫苗)情境下的哭声进行声学分析,并结合对刚果成年听者的心理声学实验,我们表明,痛苦可以可靠地编码在哭声信号中,即非线性声学现象中。尽管哭声中不存在性别二形性,但低音调哭声被认为是男孩发出的次数多于女孩,而且实验中归因于男孩的哭声被认为比实验中归因于女孩的相同哭声表达了更多的痛苦。这项研究在欧洲样本中也获得了类似的结果,它提供了令人信服的证据,证明这些基于声音的刻板印象是稳定而强大的,可以在极其不同的人类群体中观察到。
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引用次数: 0
On causes and consequences; a reply to Durkee 关于原因和后果;对 Durkee 的答复
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.12.001
Sean Prall , Brooke Scelza
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引用次数: 0
Letter from the Editor 编辑来信
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.002
Debra Lieberman
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引用次数: 0
Mating-related stimuli induce rapid shifts in fathers' assessments of infants 与交配相关的刺激导致父亲对婴儿的评价发生快速变化
IF 5.1 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.06.006
James K. Rilling , Paige Gallagher , Minwoo Lee

A common life history theory trade-off is that which males face between mating effort and parental effort. This trade-off is observed across species, among individuals within a species, and within individuals across their lifespan. Recent studies suggest the possibility of more rapid trade-offs or motivational shifts in response to transient aspects of the social environment. We were interested in whether exposure to mating-related stimuli would negatively impact men's evaluation of parental-related stimuli and vice-versa, and whether this response would differ between fathers and non-fathers. In two separate experiments, a total of 160 heterosexual or bisexual men rated how appealing they found 40 images of attractive infants and 40 images of attractive adult females. Half of all participants viewed infant images before viewing female images, and the other half viewed female images before infant images. In both experiments, fathers rated infant stimuli as more appealing than did non-fathers when infants were presented before females, but not when infants were presented after females. That is, priming fathers with female stimuli negatively impacted their ratings of infants. On the other hand, priming men with pictures of cute infants before viewing females did not impact ratings of female pictures, in either fathers or non-fathers. Nor did priming fathers with pictures of another highly rewarding stimulus - highly appealing foods - decrease their ratings of infants. The negative effect of female pictures on fathers' subsequent ratings of infant stimuli is consistent with the possibility that the female pictures activated motivational systems related to mating effort, which in turn inhibited motivational systems related to parental effort, rendering the infant stimuli less appealing. Our findings suggest that human fathers may be susceptible to transient shifts in life history strategy as a function of their immediate social environment.

生活史理论中常见的一种权衡是雄性动物在交配努力和养育努力之间的权衡。这种权衡在不同物种之间、同一物种的不同个体之间以及个体的整个生命周期中都可以观察到。最近的研究表明,在社会环境的短暂影响下,可能会出现更快的权衡或动机转变。我们感兴趣的是,暴露于与交配相关的刺激是否会对男性评估与父母相关的刺激产生负面影响,反之亦然,以及这种反应在父亲和非父亲之间是否会有所不同。在两个独立的实验中,共有 160 名异性恋或双性恋男性对 40 张有吸引力的婴儿图片和 40 张有吸引力的成年女性图片的吸引力进行了评分。一半的参与者在观看女性图片之前先观看婴儿图片,另一半参与者在观看婴儿图片之前先观看女性图片。在这两项实验中,当婴儿图像出现在女性图像之前时,父亲对婴儿刺激的评价比非父亲更有吸引力,而当婴儿图像出现在女性图像之后时,父亲对婴儿刺激的评价则没有变化。也就是说,用女性刺激物引出父亲对婴儿的评价会产生负面影响。另一方面,先向男性展示可爱的婴儿图片,然后再展示女性图片,并不会影响父亲或非父亲对女性图片的评价。用另一种高回报刺激--极具吸引力的食物--的图片来吸引父亲,也不会降低他们对婴儿的评价。雌性图片对父亲随后对婴儿刺激的评分产生的负面影响,与雌性图片激活了与交配努力相关的动力系统,进而抑制了与父母努力相关的动力系统,从而降低了婴儿刺激的吸引力的可能性是一致的。我们的研究结果表明,人类父亲的生活史策略可能会受到其直接社会环境的影响而发生短暂的转变。
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引用次数: 0
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Evolution and Human Behavior
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