{"title":"Chemical Glycan Editing Opens the Door to Understanding the Precise Structure–Function Relationships of Proteoglycans","authors":"Y. Manabe","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2227.6e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2227.6e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42927847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazuchika Nishitsuji, Midori Ikezaki, S. Manabe, Y. Ihara
{"title":"Functions of Protein C-Mannosylation in Physiology and Pathology","authors":"Kazuchika Nishitsuji, Midori Ikezaki, S. Manabe, Y. Ihara","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2218.1j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2218.1j","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47034861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the soft ionization methods in mass spectrometry (MS). Its analyte compatibility with a matrix can improve analyte-selective ionization efficiency and control the fragmentation properties of the product ions. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) is a versatile matrix that can be used for various molecular species. Although DHB is commonly used as the matrix of first choice for MALDI MS of glycans, many attempts to optimize DHB for glycan analysis using additives have also been reported. This mini-review will present additives of the DHB-based matrix that promote direct analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by MALDI MS.
{"title":"DHB Matrix with Additives for Direct MALDI Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates","authors":"Hiroshi Hinou","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2214.1e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2214.1e","url":null,"abstract":"Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the soft ionization methods in mass spectrometry (MS). Its analyte compatibility with a matrix can improve analyte-selective ionization efficiency and control the fragmentation properties of the product ions. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) is a versatile matrix that can be used for various molecular species. Although DHB is commonly used as the matrix of first choice for MALDI MS of glycans, many attempts to optimize DHB for glycan analysis using additives have also been reported. This mini-review will present additives of the DHB-based matrix that promote direct analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by MALDI MS.","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135997520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Protein C-mannosylation is a unique type of protein glycosylation in which a single α-mannose is attached to the indole C2 of tryptophan (Trp) through a C–C bond. The Trp-x-x-Trp (WxxW) sequences, whose first Trp residue may be C-mannosylated, constitute the consensus motifs of this rare glycosylation modification. Dpy-19 was recognized as a gene encoding C-mannosyltransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans. DPY19L1 and DPY19L3 were later confirmed as mammalian C-mannosyltransferases. The consensus motif can be found in the thrombospondin type 1 repeat and cytokine receptor type I families as well as in many other proteins, and recent studies suggest critical roles of C-mannosylation in the folding, sorting, and/or secretion of the substrate proteins. We successfully synthesized C-mannosylated Trp-containing Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp (WSPW) peptides. As a result of using these peptides in our investigations, we proposed that C-mannosylation may have biological functions in addition to contributing to the folding and stability of the substrate proteins. In this mini-review, we discuss the biological roles of C-mannosylation in physiology and pathology as based on our recent findings.
{"title":"Functions of Protein <i>C</i>-Mannosylation in Physiology and Pathology","authors":"Kazuchika Nishitsuji, Midori Ikezaki, Shino Manabe, Yoshito Ihara","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2218.1e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2218.1e","url":null,"abstract":"Protein C-mannosylation is a unique type of protein glycosylation in which a single α-mannose is attached to the indole C2 of tryptophan (Trp) through a C–C bond. The Trp-x-x-Trp (WxxW) sequences, whose first Trp residue may be C-mannosylated, constitute the consensus motifs of this rare glycosylation modification. Dpy-19 was recognized as a gene encoding C-mannosyltransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans. DPY19L1 and DPY19L3 were later confirmed as mammalian C-mannosyltransferases. The consensus motif can be found in the thrombospondin type 1 repeat and cytokine receptor type I families as well as in many other proteins, and recent studies suggest critical roles of C-mannosylation in the folding, sorting, and/or secretion of the substrate proteins. We successfully synthesized C-mannosylated Trp-containing Trp-Ser-Pro-Trp (WSPW) peptides. As a result of using these peptides in our investigations, we proposed that C-mannosylation may have biological functions in addition to contributing to the folding and stability of the substrate proteins. In this mini-review, we discuss the biological roles of C-mannosylation in physiology and pathology as based on our recent findings.","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135997206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemical Glycan Editing Opens the Door to Understanding the Precise Structure–Function Relationships of Proteoglycans","authors":"Yoshiyuki Manabe","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2227.6j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2227.6j","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135997209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DHB Matrix with Additives for Direct MALDI Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates","authors":"H. Hinou","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2214.1j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2214.1j","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43890425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EXTL2-related Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis and Disease","authors":"Satomi Nadanaka, Hiroshi Kitagawa","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2201.1j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2201.1j","url":null,"abstract":"がん抑制遺伝子Exostosinファミリーメンバーに属するEXT1あるいはEXT2は、遺伝性多発性外骨腫の原因遺伝子であり、これらの遺伝子産物はヘパラン硫酸の合成に関わるポリメラーゼとしてはたらく。EXTL2はがん抑制遺伝子ファミリーメンバーに相同性を示す3つのEXT様（EXT-like）遺伝子の一つであり、N-アセチルヘキソサミン転移酵素をコードする。しかしながら、EXTL2がグリコサミノグリカン（GAG）の生合成に果たす役割についてもEXTL2の生物学的重要性についても長い間不明であった。著者らはEXTL2がGAG生合成を調節し、その制御の破綻が病態形成過程に関与することを明らかにした。本ミニレヴューでは、EXTL2によるGAGの生合成制御が機能的に重要である点について述べ、EXTL2の発現低下が様々な疾患の進展に関わる可能性を示したい。","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":"264 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136043389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glass transition is a phenomenon in which an amorphous phase undergoes an abrupt change in its thermodynamic properties at a certain temperature referred to as that material’s glass transition temperature (Tg). Recently, studies have been conducted on the glass transition of glycolipids, including carbohydrate-based surfactants, which have covalently linked sugar and hydrocarbon moieties. These are reported to form various phases such as the glassy lamellar gel (Lβ) phases, glassy thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) phases like the fluid lamellar (Lα), hexagonal columnar (Colh) and cubic LC phases, and glassy lyotropic LC phases such as Lα and cubic LC phases. In addition, the relationships between the structure of glycolipids, their LC phases, and Tg have been reported. Furthermore, the phase transition between Lα and Lβ phases in the glassy state and the relaxation behavior of structural and thermodynamic parameters at glass transition have been investigated. These results reveal the universality of the glass transition phenomenon, as well as some properties specific to the glass transition of glycolipids. Several promising applications have been proposed for pharmaceutical fields. Future research is expected to shed light on the glass transition of glycolipids and glycans in biomembranes and their contribution to the expression of functions.
{"title":"Glass Science of Glycolipids","authors":"Shigesaburo Ogawa","doi":"10.4052/tigg.2121.1e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4052/tigg.2121.1e","url":null,"abstract":"Glass transition is a phenomenon in which an amorphous phase undergoes an abrupt change in its thermodynamic properties at a certain temperature referred to as that material’s glass transition temperature (Tg). Recently, studies have been conducted on the glass transition of glycolipids, including carbohydrate-based surfactants, which have covalently linked sugar and hydrocarbon moieties. These are reported to form various phases such as the glassy lamellar gel (Lβ) phases, glassy thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) phases like the fluid lamellar (Lα), hexagonal columnar (Colh) and cubic LC phases, and glassy lyotropic LC phases such as Lα and cubic LC phases. In addition, the relationships between the structure of glycolipids, their LC phases, and Tg have been reported. Furthermore, the phase transition between Lα and Lβ phases in the glassy state and the relaxation behavior of structural and thermodynamic parameters at glass transition have been investigated. These results reveal the universality of the glass transition phenomenon, as well as some properties specific to the glass transition of glycolipids. Several promising applications have been proposed for pharmaceutical fields. Future research is expected to shed light on the glass transition of glycolipids and glycans in biomembranes and their contribution to the expression of functions.","PeriodicalId":55609,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135998468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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