M. Musienko, Ya.M. Gadzalo, M. Kovalenko, L. Batsmanova, Yevheniia Konotop, N. Taran
Aim. To study the adaptive reactions of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.) seedlings using the parameters of oxidative homeostasis under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress and metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) mixture nanoparticles treatment. Methods. Biochemical assays: spectrophotometric measurements of the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), the content of proline and products of lipid peroxidation; mathematical statistics. Results. The state of oxidative homeostasis of common wheat (cv. Favorytka, cv. Trypilska) and emmer (cv. Holikovska) seedlings under PEG-induced osmotic stress conditions was investigated and analyzed. The development of lipid peroxidation processes under stress conditions was observed only in the cv. Trypilska seedlings. It was established that proline content in common wheat seedlings of both cultivars under stress had signifi cant (10 : 1) predominance in roots, while in roots and shoots of emmer seedlings proline content increased equally. SOD activity in the leaves of the studied cultivars under stress conditions was not changed. At the same time, an increase of SOD activity by 30 % under osmotic stress was shown in the roots of common wheat of cv. Favorytka, while it decreased by 25 % in the roots of cv. Trypilska. It was established that CAT activity in the roots of both cultivars of common wheat decreased by 25 and 38 %, respectively, whereas in emmer of cv. Holikovska this parameter increased by 35 % under osmotic stress. Presowing treatment using a colloidal solution of a mixture of biogenic metal nanoparticles contributed to the induction of SOD activity in the roots of cv. Favorytka, CAT activity in the leaves of cv. Trypilska, and CAT activity in the roots and leaves of cv. Holikovska compared to non-treated plants. It should be noted that the treatment of plants with metal nanoparticles promoted the restoration of CAT activity in the roots under osmotic stress conditions to the level of the control plants in both wheat varieties. Conclusions. It was established that osmotic stress provoked the development of oxidative processes and inhibition of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in particular, SOD and CAT, in the seedling roots of common wheat cultivars. It was shown that emmer wheat seedlings of cv. Holikovska can maintain redox homeostasis and avoid oxidative damage under osmotic stress conditions. It was found that the seedlings of common wheat and emmer demonstrated different strategies of osmotic regulation under osmotic stress, which is confi rmed, in particular, at the level of proline accumulation. It was shown that the application of colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles induced an antioxidant protection system and reduced the oxidative processes, which are inevitable effects of drought. The obtained results indicate that common wheat cultivars are more susceptible to drought compared to emmer wheat of cv. Holikovska.
目标利用聚乙二醇（PEG）诱导的渗透胁迫和金属（Fe，Cu，Mn，Zn）混合物纳米颗粒处理下的氧化稳态参数，研究普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）和普通小麦（T.dicocum Schrank ex Schübl.）幼苗的适应反应。方法。生化测定：分光光度法测定抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT）活性、脯氨酸含量和脂质过氧化产物；数理统计。后果对普通小麦（Favorytka，Trypilska）和二熟小麦（Holikovska）幼苗在PEG诱导的渗透胁迫条件下的氧化稳态进行了研究和分析。在胁迫条件下，仅在Trypilska幼苗中观察到脂质过氧化过程的发展。结果表明，在胁迫条件下，两个品种的普通小麦幼苗中脯氨酸含量在根中具有显著的（10∶1）优势，而在二熟小麦幼苗的根和芽中脯氨酸含量平均增加。在胁迫条件下，研究品种叶片中SOD活性没有变化。同时，在渗透胁迫下，Favorytka普通小麦根系的SOD活性增加了30%，而Trypilska普通小麦根系则降低了25%。结果表明，在渗透胁迫下，两个普通小麦品种根系的CAT活性分别下降了25%和38%，而在实粒小麦品种Holikovska中，这一参数增加了35%。与未处理的植物相比，使用生物金属纳米颗粒混合物的胶体溶液的预处理有助于诱导Favorytka的根中的SOD活性、Trypilska的叶中的CAT活性以及Holikovska的根和叶中的CAT活性。应该注意的是，在两个小麦品种中，用金属纳米颗粒处理植物促进了渗透胁迫条件下根系中CAT活性恢复到对照植物的水平。结论。研究表明，渗透胁迫促进了普通小麦幼苗根系氧化过程的发展，并抑制了抗氧化酶，特别是SOD和CAT的活性。结果表明，在渗透胁迫条件下，Holikovska二熟小麦幼苗能保持氧化还原稳态，避免氧化损伤。研究发现，普通小麦和普通小麦幼苗在渗透胁迫下表现出不同的渗透调节策略，特别是在脯氨酸积累水平上。结果表明，金属纳米颗粒胶体溶液的应用诱导了抗氧化保护系统，减少了氧化过程，这是干旱不可避免的影响。结果表明，普通小麦品种比Holikovska普通小麦品种更容易受到干旱的影响。
{"title":"Adaptation reactions of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.) seedlings under osmotic stress and treatment with metal nanoparticles","authors":"M. Musienko, Ya.M. Gadzalo, M. Kovalenko, L. Batsmanova, Yevheniia Konotop, N. Taran","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To study the adaptive reactions of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.) seedlings using the parameters of oxidative homeostasis under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress and metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) mixture nanoparticles treatment. Methods. Biochemical assays: spectrophotometric measurements of the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), the content of proline and products of lipid peroxidation; mathematical statistics. Results. The state of oxidative homeostasis of common wheat (cv. Favorytka, cv. Trypilska) and emmer (cv. Holikovska) seedlings under PEG-induced osmotic stress conditions was investigated and analyzed. The development of lipid peroxidation processes under stress conditions was observed only in the cv. Trypilska seedlings. It was established that proline content in common wheat seedlings of both cultivars under stress had signifi cant (10 : 1) predominance in roots, while in roots and shoots of emmer seedlings proline content\u0000increased equally. SOD activity in the leaves of the studied cultivars under stress conditions was not changed. At the same time, an increase of SOD activity by 30 % under osmotic stress was shown in the roots of common wheat of cv. Favorytka, while it decreased by 25 % in the roots of cv. Trypilska. It was established that CAT activity in the roots of both cultivars of common wheat decreased by 25 and 38 %, respectively, whereas in emmer of cv. Holikovska this parameter increased by 35 % under osmotic stress. Presowing treatment using a colloidal solution of a mixture of biogenic metal nanoparticles contributed to the induction of SOD activity in the roots of cv. Favorytka, CAT activity in the leaves of cv. Trypilska, and CAT activity in the roots and leaves of cv. Holikovska compared to non-treated plants. It should be noted that the treatment of plants with metal nanoparticles promoted the restoration of CAT activity in the roots under osmotic stress conditions to the level of the control plants in both\u0000wheat varieties. Conclusions. It was established that osmotic stress provoked the development of oxidative processes and inhibition of the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in particular, SOD and CAT, in the seedling roots of common wheat cultivars. It was shown that emmer wheat seedlings of cv. Holikovska can maintain redox homeostasis and avoid oxidative damage under osmotic stress conditions. It was found that the seedlings of common wheat and emmer demonstrated different strategies of osmotic regulation under osmotic stress, which is confi rmed, in particular, at the level of proline accumulation. It was shown that the application of colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles induced an antioxidant protection system and reduced the oxidative processes, which are inevitable effects of drought. The obtained results indicate that common wheat cultivars are more susceptible to drought compared to emmer wheat of cv. Holikovska.","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49436558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Morgun, G. A. Pryadkina, O. Stasik, O. Zborivska
Aim. A comparative analysis of several traits of the capacity of the assimilation apparatus of 10 varieties and 2 lines of winter wheat from Ukraine, under conditions of insuffi cient precipitation and elevated air temperature during the period, when the reproductive organs formed (GS 30–49), in order to search for phenotypic markers associated with high productivity. Methods. Field, morphometric, spectrophotometric and statistical methods were used. Results. The maximum difference in yield between varieties and lines, which grew under condi- tions of insuffi cient water supply and high temperatures in April and May of growing season 2017/2018, was 24.7 %. Under these conditions, the highest grain productivity was observed for the new varieties Pochayna, Hospodarka and Kyivska 17 (8.60–8.73 t/ha) and a high canopy leaves chlorophyll index at late stages of ontogenesis (0.38-0.48 g chlorophyll/m 2 at milky-wax ripeness). This was opposed to varieties Smuhlianka, Poradnytsia and the line UK 392/15 with the lowest yield (7.00–7.25 t/ha) and assimilation surface at this stage (0.07–0.17 g chlorophyll/m 2 ). At the fl owering stage (anthesis) the most productive varieties exceeded the least productive ones, on average, by 30 % in leaves fresh weight of the canopy, by 24 % in content of total (a+b) chlorophyll and by 60 % in canopy chlorophyll index. At milky-wax ripeness, the differences between these varieties increased signifi cantly – up to 136 % in leaf fresh weight of canopy, 57 % in chlorophyll content and 350 % in canopy leaves chlorophyll index. A close positive correlation (r = 0.69–0.77, P ˂ 0.01) between the canopy photosynthetic apparatus traits at milky-wax ripeness with the yield of varieties and lines of winter wheat under drought and high temperature stress was found. Conclusions. The results show that the leaves fresh weight of canopy and canopy leaves chlorophyll index can be used as markers of grain productivity of winter wheat under drought stress, as well as for the possible development of molecular genetic criteria of breeding, based on these phenotypic characteristics.
{"title":"Relationships between canopy assimilation surface capacity traits and grain productivity of winter wheat genotypes under drought stress","authors":"V. Morgun, G. A. Pryadkina, O. Stasik, O. Zborivska","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. A comparative analysis of several traits of the capacity of the assimilation apparatus of 10 varieties and 2 lines of winter wheat from Ukraine, under conditions of insuffi cient precipitation and elevated air temperature during the period, when the reproductive organs formed (GS 30–49), in order to search for phenotypic markers associated with high productivity. Methods. Field, morphometric, spectrophotometric and statistical methods were used. Results. The maximum difference in yield between varieties and lines, which grew under condi- tions of insuffi cient water supply and high temperatures in April and May of growing season 2017/2018, was 24.7 %. Under these conditions, the highest grain productivity was observed for the new varieties Pochayna, Hospodarka and Kyivska 17 (8.60–8.73 t/ha) and a high canopy leaves chlorophyll index at late stages of ontogenesis (0.38-0.48 g chlorophyll/m 2 at milky-wax ripeness). This was opposed to varieties Smuhlianka, Poradnytsia and the line UK 392/15 with the\u0000lowest yield (7.00–7.25 t/ha) and assimilation surface at this stage (0.07–0.17 g chlorophyll/m 2 ). At the fl owering stage (anthesis) the most productive varieties exceeded the least productive ones, on average, by 30 % in leaves fresh weight of the canopy, by 24 % in content of total (a+b) chlorophyll and by 60 % in canopy chlorophyll index. At milky-wax ripeness, the differences between these varieties increased signifi cantly – up to 136 % in leaf fresh weight of canopy, 57 % in chlorophyll content and 350 % in canopy leaves chlorophyll index. A close positive correlation (r = 0.69–0.77, P ˂ 0.01) between the canopy photosynthetic apparatus traits at milky-wax ripeness with the yield of varieties and lines of winter wheat under drought and high temperature stress was found. Conclusions. The results show that the leaves fresh weight of canopy and canopy leaves chlorophyll index can be used as markers of grain productivity of winter wheat under drought stress, as well as for the possible development of\u0000molecular genetic criteria of breeding, based on these phenotypic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42214420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Pomitun, V. Rossokha, Y. Boyko, O. Guzevatyi, M. Shpilka, R. Kulibaba
Aim. To study calpastatin (CAST) and сallipyge (CLPG) genes polymorphism in Prydniprovska meat sheep. Methods. The studies were conducted using PCR-RFLP method. DNA was isolated from 47 animals. The amplicons were treated with restriction endonucleases MspI and FaqI for genes CAST and CLPG, respectively. Results. The study determined the polymorphism of CAST gene fragment. Two alleles – M (336, 286 b.p.) and N (622 b.p.) with the frequency of 0.83 and 0.17, respectively, were detected. The frequency of genotypes was as follows: ММ – 0.77, MN – 0.13 and NN – 0.10. There was a noted tendency towards the increase in live bodyweight of 4-month-old lambs, carriers of N allele (genotypes NN and MN), compared to the index for the lambs of the same age with genotype MM. Locus CLPG was monomorphic, only allele A was determined (278, 117 and 31 b.p.). Allele G with the mutation, manifested in muscle hypertrophy phenotype, was not detected, all the animals under investigation had genotype AA. Conclusions. CAST gene polymorphism was deter- mined in Prydniprovska meat sheep during our work. The tendency towards the increase in live bodyweight of 90-day-old lambs, carriers of allele N, was established which demonstrated promising perspectives of further studies on associations of this gene and meat qualities of Prydniprovska meat sheep. The obtained results on the monomorphic nature of locus CLPG and the absence of mutation, related to muscle hypertrophy phenotype, demonstrated that the mutation of this gene may be built into the genome of domestic breeds of sheep only via cross-breeding with foreign breeds, in which this trait is manifested.
{"title":"Analysis of calpastatin and сallipyge genes polymorphism in Prydniprovska meat sheep","authors":"I. Pomitun, V. Rossokha, Y. Boyko, O. Guzevatyi, M. Shpilka, R. Kulibaba","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.058","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To study calpastatin (CAST) and сallipyge (CLPG) genes polymorphism in Prydniprovska meat sheep. Methods. The studies were conducted using PCR-RFLP method. DNA was isolated from 47 animals. The amplicons were treated with restriction endonucleases MspI and FaqI for genes CAST and CLPG, respectively. Results. The study determined the polymorphism of CAST gene fragment. Two alleles – M (336, 286 b.p.) and N (622 b.p.) with the frequency of 0.83 and 0.17, respectively, were detected. The frequency of genotypes was as follows: ММ – 0.77, MN – 0.13 and NN – 0.10. There was a noted tendency towards the increase in live bodyweight of 4-month-old lambs, carriers of N allele (genotypes NN and MN), compared to the index for the lambs of the same age with genotype MM. Locus CLPG was monomorphic, only allele A was determined (278, 117 and 31 b.p.). Allele G with the mutation, manifested in muscle hypertrophy phenotype, was not detected, all the animals under investigation had genotype AA. Conclusions. CAST gene\u0000polymorphism was deter- mined in Prydniprovska meat sheep during our work. The tendency towards the increase in live bodyweight of 90-day-old lambs, carriers of allele N, was established which demonstrated promising perspectives of further studies on associations of this gene and meat qualities of Prydniprovska meat sheep. The obtained results on the monomorphic nature of locus CLPG and the absence of mutation, related to muscle hypertrophy phenotype, demonstrated that the mutation of this gene may be built into the genome of domestic breeds of sheep only via cross-breeding with foreign breeds, in which this trait is manifested.","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47728060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ibatulin, O. Varchenko, I. Svynous, O. Klymchuk, O. Drahan, I. Herasymenko
Aim. To substantiate the approaches to activating export transactions in the market of pig breeding products, determining the indicators of competitiveness of the main kinds of meat and relative competitiveness of pig breeding products in the leading countries based on the identifi cation of factors, restraining the export of Ukrainian pig breeding products, and elaborating the suggestions on eliminating their negative impact on the dynamics of foreign economic activity in the industry. Methods. The methodological approaches of the study were based on the information about the volumes of foreign trade, mainly used for international comparison and determined for each commodity or commodity group. The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), the Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP) and the Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) were determined while estimating competitive advantages of pig breeding products. The study involved a comprehensive comparative analysis of the main kinds of meat products in the external market using the model of “food independence – competitiveness”. The index of food independence was used along with the generalizing index of competitiveness for some kinds of meat products – the modi- fi ed Balassa index. It was determined that it was reasonable to determine the level of food independence based on food self- production within the range of 70–80 % from the commodity resources of the domestic food market. Our study involved the data of the informational database of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and FAO regarding the volume of export-import of pig breeding production. Results. It has been proven that there are no competitive advantages of Ukraine’s pig breeding produc- tion in external markets; there is insuffi cient food independence on the background of potential advantages for the expansion of export, in particular, that of cheap fodder and logistics. A considerable decrease in the exchange rate for hryvnia compared to foreign currencies of the leading countries creates prerequisites for successful promotion of Ukrainian pork both in domestic and foreign markets. The need of monitoring the implementation of food independence criteria and diversifi cation of export specialization of the country was substantiated. In the long-term perspective, it is reasonable to optimize the level of protection for the market of pig breeding products, to stimulate domestic production, to distribute the instruments of state support for the “green box”. It has been proven that the main directions of supporting the export of domestic agrarian products should become as follows: facilitating export procedures; expanding assortment and accessibility of fi nancial services; developing the support- ing infrastructure; informational support for exporters; conducting research and implementing support programs; the activity of the system of credit-insurance institute and trade representations should be carried out in a single complex via det
{"title":"Factors of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukraine’s pig breeding production in external markets","authors":"M. Ibatulin, O. Varchenko, I. Svynous, O. Klymchuk, O. Drahan, I. Herasymenko","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.029","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To substantiate the approaches to activating export transactions in the market of pig breeding products, determining the indicators of competitiveness of the main kinds of meat and relative competitiveness of pig breeding products in the leading countries based on the identifi cation of factors, restraining the export of Ukrainian pig breeding products, and elaborating the suggestions on eliminating their negative impact on the dynamics of foreign economic activity in the industry. Methods. The methodological approaches of the study were based on the information about the volumes of foreign trade, mainly used for international comparison and determined for each commodity or commodity group. The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), the Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP) and the Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) were determined while estimating competitive advantages of pig breeding products. The study involved a comprehensive comparative analysis of the main kinds of meat products in the\u0000external market using the model of “food independence – competitiveness”. The index of food independence was used along with the generalizing index of competitiveness for some kinds of meat products – the modi- fi ed Balassa index. It was determined that it was reasonable to determine the level of food independence based on food self- production within the range of 70–80 % from the commodity resources of the domestic food market. Our study involved the data of the informational database of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and FAO regarding the volume of export-import of pig breeding production. Results. It has been proven that there are no competitive advantages of Ukraine’s pig breeding produc- tion in external markets; there is insuffi cient food independence on the background of potential advantages for the expansion of export, in particular, that of cheap fodder and logistics. A considerable decrease in the exchange rate for hryvnia compared to foreign currencies of the leading countries creates\u0000prerequisites for successful promotion of Ukrainian pork both in domestic and foreign markets. The need of monitoring the implementation of food independence criteria and diversifi cation of export specialization of the country was substantiated. In the long-term perspective, it is reasonable to optimize the level of protection for the market of pig breeding products, to stimulate domestic production, to distribute the instruments of state support for the “green box”. It has been proven that the main directions of supporting the export of domestic agrarian products should become as follows: facilitating export procedures; expanding assortment and accessibility of fi nancial services; developing the support- ing infrastructure; informational support for exporters; conducting research and implementing support programs; the activity of the system of credit-insurance institute and trade representations should be carried out in a single complex via det","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44576528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Novakovsky, I. Novakovska, O. Bredikhin, M. Stetsiuk, L. Skrypnyk
Aim. To determine the specifi cities of uniting territorial communities at the national and regional levels during the process of power decentralization, to generalize the experience of its legal and organizational provisions, the practice of reforming local self-government in the EU member states, to estimate the risks of decentralization in Ukraine in general and in rural area in particular, and to establish the directions of its development at the fi - nal stage. Methods. Monographic, mathematical-statistical, cartographic, abstract-logical, comparative, analytical analysis. Results. The work conducted during the fi rst stage of decentralization reform (2014–2018), was esti- mated by the Council of Europe as the most successful reform in progress in Ukraine. As of January 01, 2015, 85.2 % of territorial communities were located in rural areas, where agriculture is the prevailing kind of the popula- tion’s activity. Thus, power decentralization and reforming local self-governance refers to rural population, fi rst and foremost. However, the study has confi rmed that the implementation of reforming remedies has been restrained, as the main provisions of decentralization have not been enshrined in the Constitution, there are no defi nite plans on developing united communities, it is impossible to overcome the removal of local councils from managing land resources beyond the boundaries of settlements, the reform is being blocked by regional and district state authori- ties. Conclusions. Current system of rural population settlements, characterized by a considerable number of small villages, the specifi city of territorial organization of power (40 % of local councils have less than 1,000 residents) and village and town budgets, subsidized for almost 50 %, are prerequisites of uniting communities as the only way of forming sustainable local self-governance. The centralization of authorities by the executive branch regarding governance over territories, low spreading of local self-governance and absence of land resources in communal ownership, fi nancial limitedness of councils prove that without principal changes in the current position, most ter- ritorial communities will still remain unsustainable in legal, organizational and fi nancial aspects. The experience of implementing decentralization tasks in regions demonstrates that the level of organizational and explanatory work and control over reforming should be enhanced considerably. The issues of regulating the division of mountainous territories and setting higher bonuses and benefi ts, improving budget limits of the communities via taxation system, enhancing the role of cities of regional signifi cance as centers of united territorial communities should be settled at the legislative level. At this stage, the risks of implementing decentralization in Ukraine are as follows: the impos- sibility of completing the plan of implementing the remedies of its second stage without amending the Constitut
{"title":"Risks and problems of forming united territorial communities in Ukraine","authors":"L. Novakovsky, I. Novakovska, O. Bredikhin, M. Stetsiuk, L. Skrypnyk","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.066","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To determine the specifi cities of uniting territorial communities at the national and regional levels during the process of power decentralization, to generalize the experience of its legal and organizational provisions, the practice of reforming local self-government in the EU member states, to estimate the risks of decentralization in Ukraine in general and in rural area in particular, and to establish the directions of its development at the fi - nal stage. Methods. Monographic, mathematical-statistical, cartographic, abstract-logical, comparative, analytical analysis. Results. The work conducted during the fi rst stage of decentralization reform (2014–2018), was esti- mated by the Council of Europe as the most successful reform in progress in Ukraine. As of January 01, 2015, 85.2 % of territorial communities were located in rural areas, where agriculture is the prevailing kind of the popula- tion’s activity. Thus, power decentralization and reforming local self-governance refers to rural\u0000population, fi rst and foremost. However, the study has confi rmed that the implementation of reforming remedies has been restrained, as the main provisions of decentralization have not been enshrined in the Constitution, there are no defi nite plans on developing united communities, it is impossible to overcome the removal of local councils from managing land resources beyond the boundaries of settlements, the reform is being blocked by regional and district state authori- ties. Conclusions. Current system of rural population settlements, characterized by a considerable number of small villages, the specifi city of territorial organization of power (40 % of local councils have less than 1,000 residents) and village and town budgets, subsidized for almost 50 %, are prerequisites of uniting communities as the only way of forming sustainable local self-governance. The centralization of authorities by the executive branch regarding governance over territories, low spreading of local self-governance and absence\u0000of land resources in communal ownership, fi nancial limitedness of councils prove that without principal changes in the current position, most ter- ritorial communities will still remain unsustainable in legal, organizational and fi nancial aspects. The experience of implementing decentralization tasks in regions demonstrates that the level of organizational and explanatory work and control over reforming should be enhanced considerably. The issues of regulating the division of mountainous territories and setting higher bonuses and benefi ts, improving budget limits of the communities via taxation system, enhancing the role of cities of regional signifi cance as centers of united territorial communities should be settled at the legislative level. At this stage, the risks of implementing decentralization in Ukraine are as follows: the impos- sibility of completing the plan of implementing the remedies of its second stage without amending the Constitut","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42343027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim. The main aim of the research was to compare different methods of fermentation medium energy effi ciency agitation. Methods. The analysis of mass transfer processes in fermenters using different methods of agitation was made. Experimental determination of energy consumption for medium agitation while using a mechanical agitator and an external circulation loop was realized. Estimation of energy effi ciency indices. Results. It was determined that energy effi ciency of agitation by circulation during the cycle of bacterial preparation Planriz BT (Biotechnica) exceeded mechanical agitation 1.3 times in case of aeration, and 2.6 times in the non-aeration mode. Conclusions. The method of agitation by circulation of fermentation medium using an external loop is more energy-effi cient compared to mechanical agitation even in the case of using a slow-speed agitator.
{"title":"Energy efficiency research of fermentation medium agitation in manufacturing of microbiological plant protection products","authors":"V. Yaroshevsky","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.076","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. The main aim of the research was to compare different methods of fermentation medium energy effi ciency agitation. Methods. The analysis of mass transfer processes in fermenters using different methods of agitation was made. Experimental determination of energy consumption for medium agitation while using a mechanical agitator and an external circulation loop was realized. Estimation of energy effi ciency indices. Results. It was determined that energy effi ciency of agitation by circulation during the cycle of bacterial preparation Planriz BT (Biotechnica) exceeded mechanical agitation 1.3 times in case of aeration, and 2.6 times in the non-aeration mode. Conclusions. The method of agitation by circulation of fermentation medium using an external loop is more energy-effi cient compared to mechanical agitation even in the case of using a slow-speed agitator.","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42905755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kovalchuk, M. Roik, Yaroslav Hadzalo, T. Nediak, O. Zinchenko
Aim. To evaluate the effi ciency of inducing generative, reduced parthenogenesis and to better use the differentiating potential of the embryo culture under apomictic seed production in selection materials of sugar beet with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and B) to isolate homozygous lines (dihaploids) without the use of polyploidizing substances. Methods. Apomictic (agamosper- mous) seed production in apocarpous pollen sterile lines from B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. altissima (sugar beet) using classi- cal so-called Owen sterile cytoplasm and sterile cytoplasm from Beta maritimа and Beta patula as sources, was conducted under pollen free conditions and spatial isolation in the greenhouse breeding complex of the Yaltushkivska experimental breeding station (Yaltushki, Ukraine). The specifi cities of embryonic development of apomictic embryos were studied with the purpose of effi cient regulation of the induction of explants in vitro as donors of the culture of immature embryos. Fluorescent fl ow cytophotometry in combination with the computer program of the Partec Ploidy Analyser PA-2 (Partec GmbH, Germany, now Sysmex), were used to determine the degree of ploidy, enabling the selection of haploid and dihaploid lines in vitro. A genetic method was developed using the expression of morphological marker indices of nuclear genes of anthocyanin coloring (R+ r–) of regenerant plants in vitro and ploidy determination for differentiation by generative (reduced) parthenogenesis. The sampling technique that took into account the hormonal composition of cultural media and the level of genome ploidy, sample frequency and statistical analysis of the results was determined using the appropriate statistics; the percentage of regenerants, induced by different types of morpho- genesis and ploidy in vitro, was determined along with the measurement error to control the accuracy of the selected sampling (number of seed embryos). Results. The selected cultural medium No. 3, based on the basal medium according to Gamberg et al., 1968 (21), contained 6 BAP – 2 mg/l, 2.4 D – 0.5 mg/l, gibberellic acid – 0.1 mg/l, which ensured a success rate of 4.4 to 23.3 % of direct regeneration of shoots from the embryo culture, depending on the genotype of donors, and 4–10 % for induction and proliferation of callus. In ten experimental numbers of alloplasmic lines of sugar beet, the incidence of haploids and mixoploids among the regenerants from the embryo culture fl uctuated within the wide range of 14.8 – 62.2 % and exceeded the indices, ob- tained by other known methods of haploid parthenogamy, which had the values of 3.79 – 6.25 %. Conclusions. The homozygous lines and dihaploids were determined and set apart/stabilized in the process of micropropagation, where the differentiation of clones was made on the basis of total DNA content in interphase nuclei, using information of histograms generated in fl uorescent fl ow cytometry with the Partec Ploidy Analyser PA-II instru
{"title":"Improvement of the technology of obtaining stable (di)haploid regenerants from embryonic culture of apomictic sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) breeding material without the use of colchicine","authors":"N. Kovalchuk, M. Roik, Yaroslav Hadzalo, T. Nediak, O. Zinchenko","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To evaluate the effi ciency of inducing generative, reduced parthenogenesis and to better use the differentiating potential of the embryo culture under apomictic seed production in selection materials of sugar beet with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and B) to isolate homozygous lines (dihaploids) without the use of polyploidizing substances. Methods. Apomictic (agamosper- mous) seed production in apocarpous pollen sterile lines from B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. altissima (sugar beet) using classi- cal so-called Owen sterile cytoplasm and sterile cytoplasm from Beta maritimа and Beta patula as sources, was conducted under pollen free conditions and spatial isolation in the greenhouse breeding complex of the Yaltushkivska experimental breeding station (Yaltushki, Ukraine). The specifi cities of embryonic development of apomictic embryos were studied with the purpose of effi cient regulation of the induction of explants in vitro as donors of the culture of immature embryos. Fluorescent fl ow\u0000cytophotometry in combination with the computer program of the Partec Ploidy Analyser PA-2 (Partec GmbH, Germany, now Sysmex), were used to determine the degree of ploidy, enabling the selection of haploid and dihaploid lines in vitro. A genetic method was developed using the expression of morphological marker indices of nuclear genes of anthocyanin coloring (R+ r–) of regenerant plants in vitro and ploidy determination for differentiation by generative (reduced) parthenogenesis. The sampling technique that took into account the hormonal composition of cultural media and the level of genome ploidy, sample frequency and statistical analysis of the results was determined using the appropriate statistics; the percentage of regenerants, induced by different types of morpho- genesis and ploidy in vitro, was determined along with the measurement error to control the accuracy of the selected sampling (number of seed embryos). Results. The selected cultural medium No. 3, based on the basal medium according to\u0000Gamberg et al., 1968 (21), contained 6 BAP – 2 mg/l, 2.4 D – 0.5 mg/l, gibberellic acid – 0.1 mg/l, which ensured a success rate of 4.4 to 23.3 % of direct regeneration of shoots from the embryo culture, depending on the genotype of donors, and 4–10 % for induction and proliferation of callus. In ten experimental numbers of alloplasmic lines of sugar beet, the incidence of haploids and mixoploids among the regenerants from the embryo culture fl uctuated within the wide range of 14.8 – 62.2 % and exceeded the indices, ob- tained by other known methods of haploid parthenogamy, which had the values of 3.79 – 6.25 %. Conclusions. The homozygous lines and dihaploids were determined and set apart/stabilized in the process of micropropagation, where the differentiation of clones was made on the basis of total DNA content in interphase nuclei, using information of histograms generated in fl uorescent fl ow cytometry with the Partec Ploidy Analyser PA-II instru","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Vashchenko, Viktor Balatsky, K. Pocherniaev, V. Voloshchuk, V. Tsybenko, A. Saenko, Ye. Oliynychenko, T. Buslyk, H. Rudoman
Aim. To determine genetic characteristics of the Mirgorod pig breed by analysis of 25 SNPs of 22 genes and to conduct the associative analysis of genes MC4R (SNP c.1426 G > A), LEP (SNP g.2845 А ˃ Т), GH (BsuRI- polymorphism), CTSF (SNP g. 22 G > C) with productive traits of animals. Methods. Blood samples of pedigree Mirgorod pigs, bred at SI «Experimental farm named after Decemberists», Poltava region, were used for the studies. DNA genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP and TaqMan. Results. Specifi c features of the breed were determined in terms of gene allele frequencies, high level of genetic variability (He – 0.326) and allelic diversity (mean number of alleles per locus – 1.96). The KPL2/m allele that causes genetic anomaly of ISTS is absent among investigated Mirgorod pigs, and the recessive RYR1 g.1843T allele, responsible for stress sensitivity of pigs, occurs at a low frequency (0.04). Unlike other breeds, a relatively high frequency of the minor allele g.15A (0.16) of CTSK and polymorphism of the LEP gene (SNP g.3996 T > C) (He – 0.455) was observed. Statistically signifi cant associations of polymorphisms have been established: MC4R (SNP c.1426 G > A) with age of gaining 100 kg, the thickness of backfat and the Eye Muscle Area, GH/BsuRI with the age of gaining 100 kg, and CTSF (SNP g. 22G > C) with Eye Muscle Area. There was a trend of statistically signifi cant differences between groups of pigs with different genotypes of LEP (SNP g.2845 А ˃ Т) and the thickness of the backfat (p = 0.09). Conclusions. It is reasonable to carry out the restoration of the gene pool of the Mirgorod pig breed, taking into account the SNPs of the studied genes and their associations with the productive traits. It is expedient to give preference to pigs with SNP genotypes с.1426 MC4R GA, MC4R AA, g. 22 CTSF CC, g.2845 LEP TT for breed reproduction.
{"title":"Genetic characterization of the Mirgorod pig breed, obtained by analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes","authors":"P. Vashchenko, Viktor Balatsky, K. Pocherniaev, V. Voloshchuk, V. Tsybenko, A. Saenko, Ye. Oliynychenko, T. Buslyk, H. Rudoman","doi":"10.15407/agrisp6.02.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp6.02.047","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To determine genetic characteristics of the Mirgorod pig breed by analysis of 25 SNPs of 22 genes and to conduct the associative analysis of genes MC4R (SNP c.1426 G > A), LEP (SNP g.2845 А ˃ Т), GH (BsuRI- polymorphism), CTSF (SNP g. 22 G > C) with productive traits of animals. Methods. Blood samples of pedigree Mirgorod pigs, bred at SI «Experimental farm named after Decemberists», Poltava region, were used for the studies. DNA genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP and TaqMan. Results. Specifi c features of the breed were determined in terms of gene allele frequencies, high level of genetic variability (He – 0.326) and allelic diversity (mean number of alleles per locus – 1.96). The KPL2/m allele that causes genetic anomaly of ISTS is absent among investigated Mirgorod pigs, and the recessive RYR1 g.1843T allele, responsible for stress sensitivity of pigs, occurs at a low frequency (0.04). Unlike other breeds, a relatively high frequency of the minor allele g.15A (0.16) of CTSK and polymorphism of the\u0000LEP gene (SNP g.3996 T > C) (He – 0.455) was observed. Statistically signifi cant associations of polymorphisms have been established: MC4R (SNP c.1426 G > A) with age of gaining 100 kg, the thickness of backfat and the Eye Muscle Area, GH/BsuRI with the age of gaining 100 kg, and CTSF (SNP g. 22G > C) with Eye Muscle Area. There was a trend of statistically signifi cant differences between groups of pigs with different genotypes of LEP (SNP g.2845 А ˃ Т) and the thickness of the backfat (p = 0.09). Conclusions. It is reasonable to carry out the restoration of the gene pool of the Mirgorod pig breed, taking into account the SNPs of the studied genes and their associations with the productive traits. It is expedient to give preference to pigs with SNP genotypes с.1426 MC4R GA, MC4R AA, g. 22 CTSF CC, g.2845 LEP TT for breed reproduction.","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48695810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Varchenko, V. Radko, O. Rudych, I. Svynous, K. Tkachenko
Aim. To identify the main types of risks, remarkable for agricultural dairy production, to evaluate the consequences of their increase and to substantiate a comprehensive system of managing them on the level of enterprise which would promote their minimization and neutralization. Methods. Common methods and techniques were applied in the study: a combination of scientifi c techniques of abstract-logical method of elaborating theoretical provisions, deduction method while isolating specifi c risks in dairy farming from the total amount, empirical methods of investigating the activity of dairy enterprises and computer generated simulation while substantiating practical instruments of risk management in agricultural dairy production. The correlation-regression analysis was used for statistical processing of the data and study results. Results. During the investigation the following kinds of risks in dairy production were isolated: natural, ecological, technological, market-related risks. The natural risk is related to the environmental impact, fi rst and foremost, to the change in temperature regime of the environment of keeping cows, ecological component of manure utilization. The technological risk is characterized by violating the conditions of keeping cows at farms, which is manifested via loss and disposal of cows from the core herd. It has been found that currently the distribution of diseases, i.e. epizootic situation in the country, presents increased risk for farms. One of the ways to neutralize and minimize the manifestation of technological risks is improving biosafety of stock breeding complexes and developing the insurance of livestock. In addition to risks of diseases (infectious, invasion, non-contagious) and other standard risks (fi re, natural disasters, etc.), it is reasonable to insure against the following kinds of risks: interrupted production (caused by death or loss of insured animals), after which current expenses for renewal of production or forfeited profi t would be reimbursed automatically or after submission of confi rmation documents; transportation of animals, including sea, air, and railway travel; expenses to remove the remains of animals after the insured event which caused their death; reimbursing the expenses for elimination of consequences, caused by infectious diseases, which made it impossible to renew the production without prior applica- tion of disinfectants. While evaluating market-related risks, special attention should be given to the relations of producers and processors of milk. Market risks are closely related to technological risks, as milk quality has a decisive impact on the formation of procurement prices. Conclusions. The systematization of risks in dairy farming should be performed in accordance to the total system of their manifestation and to specialized identifi cation which characterizes specifi cities of this sphere. The probability of most risks, occurring in dairy production, is considerab
{"title":"Risks of dairy farming in Ukraine and ways of their minimization and neutralization","authors":"O. Varchenko, V. Radko, O. Rudych, I. Svynous, K. Tkachenko","doi":"10.15407/AGRISP6.01.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/AGRISP6.01.041","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To identify the main types of risks, remarkable for agricultural dairy production, to evaluate the consequences of their increase and to substantiate a comprehensive system of managing them on the level of enterprise which would promote their minimization and neutralization. Methods. Common methods and techniques were applied in the study: a combination of scientifi c techniques of abstract-logical method of elaborating theoretical provisions, deduction method while isolating specifi c risks in dairy farming from the total amount, empirical methods of investigating the activity of dairy enterprises and computer generated simulation while substantiating practical instruments of risk management in agricultural dairy production. The correlation-regression analysis was used for statistical processing of the data and study results. Results. During the investigation the following kinds of risks in dairy production were isolated: natural, ecological, technological, market-related risks. The natural risk is related to the environmental impact, fi rst and foremost, to the change in temperature regime of the environment of keeping cows, ecological component of manure utilization. The technological risk is characterized by violating the conditions of keeping cows at farms, which is manifested via loss and disposal of cows from the core herd. It has been found that currently the distribution of diseases, i.e. epizootic situation in the country, presents increased risk for farms. One of the ways to neutralize and minimize the manifestation of technological risks is improving biosafety of stock breeding complexes and developing the insurance of livestock. In addition to risks of diseases (infectious, invasion, non-contagious) and other standard risks (fi re, natural disasters, etc.), it is reasonable to insure against the following kinds of risks: interrupted production (caused by death or loss of insured animals), after which current expenses for renewal of production or forfeited profi t would be reimbursed automatically or after submission of confi rmation documents; transportation of animals, including sea, air, and railway travel; expenses to remove the remains of animals after the insured event which caused their death; reimbursing the expenses for elimination of consequences, caused by infectious diseases, which made it impossible to renew the production without prior applica- tion of disinfectants. While evaluating market-related risks, special attention should be given to the relations of producers and processors of milk. Market risks are closely related to technological risks, as milk quality has a decisive impact on the formation of procurement prices. Conclusions. The systematization of risks in dairy farming should be performed in accordance to the total system of their manifestation and to specialized identifi cation which characterizes specifi cities of this sphere. The probability of most risks, occurring in dairy production, is considerab","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46246583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim. To determine the peculiarities of N[2]O and CO[2] soil emissions under different systems of crop fertilization. Methods. Field experiment, gas chromatography. Results. The data obtained during the permanent fi eld experiment on leached chernozem with crop rotation including potatoes, spring barley, peas and winter wheat have shown that both absolute (N[2]O) and specifi c (relative to carbon losses in the form of СО[2] ) losses of nitrogen depend on crop fertilization system. The introduction of raw organic material to the soil in the form of cattle manure or lupine (green manure) has led to the increased CO[2] emission levels. However, specifi c nitrogen losses in the form of N[2]O (g N-N[2]O/kg C-CO[2] ) have remained at the control level. The application of mineral fertilizers (under the absence of raw organic material) have triggered N[2]O emissions and more intense production of CO[2] (up to 67 % in the variant with the highest dose of mineral fertilizers (N[120]P[120]K[120] kg/ha of active ingredient), which can be caused by the mineralization of humus compounds. In organo-mineral fertilization system the specifi c losses of nitrous oxide have not exceeded the control and fallow. Based on the obtained results the authors propose the method of determining the “mineralization-synthesis” indices of organic matter in agricultural soils for estimation of the orientation of biological processes under different crop growing conditions. Conclusions. Systemic application of mineral fertilizers without introduction of raw organic material leads to the misbalance of mineralization and synthesis processes in soils. Under such conditions the mineralization of organic matter is prevailing. The use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers has balanced these processes in the soil. The proposed methodological approach for determination of mineralization-synthesis indices is based on the emission ratio of g N-N[2]O/kg C-СО[2] compared to the reference values and can provide an objective view of the tendency of mineralization (negative ratio values) and synthesis (positive ratio values) processes in the soils. It provides grounds to the decision-making principles of agricultural crops fertilization or introduction of certain agronomic techniques.
的目标。测定不同作物施肥制度下土壤氮、氧、一氧化碳排放的特点。方法。现场实验，气相色谱法。结果。马铃薯、春大麦、豌豆和冬小麦轮作淋溶黑钙土的永久田间试验数据表明，绝对氮(N[2])和特定氮(相对碳损失СО[2])的损失与作物施肥制度有关。以牛粪或羽扇豆(绿肥)形式引入土壤的原始有机物质导致CO bb0排放水平增加。然而，氮的特定损失以N-[2]的形式(g N-N[2]o /kg c - co[2])保持在控制水平。施用矿质肥料(在没有有机原料的情况下)引发了N[2]的排放和更强烈的CO[2]的产生(在最高剂量的矿质肥料(N[120]P[120]K[120] kg/ha活性成分)的变异中高达67%)，这可能是由腐殖质化合物的矿化引起的。在有机无机施肥系统中，氮氧化物的比损失没有超过控制和休耕。在此基础上，作者提出了测定农业土壤有机质“矿化-合成”指数的方法，以估计作物不同生长条件下生物过程的走向。结论。系统施用矿质肥料而不引入有机原料会导致土壤中矿化和合成过程的失衡。在这种条件下，有机质的矿化作用占优势。有机肥和有机无机肥的使用平衡了土壤中的这些过程。所提出的测定矿化-合成指数的方法是基于g N-N[2]O/kg C-СО[2]与参考值的排放比，可以客观地观察土壤中矿化(负比值值)和合成(正比值值)过程的趋势。它为农作物施肥或引进某些农艺技术的决策原则提供了依据。
{"title":"Methodological aspects of determining the processes of organic matter mineralization↔synthesis in croplands","authors":"V. Volkohon, O. Pyrig, K. Volkohon, S. Dimova","doi":"10.15407/AGRISP6.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/AGRISP6.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"Aim. To determine the peculiarities of N[2]O and CO[2] soil emissions under different systems of crop fertilization. Methods. Field experiment, gas chromatography. Results. The data obtained during the permanent fi eld experiment on leached chernozem with crop rotation including potatoes, spring barley, peas and winter wheat have shown that both absolute (N[2]O) and specifi c (relative to carbon losses in the form of СО[2] ) losses of nitrogen depend on crop fertilization system. The introduction of raw organic material to the soil in the form of cattle manure or lupine (green manure) has led to the increased CO[2] emission levels. However, specifi c nitrogen losses in the form of N[2]O (g N-N[2]O/kg C-CO[2] ) have remained at the control level. The application of mineral fertilizers (under the absence of raw organic material) have triggered N[2]O emissions and more intense production of CO[2] (up to 67 % in the variant with the highest dose of mineral fertilizers (N[120]P[120]K[120] kg/ha of active\u0000ingredient), which can be caused by the mineralization of humus compounds. In organo-mineral fertilization system the specifi c losses of nitrous oxide have not exceeded the control and fallow. Based on the obtained results the authors propose the method of determining the “mineralization-synthesis” indices of organic matter in agricultural soils for estimation of the orientation of biological processes under different crop growing conditions. Conclusions. Systemic application of mineral fertilizers without introduction of raw organic material leads to the misbalance of mineralization and synthesis processes in soils. Under such conditions the mineralization of organic matter is prevailing. The use of organic and organo-mineral fertilizers has balanced these processes in the soil. The proposed methodological approach for determination of mineralization-synthesis indices is based on the emission ratio of g N-N[2]O/kg C-СО[2] compared to the reference values and can provide an objective view of the tendency of\u0000mineralization (negative ratio values) and synthesis (positive ratio values) processes in the soils. It provides grounds to the decision-making principles of agricultural crops fertilization or introduction of certain agronomic techniques.","PeriodicalId":55933,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Practice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43201575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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