Transportation Geotechnics最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic behavior of ballasted track in rack railway under downhill braking conditions based on experimental and numerical analysis","authors":"Jiongli Wang,&nbsp;Chunfa Zhao,&nbsp;Zaigang Chen,&nbsp;Jun Fang,&nbsp;Guojun Yang,&nbsp;Qiyu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rack railways are increasingly adopted in mountainous transportation networks due to their ability to operate on steep gradients. The gear-rack meshing mechanism introduces additional complexity to the train-track dynamic response. During downhill braking, the combined action of longitudinal braking forces and gravity may destabilize ballast and deform the track structure. This study investigates the dynamic characteristics of ballasted track in rack railways under downhill braking using full-scale field tests and a Multi-Body Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (MBD-DEM) simulation. First, full-scale field tests were carried out on a 120 ‰ gradient rack test line. Using conventional track condition monitoring sensors together with SmartRock sensors, we measured the wheel-rail forces, the accelerations of the rack and rail, the dynamic responses of the sleepers, and the mesoscopic dynamic behavior of ballast particles during emergency braking with different initial train speeds. Subsequently, in order to evaluate the system responses under different gradient levels and a wider range of operating conditions, and to examine in more detail the mesoscopic mechanical behavior within the ballast bed, an MBD-DEM coupled simulation model consistent with the test line was developed. Based on this model, response surface methodology was adopted to analyze the effects of gradient, train speed and braking deceleration on the track system. Results show that downhill braking induces significant axle load redistribution and longitudinal force imbalance. Higher gradients and braking loads exacerbate ballast instability. Response surface analysis indicates that gradient is the dominant factor governing longitudinal sleeper displacement. When gradients exceed 240 ‰, localized ballast instability occurs. Although sleeper displacements remain within the 2 mm safety threshold under the tested conditions, higher gradients or speeds are likely to increase track deformation and structural instability risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101888"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of a hypoplastic material model for sandy soils into a dynamic ALE formulation suitable for structures subjected to moving loads","authors":"Atul Anantheswar ,&nbsp;Sebastian Ullmann ,&nbsp;Ines Wollny ,&nbsp;Sebastian Skatulla ,&nbsp;Ivo Herle ,&nbsp;Michael Kaliske","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research has shown that an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation can be leveraged to improve the efficiency of simulating structures subjected to moving loads, such as pavements. However, when modeling pavements, subsoil characteristics are not given much importance recently, and the subsoil is often modeled by simple linear elasticity. In this work, a hypoplastic material model capable of accurately describing the behavior of cohesionless soils, is used to model the subsoil response. Additionally, the calibration of the hypoplastic model to obtain material parameters is described. Further, the logarithmic strain approach to extend this model to finite deformations is detailed, and the incorporation of this material model into a dynamic ALE formulation is explained. Finally, the results of a transient simulation of the pavement response, when subjected to a moving load, are provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101876"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling and risk zoning for safety of large-section high-speed railway tunnels adjacent to karst caves: a case study of the Chongqing-Kunming high-speed railway tunnel","authors":"Wenyun Ding ,&nbsp;Shunguo Wang ,&nbsp;Zude Ding ,&nbsp;Yongfa Guo ,&nbsp;Zhigang Song ,&nbsp;Shangze Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2026.101897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2026.101897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Focusing on the core issue of safety impacts during the construction of large-section high-speed railway tunnels adjacent to karst caves, this study comprehensively applied theoretical analysis, orthogonal numerical experiments, and multiple regression methods to systematically investigate the stability of the cave-tunnel system. A predictive model for the critical safety distance was established, and a zoning standard for construction safety influence was developed. The research shows that the surrounding rock grade and the lateral pressure coefficient have a highly significant influence on the critical safety distance, with their impact exceeding that of the geometric parameters of the karst cave and the tunnel burial depth. Through range analysis and analysis of variance, the primary and secondary order of influencing factors under different karst cave locations was clarified, and multiple regression prediction expressions for the critical safety distance were established for five typical karst cave locations: above the vault, outside the spandrel, outside the sidewall, outside the wall foot, and below the invert. The most critical conditions occur when the karst cave is located outside the tunnel wall foot or spandrel. Based on the criteria of plastic zone connectivity and energy mutation, a comprehensive discriminant standard centered on the critical safety distance was constructed, classifying the impact of karst caves on tunnel construction into strong, moderate, and weak influence zones. Combining the conditions of the supporting project, the influence zoning ranges for typical tunnel sections were determined, resulting in the zoning for the Changshui Airport Tunnel under Grade IV and Grade V surrounding rock conditions with cave sizes of 0.2D, 0.4D, 0.6D, and 0.8D. As the cave size increases from 0.2D to 0.8D, the extent of the strong influence zone expands from 0.33D–0.94D to 0.80D–2.23D in Grade IV surrounding rock, and from 0.97D–1.44D to 1.34D–3.47D in Grade V surrounding rock. This demonstrates a significant amplification effect of cave size on the disturbance range imposed on the tunnel. Compared to Grade IV surrounding rock, the influence zone induced by karst caves in Grade V rock is substantially larger and more sensitive to changes in cave size. The validity and engineering applicability of the proposed model and zoning criteria were verified using the case study of the Changshui Airport Tunnel. This research provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the safe design and construction of similar tunnel projects in karst areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101897"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear unsaturated shear strength behaviour of compacted crushed rock class IV material: implications for corrugation in unsealed roads","authors":"Havisanth Erasanayagam ,&nbsp;Liuxin Chen ,&nbsp;Amir Tophel ,&nbsp;Jayantha Kodikara","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unsealed roads make up over 65% of Australia’s transport network and are prone to surface deterioration, such as corrugation, especially under dry climatic conditions. Corrugation formation is closely associated with progressive shear failure in the surface layer, often exacerbated by moisture loss. Crushed rock class IV material is widely used for unsealed road construction in Australia. The unsaturated shear strength behaviour of this material has not been characterised properly. This study presents a systematic experimental investigation into the unsaturated properties of compacted crushed rock class IV, focusing on the role of degree of saturation and fines content. Laboratory indirect tensile and direct shear tests were conducted on specimens compacted at optimum moisture content and subsequently dried back to a wide range of saturation levels. Results demonstrate a strongly nonlinear relationship between shear strength and degree of saturation, with cohesion peaking at intermediate saturation (around 40 %–50 %) and diminishing under both very dry and near-saturated states. The apparent friction angle increased with drying, reaching a peak at fully dry conditions. Comparison of fines-included and fines-removed specimens highlights the critical role of fines in generating suction-related cohesion and maintaining structural stability, as the specimens containing fines exhibited higher unsaturated cohesion. Nonlinear failure envelopes and an empirical Gaussian-based cohesion model are proposed to capture saturation-dependent behaviour, addressing limitations of conventional linear Mohr–Coulomb analyses. Practically, the results suggest that maintaining moisture within intermediate ranges and preserving fines during grading are essential strategies for improving the durability and performance of unsealed roads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101883"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the accumulated axial strain of mud-fouled ballast under long-term cyclic loading","authors":"Dongjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Cui ,&nbsp;Qionglin Li ,&nbsp;Shanhao Li ,&nbsp;Lina Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined the mechanical properties of mud-fouled ballast (MFB) under long-term cyclic loading. Initial computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the internal structure of mud-fouled ballast with varying fouling levels (VCIs). Subsequent cyclic triaxial tests were used to assess the accumulated axial strain (<em>ε</em>_acc) and resilient modulus (<em>M</em>_R) in relation to the VCI and mud-water content (MWC). The findings showed that at mud-water content = 47 % and 58 %, an increase in VCI caused an increase in <em>ε</em>_acc and a decrease in <em>M</em>_R. However, at mud-water content = 24 % and 36 %, an increase in VCI caused a decrease in <em>ε</em>_acc and an increase in <em>M</em>_R. An increase in mud-water content consistently caused a increase in <em>ε</em>_acc and an decrease in <em>M</em>_R for any VCI. Additionally, the plastic creep limit increased with increasing mud-water content at a given VCI. At mud-water content = 47 % and 58 %, the plastic creep limit decreased with increasing VCI but increased again at mud-water content = 24 % and 36 %. This study identified a critical threshold for ballast gradation and volume at a certain mud-water content of about 36 %, above which the dynamic stability of mud-fouled ballast decreases with increasing VCI, while below this threshold, the dynamic stability increases with increasing VCI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101842"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145712291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of pressure filtration behavior and filter cake properties in excavated sand-containing shield slurry: A CFD-DEM study","authors":"Zhanchao Yin ,&nbsp;Qingsong Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Liu ,&nbsp;Dongzhu Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The infiltration of slurry and the formation of filter cakes on excavation faces are critical for maintaining tunnel stability by controlling slurry pressure transmission. However, most existing studies focus on bentonite-only slurries and overlook the inevitable mixing of excavated soil with slurry during shield tunneling. This study employs a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach to investigate the infiltration behavior of sand-containing slurry into granular soils. Simulations were conducted with varying mass ratios (MR) of sand to bentonite particles and size ratios (SR) between sand and bentonite particles. The study examines particle clogging behavior under pressure and evaluates filter cake formation and performance under different MR and SR combinations. Additionally, constriction size distribution (CSD) analysis was applied to characterize pore structures in both the sand column and the external hybrid filter cake induced by particle filtration. Numerical results indicate that the sand content in the slurry does not alter the overall infiltration pattern but significantly affects the infiltration process. Another key finding is that although increased sand content prolongs the infiltration duration of slurry particles, optimal sealing performance at the sand-slurry interface is achieved with a moderate sand content. Further analysis discusses consistencies and discrepancies between simulations and infiltration tests, particularly emphasizing the impact of particle surface energy. Results demonstrate that the combination of high surface energy and high sand content compromises filter cake sealing integrity, hindering effective slurry pressure transfer. These findings deepen the understanding of slurry infiltration and filtration mechanisms in practical shield tunneling and provide valuable insights for optimizing stability control and operational parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101877"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of sequential twin stacked tunnelling on deformation and load-transfer mechanisms of battered piled rafts under lateral and combined loading","authors":"Mukhtiar Ali Soomro ,&nbsp;Sharafat Ali Darban ,&nbsp;Rizwan Ali Soomro ,&nbsp;Zhen-Dong Cui ,&nbsp;Amir Detho ,&nbsp;Saim Bin Shahab","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for underground space in dense urban areas has led to the construction of twin stacked tunnels, creating complex soil-structure interactions with nearby piled foundations. This study investigates the effects of twin stacked tunnelling on the performance of a (2 × 2) battered piled raft system in soft clay using three-dimensional coupled-consolidation finite element analyses. A hypoplastic clay model was employed to capture soil stiffness degradation and stress-path-dependent behaviour, calibrated through laboratory tests and validated against centrifuge data. The first tunnel was excavated adjacent to the pile shaft, and the second tunnel at varying depths near the pile toe, below the pile toe, and beneath the raft (denoted by StackTwinST, StackTwinSB, and StackTwinSU, respectively). Additional analyses examined the effects of combined vertical-lateral loading conditions and construction sequence. Results show that the first tunnel excavation caused stress release and degradation of mobilized shear stiffness, reducing shaft resistance in the upper pile portion by up to 28 %. The second tunnelling increased deformation, particularly beneath the raft (StackTwinSU), with maximum lateral displacement of 8.6 % of pile diameter and raft tilting of 0.64 %. Under combined loading, lateral displacement and bending moments increased up to ninefold compared with lateral-only conditions, while vertical load carried by the raft decreased from 20 % to 16.5 %. Changing the construction sequence by excavating the deeper tunnel first (StackTwinTS, StackTwinBS, StackTwinUS) resulted in larger lateral movements and tilting (up to 0.77 %) due to progressive stiffness degradation in upper soil layers. These findings demonstrate that the tunnelling sequence critically governs the deformation mechanisms and stability of battered piled raft systems, with the deeper-first sequence leading to substantial soil-structure interaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101852"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture exposure detection in timber using NIR spectroscopy: A feasibility study for railroad condition assessment","authors":"Boshra Besharatian,&nbsp;Sattar Dorafshan","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timber structures are prone to deterioration due to water exposure. Timber ties cover roughly 25 % of typical existing railroad tracks. Water can transport through railroad ties when ballast (base) is saturated due to fouling. Base-exposure of ties to water can be detected in a noncontact manner by analyzing the ties surface diffuse reflectance properties due to the water transport mechanism. In this research, forty cubic white oak samples were exposed to two base conditions, a dry surface and a wet sponge. Distinctive volumetric and unexposed surface moisture were observed between two base conditions. Diffuse reflectance spectra data were collected from the unexposed side of the samples using Near-InfraRed (NIR) hyperspectral imagery system; and a balanced dataset of 290 NIR spectra was formed to develop a discriminative numerical model to detect classify the base exposure. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed on the dataset which identified the most prominent wavelengths on the base classification were around1400 nm. This range is consistent with the presence water molecules and their O<img>H band water absorption. The discriminative model was based on a Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) that achieved 94.4 % and 89.7 % accuracy of training and testing, respectively. The model performance was further improved (recall reduction of 7 %) when training was done with predefined weights. Finally, future research areas are identified for further increase the NIR spectroscopy readiness level for railroad condition assessment in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101844"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation and degradation behaviour of coal-fouled tyre chips intermixed steel slag ballast under cyclic loading","authors":"Atif Hussain ,&nbsp;Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini ,&nbsp;Buddhima Indraratna ,&nbsp;Yujie Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel slag and tyre chips are two waste products with potential for sustainable use in railway tracks.</div><div>While the previous studies have primarily focused on the benefits of utilizing steel slag as railway subballast, yet its suitability as railway ballast with and without tyre chips (TC) has not been comprehensively investigated. Moreover, the possible effect of coal fouling on the performance of TC-intermixed steel slag ballast is yet to be studied. Therefore, the current study assessed the influence of TC on the performance of slag-granite ballast mixture under coal-fouled condition using large-scale track simulation test (TST) and constant-head permeability apparatus. TST results indicated that vertical and lateral deformations of ballast increased, while the track stiffness (<em>k</em>) and ballast breakage index (<em>BBI</em>) decreased with the increase in proportion of tyre chips. The threshold content of tyre chips to be mixed with steel slag ballast (SSB) is identified as 10%. The study further established that the addition of coal leads to an increase in deformations, while reducing <em>BBI</em> of TC intermixed slag-granite ballast. Moreover, the addition of coal causes a significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity of the TC intermixed ballast. Further, the critical value of void contamination index is determined to be 25%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101869"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activation of sintered red mud and its application as a cement substitute in foamed lightweight soil for backfilling engineering","authors":"Hongguang Jiang ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Xizhen Song ,&nbsp;Xiupeng Yue ,&nbsp;Yixin Li ,&nbsp;Deepak Patwa ,&nbsp;Jianyang Gao ,&nbsp;Zhanyong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sintered red mud (SRM), a solid by-product from aluminium electrolysis, poses serious environmental challenges due to its high alkalinity, large stockpile, and dust pollution. This study enhances the pozzolanic reaction potential of SRM, aiming to replace cement in foamed lightweight soil (FLS) for large-scale backfilling applications. Twenty mix designs were prepared with densities ranging from 600 to 1200 kg/m³ and cement replacement ratios of up to 67.81 %. The effects of the water-cement ratio, physicochemical properties of SRM, and activator on the density, workability, and mechanical performance of SRM-FLS were systematically evaluated. The hydration behaviour and microstructural evolution were examined to assess the pozzolanic reactivity and elucidate the underlying enhancement mechanism. Results show that the SRM-FLS achieved a 23 % increase in 28-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS), reaching 1.48 MPa at a 70 % cement replacement level. The material demonstrated good water stability (softening coefficient &gt; 0.8) and deformation resistance (compression modulus: 133–167 MPa). Microstructural analysis revealed a refined pore structure (88.8 % pores &lt; 100 μm) and an enhanced formation of C-S-H and CaCO₃ gels. A mixed design framework integrating mass balance, volumetric compatibility, and flowability control is proposed to guide practical application. The developed SRM-FLS offers both environmental and structural benefits, supporting a sustainable and cost-efficient solution for future infrastructure construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 101881"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}