Dynamic compaction is commonly employed for improving soft-soil foundations. However, the intense vibrations generated during compaction can negatively affect nearby structures, causing foundation settlement and structural cracks. Therefore, understanding the vibration-propagation patterns and predicting the vibration velocity under complex terrain conditions are essential for mitigation of vibration impacts. In this work, numerical simulations and field monitoring are used to analyze how the vibration velocity diminishes with distance. A prediction model for the peak surface-vibration velocity across complex terrains is created using dimensional analysis and validated via field measurements. The results show that: (1) Vibration propagation is notably directional. The peak vibration velocities in the X (direction of the vibration source) and Z (vertical direction) directions are significantly higher than that in the Y (direction perpendicular to the x-direction) direction, with more consistent patterns. (2) Wavelet packet analysis of vibration signals indicates that vibrations between 0 and 8 Hz account for 99.29 % of the energy, with the energy being concentrated at the slope shoulder. (3) Comparisons between predicted and actual vibration velocities reveal relative errors below 15 %, demonstrating strong agreement. (4) The model indicates positive relationships between the vibration velocity and terrain-fluctuation magnitude, as well as the vibration velocity and compaction energy level. A negative relationship exists between the vibration velocity and distance. These findings align well with the measured data.
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