Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation最新文献_第5页

Bird communities in the Dry Chaco of South America: vegetation structure and climate effects 南美洲干查科的鸟类群落：植被结构和气候影响

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.11.005

Romina Cardozo , Ricardo B. Machado

Species lead to a complex and dynamic environment affected by external processes. Better understanding the importance of these factors is particularly urgent for the world’s tropical dry forest, which is understudied, highly threatened and rapidly disappearing. Building on a unique, field-based bird community dataset, we used multivariate analysis and generalized linear models to test the effects of climate and vegetation structure on bird composition and richness in forest corridors. Our analyses revealed the importance of forest corridors that not only connect the landscape but may facilitate the movement of species, having a high potential for management and connectivity planning. We found significant differences in bird communities to environmental changes when focusing on all birds or when analyzing dry-forest birds only. For all birds, composition revealed preferences of habitat. Birds of open habitats were positively associated with canopy openness, temperature, and relative humidity, while birds to avoid open habitats were positively associated with higher canopy density. The most important variables explaining variations of dry-forest birds were understory and canopy density. Richness increases with temperature for the entire community, yet higher temperatures during the day decrease bird activity. Overall, we showed that bird composition differences were associated with canopy changes, yet richness increased with understory cover. Likewise, our study highlights the importance of maintaining a microenvironment based on local requirements for composition or richness. Moreover, the conservation strategies should be consistent to those requirements to promote the viability of corridors uses that potentially connect the landscape.

物种导致一个受外部过程影响的复杂动态环境。更好地了解这些因素的重要性对世界热带干燥森林来说尤为紧迫，因为对热带干燥森林的研究不足，受到高度威胁，正在迅速消失。基于野外鸟类群落数据集，采用多元分析和广义线性模型，研究了气候和植被结构对森林廊道鸟类组成和丰富度的影响。我们的分析揭示了森林走廊的重要性，它不仅可以连接景观，还可以促进物种的移动，在管理和连通性规划方面具有很高的潜力。我们发现，当关注所有鸟类或仅分析干林鸟类时，鸟类群落对环境变化的影响存在显著差异。对所有鸟类来说，组成揭示了它们对栖息地的偏好。开放生境的鸟类与冠层开度、温度和相对湿度呈正相关，而避开开放生境的鸟类与更高的冠层密度呈正相关。解释干旱林鸟类变化的最重要变量是林下植被和冠层密度。整个群落的丰富度随着温度的升高而增加，但白天较高的温度会减少鸟类的活动。总体而言，我们发现鸟类组成差异与林冠变化有关，但丰富度随林下覆盖而增加。同样，我们的研究强调了根据当地对组成或丰富程度的要求维持微环境的重要性。此外，保护战略应符合这些要求，以促进可能连接景观的走廊用途的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping the threat: projecting invasive plant distribution in the tropical Andes under climate change 绘制威胁：预测气候变化下热带安第斯山脉的入侵植物分布

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.11.002

Juan David González-Trujillo , Magda R. Escobar-Alba , David E. Lara , Juan E. Carvajal-C

The high tropical mountains are renowned for their exceptional biodiversity, which plays a pivotal role in sustaining local communities and their economies. Nevertheless, these regions are confronted with considerable challenges, primarily due to the threat of invasive species, which is further compounded by the impacts of climate change. Here, we investigated the current and future distribution of invasive plant species in the tropical Andes, focusing on Páramos – ecosystems that provide essential water services to people. Species distribution modeling was used to assess the current and future suitability of 11 of the most harmful invasive species under low (SSP126), moderate (SSP370), and intense (SSP585) carbon emission scenarios. Our projections show that between 18% and 60% of the tropical mountain area (480,000 km²) is currently suitable for the establishment of at least one species. Additionally, projections indicate that this area could expand by 2–4 % by the mid-century, depending on the climate change scenario. This expansion could potentially make 500–3000 km² of the Páramo extent suitable for up to five invasive species. Overall, our study provides relevant information for targeted management actions, such as manual removal and restoration, which are essential for limiting the expansion of invasive species to more suitable areas.

热带高山以其独特的生物多样性而闻名，这在维持当地社区和经济方面发挥着关键作用。然而，这些地区面临着相当大的挑战，主要是由于入侵物种的威胁，气候变化的影响进一步加剧了这种威胁。在此，我们调查了热带安第斯山脉入侵植物物种的当前和未来分布，重点关注Páramos -为人类提供基本水服务的生态系统。采用物种分布模型对11种最有害的入侵物种在低（SSP126）、中（SSP370）和高（SSP585）碳排放情景下的当前和未来适宜性进行了评估。我们的预测表明，18%到60%的热带山区（48万平方公里）目前适合至少一种物种的生存。此外，预测表明，到本世纪中叶，这一地区可能会扩大2 - 4%，具体取决于气候变化情景。这种扩张可能会使Páramo范围的500-3000平方公里适合多达5种入侵物种。总体而言，我们的研究为有针对性的管理措施提供了相关信息，例如人工清除和恢复，这对于限制入侵物种向更适合的地区扩展至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Maintenance of a scavenger ancient food web in insular remote areas 偏远岛屿地区古代食腐动物食物网的维护

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.10.001

Ulises Balza , Samanta Dodino , Sergio A. Lambertucci , Alejandro Kusch , Andrea Raya-Rey

Vultures are among the most endangered bird species, and changes in their feeding habits due to human activities pose a significant threat to their survival. We studied aspects of the trophic ecology of Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) in Tierra del Fuego, an archipelago in the southernmost part of its distribution, and compared it with other six sampling sites across Argentina. We estimated the isotopic niche width, the trophic position, and the extent of marine input on condors at a large spatial scale. Andean Condors in Tierra del Fuego exhibit a unique and substantial reliance on marine food webs, which matches the known historical trophic interactions of the species. In contrast to continental Patagonia, the marine trophic input was not homogeneous among individuals, but structured in two groups along the terrestrial – marine gradient. Marine carrion provided by sea lions, seabirds and stranded cetaceans should be monitored since they can be relevant for the long-term persistence of Andean condors in the area. Moreover, the link of condors with the ocean would also include the movement of marine inputs to terrestrial environments. As most condor samples were obtained in protected areas in the terrestrial-marine interphase, this further emphasizes the importance of preserving these areas in the face of environmental change to conserve not only the species and its landscape but also specific trophic interactions.

秃鹫是最濒危的鸟类之一，由于人类活动而改变了它们的摄食习惯，对它们的生存构成了重大威胁。我们研究了安第斯秃鹰（Vultur gryphus）在火地岛（其分布最南端的一个群岛）的营养生态学方面，并将其与阿根廷其他六个采样点进行了比较。我们在大空间尺度上估算了秃鹰的同位素生态位宽度、营养位置和海洋输入的程度。火地岛的安第斯秃鹰表现出对海洋食物网的独特而巨大的依赖，这与该物种已知的历史营养相互作用相匹配。与巴塔哥尼亚大陆相比，海洋营养输入在个体之间不是均匀的，而是沿陆地-海洋梯度分为两个群体。应监测海狮、海鸟和搁浅鲸类动物提供的海洋腐肉，因为它们可能与安第斯秃鹰在该地区的长期生存有关。此外，秃鹰与海洋的联系还将包括海洋输入到陆地环境的运动。由于大多数秃鹰样本都是在陆海间期的保护区获得的，这进一步强调了在面对环境变化时保护这些地区的重要性，不仅要保护物种及其景观，还要保护特定的营养相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Insectivorous birds and potential pest control services: An occupancy study of functional groups in a coffee landscape in Oaxaca, Mexico 食虫鸟类和潜在的害虫控制服务：墨西哥瓦哈卡州咖啡景观中功能群的占用研究

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.09.002

Juan Andrés Figueroa-Alvarez , Rubén Ortega-Álvarez , Robert H. Manson , Vinicio J. Sosa , Leopoldo D. Vázquez-Reyes , Israel Medina Mena , Leonel Bautista Bautista

Improving management practices in coffee agroecosystems to achieve sustainability is required to counter the current anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity. Identifying the specific habitat characteristics that determine the occupancy of insectivorous birds in coffee farms can represent an effective tool to improve management practices and bird conservation with minimal effort from coffee growers, thus fostering sustainability. To explore this, we modeled the occupancy of six functional groups of birds associated with the insect pest control in response to seven habitat characteristics of interest for bird conservation and coffee habitat management. In general, our results indicate that occupancy probability was correlated with habitat characteristics describing increased vegetation structure across the landscape. Epiphytes strongly influenced all studied functional groups. Most groups were also positively related with herb and shrub cover. However, contrary to our predictions, coffee dominance increased the occupancy of most insectivores, possibly due to the diverse vegetation structure and organic management practices of coffee farms. To provide management recommendations, we identified critical values for each habitat characteristic where the occupancy of most functional groups was benefited. These management recommendations sought to benefit species associated with key ecosystem services, thus possibly improving both conservation and production outcomes.

需要改进咖啡农业生态系统的管理实践，以实现可持续性，以应对当前对生物多样性的人为压力。确定决定咖啡农场中食虫鸟类占用的特定栖息地特征，可以作为一种有效的工具，以咖啡种植者最小的努力改善管理实践和鸟类保护，从而促进可持续性。为了探讨这一问题，我们根据鸟类保护和咖啡栖息地管理中关注的7个栖息地特征，建立了与害虫防治相关的6个功能类群的占用率模型。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，占用概率与描述整个景观中植被结构增加的生境特征相关。附生植物对所研究的所有官能团都有强烈的影响。大多数类群还与草本和灌木盖度呈正相关。然而，与我们的预测相反，咖啡优势增加了大多数食虫动物的占用，可能是由于咖啡农场的多样化植被结构和有机管理实践。为了提供管理建议，我们确定了每个栖息地特征的临界值，其中大多数功能群的占用是有益的。这些管理建议力求使与关键生态系统服务有关的物种受益，从而可能改善保护和生产结果。

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引用次数: 0

Jaguar at the Edge: movement patterns in human-altered landscapes 边缘的美洲虎：人类改变景观的运动模式

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.10.002

Vanesa Bejarano Alegre , Claudia Zukeran Kanda , Júlia Emi de Faria Oshima , Bernardo Brandão Niebuhr , Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato , Jeffrey J Thompson , Luca Börger , Milton Cezar Ribeiro

Human-caused habitat loss and fragmentation have significantly impacted the natural environments of large carnivores, altering their movement patterns and increasing risks such as hunting and road collisions. This study aims to understand the movement of jaguars (Panthera onca) through forests, agriculture of varying patch sizes, their distances to these structures, and roads and drainages. By analyzing movement speed, revisits, time spent inside these structures, and the timing of the last visit, data from 54 GPS-tagged jaguars in South America reveal a pronounced tendency to revisit the edges of these landscape variables. Additionally, jaguars showed a stronger affinity for natural areas, spending more time in large forest patches and reducing their speed in natural drainages. Areas with extensive agriculture had fewer revisits, and jaguars moved faster near roads. These results demonstrate the level of tolerance and the dangers this species faces in a landscape with anthropogenic aspects. This comprehensive assessment of movement patterns and landscape use provides valuable insights into how landscape structure influences habitat preference and mobility rates, which is crucial for future jaguar conservation and management strategies.

人类造成的栖息地丧失和破碎化严重影响了大型食肉动物的自然环境，改变了它们的活动模式，增加了狩猎和道路碰撞等风险。这项研究旨在了解美洲虎（Panthera onca）在森林、不同面积的农田、它们与这些建筑的距离、道路和排水系统中的运动。通过分析移动速度、重访次数、在这些结构中停留的时间以及最后一次访问的时间，来自南美洲54只带有gps标记的美洲虎的数据显示，它们有明显的倾向于重访这些景观变量的边缘。此外，美洲虎对自然区域表现出更强的亲和力，在大片森林中花费更多的时间，并降低了它们在自然排水中的速度。有大量农业的地区，美洲虎的回头率更低，而且在公路附近移动得更快。这些结果表明了该物种在具有人为因素的景观中所面临的容忍水平和危险。这种对活动模式和景观利用的综合评估为景观结构如何影响栖息地偏好和流动性提供了有价值的见解，这对未来美洲虎的保护和管理策略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Forest-biased terminology does not help to include open ecosystems in conservation policies 偏向森林的术语无助于将开放的生态系统纳入保护政策

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.11.001

Gerhard E. Overbeck , Valério D. Pillar

Inadequate terminology, in particular the use of the term ‘Forest Code’ for the main conservation law and of the term ‘deforestation’ for loss of all types of ecosystems, in the conservation debate in Brazil confuses the public and risks jeopardizing conservation goals. We urge scientists, conservationists and government agencies to use adequate terminology as not to reinforce already existing biases in conservation and to better inform the public about the need to conserve all types of ecosystems.

在巴西的保护辩论中，术语不充分，特别是在主要的保护法律中使用“森林法”一词，以及在所有类型生态系统的损失中使用“毁林”一词，使公众感到困惑，并有可能危及保护目标。我们敦促科学家、自然资源保护主义者和政府机构使用适当的术语，以免加强保护方面已经存在的偏见，并更好地告知公众需要保护所有类型的生态系统。

引用次数: 0

Are threatened species important for glueing interaction networks together? 濒危物种对于将相互作用网络粘合在一起很重要吗？

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.11.003

Pamela González-del-Pliego , Núria Galiana , Juan David González-Trujillo , Frederico Mestre , Miguel Bastos Araújo , Vinicius A.G. Bastazini

Biotic interactions are a critical element for the functioning and the stability of ecosystems, yet anthropogenic pressures can significantly disrupt these networks of interacting species. While species-focused conservation is central to most conservation policy, it is also vital to identify the interactions at risk and the ones that play a disproportionate role in glueing communities together. Here we assess the importance of species for ecological network integrity and the risk of loss of interactions that is brought by species loss in a global predator-prey network comprising 877 mammal species. We calculated the importance of species and their interactions using network centrality analyses. The risk of loss of interactions was determined by quantifying the extinction risk of each pair of interacting species. Additionally, we examined whether specific traits or phylogenetic history influenced both extinction risk and species importance. We found that extinction risk is unrelated to species’ importance in the network. We also showed that the most important interactions are at least partially at risk of being lost. Moreover, important and threatened species showed higher ecological distinctiveness, but similar low evolutionary distinctiveness. We emphasise that conservation strategies should consider the contributions of both threatened and non-threatened species to ecological networks, acknowledging the vital roles they play for ecosystem stability and function.

生物相互作用是生态系统功能和稳定性的关键因素，然而人为压力会严重破坏这些相互作用的物种网络。虽然以物种为重点的保护是大多数保护政策的核心，但确定处于危险中的相互作用以及在将社区粘合在一起方面发挥不成比例作用的相互作用也至关重要。在这里，我们评估了物种对生态网络完整性的重要性，以及物种丧失所带来的相互作用丧失的风险，这是由877种哺乳动物组成的全球捕食者-猎物网络。我们使用网络中心性分析计算了物种及其相互作用的重要性。通过量化每一对相互作用物种的灭绝风险来确定相互作用丧失的风险。此外，我们研究了特定的性状或系统发育历史是否影响灭绝风险和物种重要性。研究发现，物种灭绝风险与物种在网络中的重要性无关。我们还表明，最重要的互动至少部分有失去的风险。重要物种和受威胁物种表现出较高的生态特征，但进化特征均较低。我们强调，保护战略应考虑到受威胁物种和非受威胁物种对生态网络的贡献，承认它们对生态系统稳定和功能的重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Why is it so easy to undergo devegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado? 为什么巴西塞拉多地区很容易发生植被破坏？

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.08.003

Ricardo B Machado , Ludmilla MS Aguiar , Mercedes MC Bustamante

The Cerrado, the second largest biome in Brazil and home to nearly 5% of global biodiversity, has experienced a resurgence of devegetation due to the expansion of agribusiness activities. For the last two years, the devegetated area was more than one million hectares per year, surpassing the suppressed vegetation in the Amazon for the same period. Thus, the biome that is already the most impacted in Brazil is rapidly going to a critical tipping point of conservation, when conservation actions, like habitat restoration and species management, will be inviable due to the high cost. Such a situation results from political decisions taken years ago to expand the agricultural frontier to its northern portion, where environmental and social impacts are of high concern. We argue that a new development model is urgently needed to be implemented in the region with most of the remaining natural area.

塞拉多（Cerrado）是巴西第二大生物群落，拥有全球近 5%的生物多样性。在过去的两年里，每年植被减少的面积超过 100 万公顷，超过了同期亚马逊地区植被减少的面积。因此，巴西受影响最大的生物群落正迅速进入保护的临界点，届时，生境恢复和物种管理等保护行动将因成本过高而无法实施。造成这种局面的原因是多年前做出的将农业疆域扩展到北部的政治决定，而北部地区的环境和社会影响备受关注。我们认为，迫切需要在拥有大部分剩余自然区域的地区实施新的发展模式。

引用次数: 0

How can Brazilian legislation on native seeds advance based on good practices of restoration in other countries? 如何在其他国家良好恢复做法的基础上推进巴西关于本地种子的立法？

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.08.002

Rodrigo Dutra-Silva , Gerhard E. Overbeck , Sandra C. Müller

In the decade of global ecological restoration efforts, Brazil intends to restore 12 million hectares of degraded areas. This will require an ample offer of seeds of native species, unavailable on the current market, which is partly due to inadequate legislation. We reviewed the literature on native seed production and the specific legislation in Brazil, and compared with rules of other countries to identify good examples to be followed. We first verified a lack of regulation concerning the seed collection in natural environments in Brazil, which contrasts with the Society of Ecological Restoration (SER) recommendations. Best practices for seed collection should be developed by environmental agencies. Second, the scarcity of accredited laboratories for native seed quality analysis is a limitation in Brazil. The development of strategies for streamlined accreditation that align with SER's quality standards for native seeds meant for restoration purposes is an important step. Furthermore, the regulation of the trade of seed mixtures in Brazil is currently restrictive and requires a revision of norms to facilitate their use, as the case in the European Union. The mixtures directly harvested from remnants are promising to promote restoration, especially of grassy ecosystems. Another aspect is the establishment of Seed Transfer Zones (STZs) to promote the use of locally adapted ecotypes and to ensure the conservation of genetic diversity in restoration. Our study indicates how examples from other countries and the SER guidelines can guide advances in Brazilian legislation and streamline the development of a seed supply chain for ecological restoration.

在全球生态恢复努力的十年中，巴西打算恢复 1 200 万公顷的退化地区。这就需要提供充足的本地物种种子，而目前市场上没有这些种子，部分原因是立法不完善。我们查阅了有关本土种子生产的文献和巴西的具体立法，并与其他国家的法规进行了比较，以确定可借鉴的良好范例。我们首先发现，巴西缺乏在自然环境中采集种子的相关法规，这与生态恢复协会（SER）的建议形成了鲜明对比。种子采集的最佳实践应由环境机构来制定。其次，巴西本土种子质量分析认证实验室稀缺也是一个限制因素。制定符合 SER 质量标准的简化认证战略，对用于恢复目的的本地种子进行认证，是重要的一步。此外，巴西目前对混合物种子贸易的监管具有限制性，需要像欧盟一样修订相关规范，以促进混合物种子的使用。直接从残留物中收获的混合物有望促进恢复，特别是草地生态系统的恢复。另一个方面是建立种子转移区（STZs），促进使用适应当地的生态型，确保在恢复过程中保护遗传多样性。我们的研究表明，其他国家的范例和 SER 准则可以指导巴西立法的进步，并简化生态恢复种子供应链的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Overcoming biases of birds’ research in the Caatinga 克服卡廷加地区鸟类研究的偏见

IF 4 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2024.09.001

Helon Simões Oliveira , Sidney F. Gouveia

“The biodiversity of the Caatinga is poorly known” has been a mantra among studies on biodiversity in Brazil, including birds. However, species richness in semiarid regions is expected to be lower than that in other ecosystems, and studies in the Caatinga have increased in recent decades. Therefore, this narrative may not only reflect knowledge bias. Here, we gathered complementary datasets of bird assemblages from literature and an online database of the Caatinga and other phytogeographic domains in Brazil. We then employed novel spatial and temporal predictive statistics to address this question. We estimate that the Caatinga is only six species short of fully knowing its taxonomic diversity. We did find important spatial knowledge gaps regarding species distribution, but only higher than that of the Atlantic Forest. The species richness and distribution of Caatinga birds are as well-known as the Pampa and Pantanal and are better known than the Cerrado and the Amazon rainforest. Our findings challenge the notion that the Caatinga is the poorest known region regarding birds. Bird research in the region should focus on advancing a research and conservation agenda that enhances understanding of regional biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics while promoting ecological syntheses for tropical dry forests.

"人们对卡廷加地区的生物多样性知之甚少 "一直是包括鸟类在内的巴西生物多样性研究的口头禅。然而，半干旱地区的物种丰富度预计低于其他生态系统，而且近几十年来对卡廷加区的研究有所增加。因此，这种说法可能不仅仅反映了知识的偏差。在这里，我们从文献和在线数据库中收集了巴西卡廷加和其他植物地理区域鸟类组合的补充数据集。然后，我们采用了新颖的时空预测统计方法来解决这个问题。我们估计，卡廷加仅差六个物种就能完全了解其分类多样性。在物种分布方面，我们确实发现了重要的空间知识差距，但只高于大西洋森林的差距。卡廷加地区鸟类的物种丰富度和分布情况与潘帕和潘塔纳尔地区一样广为人知，比塞拉多河和亚马逊雨林更为人知。我们的研究结果对 "卡廷加是鸟类知识最贫乏的地区 "这一观点提出了质疑。该地区的鸟类研究应侧重于推进研究和保护议程，以加强对地区生物多样性和生态系统动态的了解，同时促进热带干旱森林的生态综合研究。

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引用次数: 0