Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092291
Chunguo Huang, Xiaoli Han, Qian Luo, Yu‐Min Nie, Min Kang, Yongjie Chen, Miaomiao Tang, Yayu Fu, Xiaoliang Li, Yinglong Chen
Spent mushroom compost (SMC) substrates are commonly used as growth media for greenhouse crops and horticulture production. This study aimed to investigate the responses of physiochemical soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community compositions to different cultivation durations and SMC soil treatments on tomatoes. The experiment included the following treatments: SMC substrate and the surrounding soil after planting at 1, 3, and 7 years and comparing control treatments including non-planting SMC substrates and continuous mono-cropping soil. The results revealed that the SMC substrates had higher contents of total N P and organic C nutrients than the surrounding soil treatments. The physicochemical soil properties and soil enzyme activities of the SMC substrates were significantly decreased with longer cultivation duration. Microbial alpha diversity was higher in the SMC substrates regardless of cultivation duration than in the control treatments. It was observed that many beneficial microbes, such as bacteria of the Deinococcus-Thermus, Halanaerobiaeota, and Nitrospirae phyla, and the fungi of the Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Chytridiomycota phyla were enriched in the SMC substrates. The SMC substrate and surrounding soil had enriched several potentially beneficial microorganism genera such as the bacterial Saccharimonadales, Gaiella, Bacillus, and the fungal Thermomyces, Kernia, and Mortierella. Therefore, the agro-based SMC substrate grooved cultivation system is recommended as an environmentally compatible practice for tomato growth in the greenhouse.
{"title":"Agro-Based Spent Mushroom Compost Substrates Improve Soil Properties and Microbial Diversity in Greenhouse Tomatoes","authors":"Chunguo Huang, Xiaoli Han, Qian Luo, Yu‐Min Nie, Min Kang, Yongjie Chen, Miaomiao Tang, Yayu Fu, Xiaoliang Li, Yinglong Chen","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092291","url":null,"abstract":"Spent mushroom compost (SMC) substrates are commonly used as growth media for greenhouse crops and horticulture production. This study aimed to investigate the responses of physiochemical soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community compositions to different cultivation durations and SMC soil treatments on tomatoes. The experiment included the following treatments: SMC substrate and the surrounding soil after planting at 1, 3, and 7 years and comparing control treatments including non-planting SMC substrates and continuous mono-cropping soil. The results revealed that the SMC substrates had higher contents of total N P and organic C nutrients than the surrounding soil treatments. The physicochemical soil properties and soil enzyme activities of the SMC substrates were significantly decreased with longer cultivation duration. Microbial alpha diversity was higher in the SMC substrates regardless of cultivation duration than in the control treatments. It was observed that many beneficial microbes, such as bacteria of the Deinococcus-Thermus, Halanaerobiaeota, and Nitrospirae phyla, and the fungi of the Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Chytridiomycota phyla were enriched in the SMC substrates. The SMC substrate and surrounding soil had enriched several potentially beneficial microorganism genera such as the bacterial Saccharimonadales, Gaiella, Bacillus, and the fungal Thermomyces, Kernia, and Mortierella. Therefore, the agro-based SMC substrate grooved cultivation system is recommended as an environmentally compatible practice for tomato growth in the greenhouse.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46412742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092290
Yuchen Xiao, Yueli Tang, Xianhui Huang, Lingjiang Zeng, Z. Liao
Catharanthus roseus exhibits vibrant petals and displays robust resistance to disease and drought, making it highly valuable for ornamental and gardening applications. While the application of C. roseus as a source of anticancer drugs has gained considerable attention in recent years, there has been limited investigation into the regulatory mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation in the petals of C. roseus. This study comprehensively analyzed the metabolome and transcriptome of three distinct C. roseus varieties exhibiting different petal colors. Out of the 39 identified flavonoids, 10 anthocyanins exhibited significant variations in accumulation, directly contributing to the diverse coloration of C. roseus petals. Among them, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and petunidin 3-O-glucoside were identified as primary contributors to the purple petal phenotype, while peonidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside exhibited the highest contribution rates to the red petals. Additionally, the variation content of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and petunidin 3-O-rutinoside also influenced the color transformation of C. roseus petals. RNA sequencing identified a total of 4173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1003 overlapping DEGs. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the coordinately regulated anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including chalcone isomerase (CHS), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) played critical roles in the formation of the anthocyanins. MYB and bHLH transcription factors were also found to be significantly correlated with differences in flower color. These results serve as a foundation for future investigations into anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms in C. roseus.
Catharanthus rosesa具有鲜艳的花瓣，具有很强的抗病性和抗旱性，具有很高的观赏和园艺应用价值。近年来，玫瑰花作为抗癌药物的应用受到了广泛的关注，但对玫瑰花花瓣花青素积累的调控机制的研究却很少。本研究综合分析了三种不同花瓣颜色的蔷薇品种的代谢组和转录组。39种黄酮类化合物中，10种花青素的积累有显著差异，这直接导致了玫瑰花瓣的不同颜色。其中，茉莉苷3- o -葡萄糖苷和矮牵牛花苷3- o -葡萄糖苷是紫色花瓣表型的主要贡献者，而牡丹苷3- o -葡萄糖苷和飞鸽苷3- o -葡萄糖苷对红色花瓣的贡献率最高。此外，花青素3- o -芦丁苷、飞燕草苷3- o -葡萄糖苷和矮牵牛花苷3- o -芦丁苷含量的变化也影响了玫瑰花瓣的颜色转化。RNA测序共鉴定出4173个差异表达基因(deg)，包括1003个重叠的deg。转录组学和代谢组学分析表明，查尔酮异构酶(CHS)、类黄酮3′-羟化酶(f3′)和二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)等协同调控的花青素生物合成基因在花青素的形成过程中发挥了关键作用。MYB和bHLH转录因子也与花色差异显著相关。这些结果为进一步研究玫瑰花青素的合成及其调控机制奠定了基础。
{"title":"Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveal Anthocyanin Biosynthesis for Petal Color Formation in Catharanthus roseus","authors":"Yuchen Xiao, Yueli Tang, Xianhui Huang, Lingjiang Zeng, Z. Liao","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092290","url":null,"abstract":"Catharanthus roseus exhibits vibrant petals and displays robust resistance to disease and drought, making it highly valuable for ornamental and gardening applications. While the application of C. roseus as a source of anticancer drugs has gained considerable attention in recent years, there has been limited investigation into the regulatory mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation in the petals of C. roseus. This study comprehensively analyzed the metabolome and transcriptome of three distinct C. roseus varieties exhibiting different petal colors. Out of the 39 identified flavonoids, 10 anthocyanins exhibited significant variations in accumulation, directly contributing to the diverse coloration of C. roseus petals. Among them, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and petunidin 3-O-glucoside were identified as primary contributors to the purple petal phenotype, while peonidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside exhibited the highest contribution rates to the red petals. Additionally, the variation content of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and petunidin 3-O-rutinoside also influenced the color transformation of C. roseus petals. RNA sequencing identified a total of 4173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1003 overlapping DEGs. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the coordinately regulated anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including chalcone isomerase (CHS), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) played critical roles in the formation of the anthocyanins. MYB and bHLH transcription factors were also found to be significantly correlated with differences in flower color. These results serve as a foundation for future investigations into anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms in C. roseus.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43902842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092296
Zongping Ren, Hailiang Qiao, Ping Xiong, Jianbo Peng, Bo Wang, Kaibo Wang
Understanding the characteristics of the precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grassland ecosystems and its drivers is critical for predicting how ecosystem functions will respond to future climate change. In this study, we investigated several covarying biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., biomass, coverage, diversity, precipitation, temperature, and humid index (HI)) of 81 sites across a broad natural grassland gradient in the Loess Plateau of China to determine how PUE changes along a precipitation gradient and to assess the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on PUE. Our results showed that HI, below-ground biomass (BGB), vegetation coverage, and species diversity were the most important biotic factors in controlling PUE. HI had a higher positive indirect effect on PUE mainly through its influence on community characteristics. Our results suggest that precipitation and community characteristics are both important for the precipitation-use efficiency of natural grasslands across the arid and semiarid areas of the Loess Plateau. Additionally, improving the vegetation structure and increasing species diversity can help enhance the adaptability of grassland ecosystems to climate change.
{"title":"Characteristics and Driving Factors of Precipitation-Use Efficiency across Diverse Grasslands in Chinese Loess Plateau","authors":"Zongping Ren, Hailiang Qiao, Ping Xiong, Jianbo Peng, Bo Wang, Kaibo Wang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092296","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the characteristics of the precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grassland ecosystems and its drivers is critical for predicting how ecosystem functions will respond to future climate change. In this study, we investigated several covarying biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., biomass, coverage, diversity, precipitation, temperature, and humid index (HI)) of 81 sites across a broad natural grassland gradient in the Loess Plateau of China to determine how PUE changes along a precipitation gradient and to assess the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on PUE. Our results showed that HI, below-ground biomass (BGB), vegetation coverage, and species diversity were the most important biotic factors in controlling PUE. HI had a higher positive indirect effect on PUE mainly through its influence on community characteristics. Our results suggest that precipitation and community characteristics are both important for the precipitation-use efficiency of natural grasslands across the arid and semiarid areas of the Loess Plateau. Additionally, improving the vegetation structure and increasing species diversity can help enhance the adaptability of grassland ecosystems to climate change.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47529897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092295
Isabel Rodríguez-Carretero, R. Canet, A. Quiñones, Ana Pérez-Piqueres
Composting is an interesting option to recycle big quantities of organic waste because it helps to mitigate different environmental problems. Complementary characteristics of rice straw (RS) and sewage sludge (SS) create a suitable mixture to be used in a composting process. This work studies industrial-scale RS and SS composting to assess both its viability and optimization. Windrow composting was conducted during two seasons. The complete characterisation (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total, oxidisable and water-soluble organic carbon, humic substances, organic and mineral nitrogen, macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals) of starting materials, samples taken periodically and final composts were carried out. During the first season, an RS:SS ratio of 1:8 (w:w fresh weight) was used, which led to a process with adequate temperatures for biodegradation, but not for ensuring materials’ sanitation. During the second season, the RS:SS ratio was increased (1:6) to enhance the energy process and, thus, temperatures. Although this increase took place, degradation slowed down as oxidisable organic carbon and water-soluble organic carbon indicated. During both seasons, final composts presented adequate pH, high N-richness, and interesting macro- and micronutrient values. Notwithstanding, they also presented certain salinity and high ammonium contents, which must be considered for their field application. The obtained composts have interesting agronomic characteristics, which suggest their potential as an alternative to conventional fertilisers.
{"title":"Industrial-Scale Composting of Rice Straw and Sewage Sludge","authors":"Isabel Rodríguez-Carretero, R. Canet, A. Quiñones, Ana Pérez-Piqueres","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092295","url":null,"abstract":"Composting is an interesting option to recycle big quantities of organic waste because it helps to mitigate different environmental problems. Complementary characteristics of rice straw (RS) and sewage sludge (SS) create a suitable mixture to be used in a composting process. This work studies industrial-scale RS and SS composting to assess both its viability and optimization. Windrow composting was conducted during two seasons. The complete characterisation (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total, oxidisable and water-soluble organic carbon, humic substances, organic and mineral nitrogen, macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals) of starting materials, samples taken periodically and final composts were carried out. During the first season, an RS:SS ratio of 1:8 (w:w fresh weight) was used, which led to a process with adequate temperatures for biodegradation, but not for ensuring materials’ sanitation. During the second season, the RS:SS ratio was increased (1:6) to enhance the energy process and, thus, temperatures. Although this increase took place, degradation slowed down as oxidisable organic carbon and water-soluble organic carbon indicated. During both seasons, final composts presented adequate pH, high N-richness, and interesting macro- and micronutrient values. Notwithstanding, they also presented certain salinity and high ammonium contents, which must be considered for their field application. The obtained composts have interesting agronomic characteristics, which suggest their potential as an alternative to conventional fertilisers.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45438335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092287
Hui Liu, Zechen Dou, Yong Ma, Linxi Pan, Hao Ren, Xuzhe Wang, C. Ma, Xiaoqiang Han
In the current study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected for agricultural spraying, with two nozzles, two insecticides and three spraying volumes as the spraying variables; this paper explores the impact of spraying volume on the droplet deposition in alfalfa fields. Furthermore, by comparing the control effect of spraying insecticides on alfalfa leaf weevils and the safety of pasture by UAV, the aim is to establish efficient pesticide spraying techniques for pest control in alfalfa fields, providing guidance for the green control of alfalfa leaf weevils. The effective droplet proportion of the fan-shaped nozzle (SX11001VS) was higher than that of the hollow conical nozzle (TX-VK4), and increasing the spraying volume cannot significantly improve that situation. When the spraying volume increased from 22.5 L/ha to 45.0 L/ha, the average droplet coverage, density and deposition of the two types of nozzles increased with the spraying volume. However, when the spraying volume was 30.0 L/ha and 45.0 L/ha, the average deposition of the two types of nozzles was similar. The control effect of chlorantraniliprole on alfalfa leaf weevils sprayed by using a UAV was higher than that of spinosad. There was a positive correlation between the spraying volume and the control effect, and the prevention effect of the hollow conical nozzle was better than that of the fan-shaped nozzle. The residues of chlorantraniliprole in alfalfa plants after spraying increased with the spraying volume, whether a fan-shaped nozzle or a hollow conical nozzle was used.
{"title":"Effects of Nozzle Types and Spraying Volume on the Control of Hypera postica Gyllenhal by Using An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","authors":"Hui Liu, Zechen Dou, Yong Ma, Linxi Pan, Hao Ren, Xuzhe Wang, C. Ma, Xiaoqiang Han","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092287","url":null,"abstract":"In the current study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected for agricultural spraying, with two nozzles, two insecticides and three spraying volumes as the spraying variables; this paper explores the impact of spraying volume on the droplet deposition in alfalfa fields. Furthermore, by comparing the control effect of spraying insecticides on alfalfa leaf weevils and the safety of pasture by UAV, the aim is to establish efficient pesticide spraying techniques for pest control in alfalfa fields, providing guidance for the green control of alfalfa leaf weevils. The effective droplet proportion of the fan-shaped nozzle (SX11001VS) was higher than that of the hollow conical nozzle (TX-VK4), and increasing the spraying volume cannot significantly improve that situation. When the spraying volume increased from 22.5 L/ha to 45.0 L/ha, the average droplet coverage, density and deposition of the two types of nozzles increased with the spraying volume. However, when the spraying volume was 30.0 L/ha and 45.0 L/ha, the average deposition of the two types of nozzles was similar. The control effect of chlorantraniliprole on alfalfa leaf weevils sprayed by using a UAV was higher than that of spinosad. There was a positive correlation between the spraying volume and the control effect, and the prevention effect of the hollow conical nozzle was better than that of the fan-shaped nozzle. The residues of chlorantraniliprole in alfalfa plants after spraying increased with the spraying volume, whether a fan-shaped nozzle or a hollow conical nozzle was used.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47654250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092274
Kun Dang, Cheng Ran, Hao Tian, D. Gao, Jinmeng Mu, Zhenyu Zhang, Yanqiu Geng, Qiang Zhang, Xiwen Shao, Liying Guo
Soil salinization is a prevalent global environmental issue that significantly hampers crop growth and yield. However, there has been limited research on the impact of nitrogen fertilization and various management practices in alleviating saline-sodic stress in crops. In order to examine the impact of combined straw and nitrogen fertilizer application on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of rice in saline-sodic paddy fields, a three-year field experiment was conducted in Jilin Province, China. The experiment was conducted as a split-zone trial, where the main zone consisted of straw (S) and the secondary zone consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (N). Two levels of straw were 0 t ha−1 (B) and 7 t ha−1 (T). Four nitrogen treatments were applied: 0, 150, 250, and 350 kg ha−1, denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. The results show that the combination of straw and nitrogen fertilizer has been found to effectively reduce the Na+/K+ value, malondialdehyde content, and the relative electric leakage of rice leaves in saline-sodic soil. Furthermore, it increases leaf water potential, relative water content, and chlorophyll content, thereby promoting rice photosynthesis and improving rice yield. The rice yield exhibited the greatest positive effect when straw and nitrogen fertilizer were combined at a rate of 250 kg ha−1. The effectiveness of this combination improves over time. However, it is important to avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer when using straw returning. This approach not only ensures stable rice yield in saline-sodic fields, but also has positive effects on the economic impact of fertilizer application and soil environment preservation.
土壤盐碱化是一个普遍存在的全球环境问题，严重阻碍了作物的生长和产量。然而，关于氮肥和各种管理措施对缓解作物盐碱胁迫的影响的研究有限。为了研究稻草和氮肥联合施用对盐碱稻田水稻生理和光合特性的影响，在吉林省进行了为期三年的田间试验。该试验是作为一个分裂区试验进行的，其中主要区由秸秆（S）组成，次要区由氮肥（N）组成。秸秆的两个水平分别为0 t ha−1（B）和7 t ha−2（t）。施用四种氮处理：0、150、250和350 kg ha−1，分别表示为N0、N1、N2和N3。结果表明，稻草与氮肥联合施用可有效降低盐碱地水稻叶片的Na+/K+值、丙二醛含量和相对漏电量。此外，它还能增加叶片水势、相对含水量和叶绿素含量，从而促进水稻光合作用，提高水稻产量。当秸秆和氮肥以250 kg ha−1的比例组合时，水稻产量表现出最大的正效应。这种组合的有效性会随着时间的推移而提高。然而，在使用秸秆还田时，避免过量施用氮肥是很重要的。这种方法不仅确保了盐碱地水稻的稳定产量，而且对施肥的经济影响和土壤环境保护也有积极影响。
{"title":"Combined Effects of Straw Return with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Leaf Ion Balance, Photosynthetic Capacity, and Rice Yield in Saline-Sodic Paddy Fields","authors":"Kun Dang, Cheng Ran, Hao Tian, D. Gao, Jinmeng Mu, Zhenyu Zhang, Yanqiu Geng, Qiang Zhang, Xiwen Shao, Liying Guo","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092274","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinization is a prevalent global environmental issue that significantly hampers crop growth and yield. However, there has been limited research on the impact of nitrogen fertilization and various management practices in alleviating saline-sodic stress in crops. In order to examine the impact of combined straw and nitrogen fertilizer application on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of rice in saline-sodic paddy fields, a three-year field experiment was conducted in Jilin Province, China. The experiment was conducted as a split-zone trial, where the main zone consisted of straw (S) and the secondary zone consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (N). Two levels of straw were 0 t ha−1 (B) and 7 t ha−1 (T). Four nitrogen treatments were applied: 0, 150, 250, and 350 kg ha−1, denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. The results show that the combination of straw and nitrogen fertilizer has been found to effectively reduce the Na+/K+ value, malondialdehyde content, and the relative electric leakage of rice leaves in saline-sodic soil. Furthermore, it increases leaf water potential, relative water content, and chlorophyll content, thereby promoting rice photosynthesis and improving rice yield. The rice yield exhibited the greatest positive effect when straw and nitrogen fertilizer were combined at a rate of 250 kg ha−1. The effectiveness of this combination improves over time. However, it is important to avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer when using straw returning. This approach not only ensures stable rice yield in saline-sodic fields, but also has positive effects on the economic impact of fertilizer application and soil environment preservation.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42480073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092281
Meng Lv, Ming Huang, Kainan Zhao, Xinxin Gu, Siqi Li, Jiangtao Wang, Fei Yin, Ling Liu, Nian-yuan Jiao, Guozhan Fu
Finding field management techniques that increase crop output while protecting soil sustainability is essential for maintaining a long-term food supply in a changing environment. However, comprehensive evaluation of the effects of nitrogen (N) reduction combined with organic fertilizer on grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) contents of winter wheat–summer maize double cropping systems in drought-prone areas remains limited. Therefore, a 3-year field experiment (2018–2021) was conducted in a winter wheat–summer maize double cropping system with five treatments: no N fertilizer (CK), conventional farmer fertilization (CF), recommended fertilization (R), organic N substitution of 20% of the recommended synthetic N (R20), and organic N substitution of 40% of the recommended synthetic N (R40). When results were averaged from 2018 to 2021, R20 had the highest annual grain yield, which increased by 42.15%, 7.69%, 7.58%, and 12.50% compared with CK, CF, R, and R40, respectively. Compared with CF, R20 increased winter wheat and summer maize NAE, NPFP, NUE, and WUE. In addition, the soil organic carbon content of R20 and R40 treatment increased with the increase in years. In conclusion, R20 was considered ideal for improving crop yield, promoting soil fertility, and increasing the fertilizer utilization rate in a semiarid winter wheat–summer maize rotation.
{"title":"Effects of Partial Substitution of Organic Fertilizer for Synthetic N Fertilizer on Yield and N Use Efficiencies in a Semiarid Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation","authors":"Meng Lv, Ming Huang, Kainan Zhao, Xinxin Gu, Siqi Li, Jiangtao Wang, Fei Yin, Ling Liu, Nian-yuan Jiao, Guozhan Fu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092281","url":null,"abstract":"Finding field management techniques that increase crop output while protecting soil sustainability is essential for maintaining a long-term food supply in a changing environment. However, comprehensive evaluation of the effects of nitrogen (N) reduction combined with organic fertilizer on grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) contents of winter wheat–summer maize double cropping systems in drought-prone areas remains limited. Therefore, a 3-year field experiment (2018–2021) was conducted in a winter wheat–summer maize double cropping system with five treatments: no N fertilizer (CK), conventional farmer fertilization (CF), recommended fertilization (R), organic N substitution of 20% of the recommended synthetic N (R20), and organic N substitution of 40% of the recommended synthetic N (R40). When results were averaged from 2018 to 2021, R20 had the highest annual grain yield, which increased by 42.15%, 7.69%, 7.58%, and 12.50% compared with CK, CF, R, and R40, respectively. Compared with CF, R20 increased winter wheat and summer maize NAE, NPFP, NUE, and WUE. In addition, the soil organic carbon content of R20 and R40 treatment increased with the increase in years. In conclusion, R20 was considered ideal for improving crop yield, promoting soil fertility, and increasing the fertilizer utilization rate in a semiarid winter wheat–summer maize rotation.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46733678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092270
S. A. Corinzia, Elena Crapio, G. Testa, S. Cosentino, C. Patané, D. Scordia
The aim of the present work was to assess the leaf area duration (LAD) and the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of six warm-season perennial biomass grasses (PBGs) in a two-year field trial in the semiarid Mediterranean climate under different soil water availability. Two ecotypes of giant reed (Arundo donax L., ARCT and ARMO), one ecotype of African fodder cane (Saccharum spontaneum L. subsp. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack., SAC) and three hybrids of Miscanthus (the commercial M. × giganteus J.M. Greef, Deuter ex Hodk., Renvoize, M × G, and two new seed-based hybrids, GNT9 and GNT10) were compared under three levels of soil water availability: rainfed, 50% and 100% of maximum crop evapotranspiration (ETm) restoration. The determination of RUE of perennial plants is controversial and has led to contrasting results in past studies. In the present work, LAD and RUE differed among crops and irrigation regimes, being positively affected by supplemental water inputs. SAC, ARCT and ARMO showed both high LAD and RUE, which determined the high biomass yield than both the commercial M × G and the improved Miscanthus hybrids GNT9 and GNT10. RUE was particularly high and less affected by soil water availability during the mid-season, while the effect of irrigation and the differences among the genotypes were larger during the late season Miscanthus. Adequate biomass yield can be achieved by sub-optimal soil water availability, thus reducing the water footprint and increasing the sustainability of these biomass perennial grasses selected for the Mediterranean climate.
本工作的目的是在地中海半干旱气候下，在不同土壤水分有效性下，通过为期两年的田间试验，评估六种暖季多年生生物量草的叶面积持续时间（LAD）和辐射利用效率（RUE）。两种生态型的巨型芦苇（Arundo donax L.，ARCT和ARMO），一种生态型的非洲饲料甘蔗（Saccharum spontanium L.埃及亚种（Willd.）Hack。，SAC）和芒属的三个杂交种（商业化的M.×giganteus J.M.Greef，Deuter ex Hodk.，Renvoize，M×G和两个新的种子杂交种GNT9和GNT10）在三个土壤水分有效性水平下进行了比较：降雨、50%和100%的最大作物蒸发蒸腾量（ETm）恢复。多年生植物RUE的测定是有争议的，并且在过去的研究中导致了对比结果。在目前的工作中，LAD和RUE在作物和灌溉制度之间存在差异，受到补充水输入的积极影响。SAC、ARCT和ARMO均表现出较高的LAD和RUE，这决定了其生物量产量高于商品M×G和改良芒属杂交种GNT9和GNT10。RUE在季中特别高，受土壤水分有效性的影响较小，而灌溉的影响和基因型之间的差异在晚季芒中更大。适当的生物量产量可以通过次优土壤水资源来实现，从而减少水足迹，提高这些为地中海气候选择的生物量多年生草的可持续性。
{"title":"Leaf Area Duration and Crop Radiation Use Efficiency Determine Biomass Yield of Lignocellulosic Perennial Grasses under Different Soil Water Content","authors":"S. A. Corinzia, Elena Crapio, G. Testa, S. Cosentino, C. Patané, D. Scordia","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092270","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present work was to assess the leaf area duration (LAD) and the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of six warm-season perennial biomass grasses (PBGs) in a two-year field trial in the semiarid Mediterranean climate under different soil water availability. Two ecotypes of giant reed (Arundo donax L., ARCT and ARMO), one ecotype of African fodder cane (Saccharum spontaneum L. subsp. aegyptiacum (Willd.) Hack., SAC) and three hybrids of Miscanthus (the commercial M. × giganteus J.M. Greef, Deuter ex Hodk., Renvoize, M × G, and two new seed-based hybrids, GNT9 and GNT10) were compared under three levels of soil water availability: rainfed, 50% and 100% of maximum crop evapotranspiration (ETm) restoration. The determination of RUE of perennial plants is controversial and has led to contrasting results in past studies. In the present work, LAD and RUE differed among crops and irrigation regimes, being positively affected by supplemental water inputs. SAC, ARCT and ARMO showed both high LAD and RUE, which determined the high biomass yield than both the commercial M × G and the improved Miscanthus hybrids GNT9 and GNT10. RUE was particularly high and less affected by soil water availability during the mid-season, while the effect of irrigation and the differences among the genotypes were larger during the late season Miscanthus. Adequate biomass yield can be achieved by sub-optimal soil water availability, thus reducing the water footprint and increasing the sustainability of these biomass perennial grasses selected for the Mediterranean climate.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45591560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil salinization is a common abiotic stress that seriously affects soybean growth and yield, underscoring the need to enhance plant salt tolerance for sustainable agriculture development. Selenium is a beneficial element that has been shown to promote plant growth, development and stress resistance. This study employed pot experiments to investigate the effects of different salt levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) on salt-tolerant (Zhonghuang 13) and salt-sensitive soybean (Dongnong 63) varieties. Additionally, the critical salt concentration (100 mM NaCl) was selected to explore the effects of exogenous selenium (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 mg·kg−1) on improving salt tolerance in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybeans under salt stress. Results showed that as salt concentration increased, plant height, shoot and root fresh weight, SPAD value and enzyme activity of both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybeans significantly decreased. The increasing concentration of exogenous selenium significantly decreased the proline content of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant soybeans by 40.65–58.87% and 38.51–50.46%, respectively, and the MDA content by 19.33–30.36% and 16.94–37.48%, respectively. Selenium supplementation also reduced the content of Na+ in salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant soybeans and improved K+ absorption in soybeans, which increased the K+/Na+ ratio. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene demonstrated that selenium application optimized the rhizosphere microecology structure of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybean varieties and enhanced functional genes related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism and cell motility of rhizosphere microorganisms. In summary, selenium application improved the salt tolerance of the two soybean varieties by enhancing the physiological resistance to salt stress and optimizing the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbial community.
土壤盐碱化是一种常见的非生物胁迫，严重影响大豆的生长和产量，强调了提高植物耐盐性以促进农业可持续发展的必要性。硒是一种有益的元素，已被证明可以促进植物的生长、发育和抗逆性。本研究采用盆栽试验研究了不同含盐量（0、50、100和150mM NaCl）对耐盐大豆（中黄13号）和耐盐大豆品种（东农63号）的影响。此外，选择临界盐浓度（100 mM NaCl），探讨外源硒（0、0.5、1和3 mg·kg−1）在盐胁迫下提高耐盐和耐盐大豆耐盐性的作用。结果表明，随着盐浓度的增加，耐盐大豆和耐盐大豆的株高、茎根鲜重、SPAD值和酶活性均显著降低。外源硒浓度的增加显著降低了盐敏大豆和耐盐大豆的脯氨酸含量，分别降低了40.65–58.87%和38.51–50.46%，MDA含量分别降低了19.33–30.36%和16.94–37.48%。补硒还降低了对盐敏感和耐盐大豆中Na+的含量，改善了大豆对K+的吸收，从而提高了K+/Na+的比例。此外，16S核糖体RNA基因的高通量测序表明，硒的施用优化了耐盐和耐盐大豆品种的根际微生态结构，增强了与根际微生物脂质代谢、能量代谢和细胞运动相关的功能基因。总之，施硒通过增强对盐胁迫的生理抗性和优化根际微生物群落的结构和功能，提高了两个大豆品种的耐盐性。
{"title":"Exogenous Selenium Endows Salt-Tolerant and Salt-Sensitive Soybeans with Salt Tolerance through Plant-Microbial Coactions","authors":"Yin Wang, Chao Xu, H. Wuriyanghan, Zheng Lei, Yanni Tang, Huang Zhang, Xiaohu Zhao","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092271","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinization is a common abiotic stress that seriously affects soybean growth and yield, underscoring the need to enhance plant salt tolerance for sustainable agriculture development. Selenium is a beneficial element that has been shown to promote plant growth, development and stress resistance. This study employed pot experiments to investigate the effects of different salt levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) on salt-tolerant (Zhonghuang 13) and salt-sensitive soybean (Dongnong 63) varieties. Additionally, the critical salt concentration (100 mM NaCl) was selected to explore the effects of exogenous selenium (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 mg·kg−1) on improving salt tolerance in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybeans under salt stress. Results showed that as salt concentration increased, plant height, shoot and root fresh weight, SPAD value and enzyme activity of both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybeans significantly decreased. The increasing concentration of exogenous selenium significantly decreased the proline content of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant soybeans by 40.65–58.87% and 38.51–50.46%, respectively, and the MDA content by 19.33–30.36% and 16.94–37.48%, respectively. Selenium supplementation also reduced the content of Na+ in salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant soybeans and improved K+ absorption in soybeans, which increased the K+/Na+ ratio. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene demonstrated that selenium application optimized the rhizosphere microecology structure of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybean varieties and enhanced functional genes related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism and cell motility of rhizosphere microorganisms. In summary, selenium application improved the salt tolerance of the two soybean varieties by enhancing the physiological resistance to salt stress and optimizing the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbial community.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49129975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a novel weeding and fertilization scheme, namely, mechanical weeding plus a one-time deep application of a reduced amount of slow-release fertilizer for rice cultivation. The effects of the weeding and fertilization method on rice yield and quality were investigated using a split plot test as the research method. Two weeding methods, namely, chemical weeding (CW) and mechanical weeding (MW), and four fertilization methods were tested, including the conventional fertilization method (quantitative split broadcast application of fast-release N fertilizer (CK)), the quantitative split broadcast application of 80% fast-release N fertilizer (LCK), the one-time base application of slow-release fertilizer (SR), and the one-time deep application of 80% slow-release fertilizer (LSR). The results showed that the rice yield under MW with LSR treatment can maintain a high level—higher than 9.2 t ha−1 per year. This was attributed to the slow-release fertilizer and deep fertilization, which increased the number of stems and tillers in the pre-fertility and spike rate, respectively, resulting in a high panicle number with a 20% reduction of N fertilizer. Furthermore, mechanical weeding improved the seed-setting rate, resulting in a higher number of grains per panicle, a higher panicle number, and an increased thousand-grain weight, thereby maintaining a high yield. At the same time, the quality of rice under MW with LSR treatment improved, specifically reflected in the significant improvement of the processing and appearance quality of rice, a slight increase in protein content, and a reduction in the amylose content, thereby improving its nutritional quality while maintaining good cooking quality.
本研究旨在评估一种新的除草和施肥方案的可行性，即机械除草加上一次性深层施用少量缓释肥料用于水稻种植。以裂区试验为研究方法，研究了除草施肥对水稻产量和品质的影响。试验了两种除草方法，即化学除草（CW）和机械除草（MW），以及四种施肥方法，包括常规施肥方法（速释氮肥（CK）的定量分播施用）、80%速释氮肥，以及一次性深层施用80%缓释肥料（LSR）。结果表明，LSR处理在MW条件下的水稻产量可以保持较高水平，每年高于9.2 t ha−1。这归因于缓释肥和深施肥，分别增加了预育期和穗率中的茎数和分蘖数，导致穗数高，氮肥减少20%。此外，机械除草提高了结实率，使每穗粒数增加，穗数增加，千粒重增加，从而保持了高产。同时，经过LSR处理的MW下的大米质量有所改善，具体表现为大米的加工和外观质量显著提高，蛋白质含量略有增加，直链淀粉含量降低，从而在保持良好烹饪质量的同时提高了其营养质量。
{"title":"Effects of a Novel Weeding and Fertilization Scheme on Yield and Quality of Rice","authors":"Yangjie Shi, Xinhui Cheng, Xiaobo Xi, Wenan Weng, Baofeng Zhang, Jianfeng Zhang, Ruihong Zhang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092269","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a novel weeding and fertilization scheme, namely, mechanical weeding plus a one-time deep application of a reduced amount of slow-release fertilizer for rice cultivation. The effects of the weeding and fertilization method on rice yield and quality were investigated using a split plot test as the research method. Two weeding methods, namely, chemical weeding (CW) and mechanical weeding (MW), and four fertilization methods were tested, including the conventional fertilization method (quantitative split broadcast application of fast-release N fertilizer (CK)), the quantitative split broadcast application of 80% fast-release N fertilizer (LCK), the one-time base application of slow-release fertilizer (SR), and the one-time deep application of 80% slow-release fertilizer (LSR). The results showed that the rice yield under MW with LSR treatment can maintain a high level—higher than 9.2 t ha−1 per year. This was attributed to the slow-release fertilizer and deep fertilization, which increased the number of stems and tillers in the pre-fertility and spike rate, respectively, resulting in a high panicle number with a 20% reduction of N fertilizer. Furthermore, mechanical weeding improved the seed-setting rate, resulting in a higher number of grains per panicle, a higher panicle number, and an increased thousand-grain weight, thereby maintaining a high yield. At the same time, the quality of rice under MW with LSR treatment improved, specifically reflected in the significant improvement of the processing and appearance quality of rice, a slight increase in protein content, and a reduction in the amylose content, thereby improving its nutritional quality while maintaining good cooking quality.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49212149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：