Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1109/LES.2023.3339159
Woosuk Kang;EunJin Jeong;Kyonghwan Yoon;Soonhoi Ha
Programming for swarm robots is challenging due to platform diversity and the gap between individual and swarm behaviors. To tackle this challenge, we propose a component-based software synthesis method from a high-level specification. To support heterogeneous robots and maximize code reuse, we adopt a component-based approach that classifies software components into three categories: 1) robot; 2) algorithm; and 3) consensus. We generate a task graph model for an individual robot from a high-level specification and use a software synthesizer to generate the target code from the task graph model. Through a proof-of-concept implementation with a group searching application, the viability of the proposed technique is demonstrated.
{"title":"Software Synthesis From High-Level Specification for Swarm Robotic Applications","authors":"Woosuk Kang;EunJin Jeong;Kyonghwan Yoon;Soonhoi Ha","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3339159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3339159","url":null,"abstract":"Programming for swarm robots is challenging due to platform diversity and the gap between individual and swarm behaviors. To tackle this challenge, we propose a component-based software synthesis method from a high-level specification. To support heterogeneous robots and maximize code reuse, we adopt a component-based approach that classifies software components into three categories: 1) robot; 2) algorithm; and 3) consensus. We generate a task graph model for an individual robot from a high-level specification and use a software synthesizer to generate the target code from the task graph model. Through a proof-of-concept implementation with a group searching application, the viability of the proposed technique is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 3","pages":"243-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.1109/LES.2023.3339145
V. Bala Naga Jyothi;S. Jai Akash;G. Ananda Ramadass;N. Vedachalam;Hrishikesh Venkataraman
In the current subsea industry scenario, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are widely used for expeditions and explorations. However, the mission duration is limited due to the limitations in the battery capacity. To increase the endurance, there is a need for a submerged docking station (DS) to charge the battery, also to update the next mission profile. In this letter, deep learning (DL) technique aided short-range vision guidance is envisaged for a reliable and precise AUV homing operation. Intelligent control algorithms with an efficient DL-based you only look once (YOLO) v5-image processing techniques are used for DS detection and tracking and deployed in an edge computer integrated into AUV prototype. The developed illuminated DS and AUV prototype with high-definition camera has been demonstrated in test tank at depth of 2 m. An analysis was conducted on the DS data set, which comprised 132 images of clear and turbid water, 13 were designated for testing, 40 for validation, and 79 for training purposes. The results were observed that the probability of detecting the DS is 95%, detection range is 5 m, the probability of homing toward the DS is CEP 90 with the position error of 5% in less-turbid waters and in high-turbid waters, 60% is the probability of DS detection with position error up to 25%, detectable range is 1 m. The proposed embedded hardware is extremely useful for underwater reliable homing applications.
{"title":"Design and Development of Deep Learning-Aided Vision Guidance System for AUV Homing Applications","authors":"V. Bala Naga Jyothi;S. Jai Akash;G. Ananda Ramadass;N. Vedachalam;Hrishikesh Venkataraman","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3339145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3339145","url":null,"abstract":"In the current subsea industry scenario, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are widely used for expeditions and explorations. However, the mission duration is limited due to the limitations in the battery capacity. To increase the endurance, there is a need for a submerged docking station (DS) to charge the battery, also to update the next mission profile. In this letter, deep learning (DL) technique aided short-range vision guidance is envisaged for a reliable and precise AUV homing operation. Intelligent control algorithms with an efficient DL-based you only look once (YOLO) v5-image processing techniques are used for DS detection and tracking and deployed in an edge computer integrated into AUV prototype. The developed illuminated DS and AUV prototype with high-definition camera has been demonstrated in test tank at depth of 2 m. An analysis was conducted on the DS data set, which comprised 132 images of clear and turbid water, 13 were designated for testing, 40 for validation, and 79 for training purposes. The results were observed that the probability of detecting the DS is 95%, detection range is 5 m, the probability of homing toward the DS is CEP 90 with the position error of 5% in less-turbid waters and in high-turbid waters, 60% is the probability of DS detection with position error up to 25%, detectable range is 1 m. The proposed embedded hardware is extremely useful for underwater reliable homing applications.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":"198-201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141182041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Machine learning (ML) algorithms were recently adapted for testing integrated circuits and detecting potential design backdoors. Such testing mechanisms mainly rely on the available training dataset and the extracted features of the Trojan circuit. In this letter, we demonstrate that this method is attackable by exploiting a structural problem of classifiers for hardware Trojan (HT) detection in gate-level netlists, called the boundary net (BN) problem. There, an adversary modifies the labels of those BNs, connecting the original logic to the Trojan circuit. We show that the proposed adversarial label-flipping attacks (ALFAs) are potentially highly toxic to the accuracy of supervised ML-based Trojan detection approaches. The experimental results indicate that an adversary needs to flip only 0.09% of all labels to achieve an accuracy drop of over 9%, demonstrating one of the most efficient ALFAs in the HT detection research domain.
{"title":"ML-Based Trojan Classification: Repercussions of Toxic Boundary Nets","authors":"Saleh Mulhem;Felix Muuss;Christian Ewert;Rainer Buchty;Mladen Berekovic","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3338543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3338543","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning (ML) algorithms were recently adapted for testing integrated circuits and detecting potential design backdoors. Such testing mechanisms mainly rely on the available training dataset and the extracted features of the Trojan circuit. In this letter, we demonstrate that this method is attackable by exploiting a structural problem of classifiers for hardware Trojan (HT) detection in gate-level netlists, called the boundary net (BN) problem. There, an adversary modifies the labels of those BNs, connecting the original logic to the Trojan circuit. We show that the proposed adversarial label-flipping attacks (ALFAs) are potentially highly toxic to the accuracy of supervised ML-based Trojan detection approaches. The experimental results indicate that an adversary needs to flip only 0.09% of all labels to achieve an accuracy drop of over 9%, demonstrating one of the most efficient ALFAs in the HT detection research domain.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 3","pages":"251-254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10341539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/LES.2023.3337432
Debajyoti Biswas;Suvankar Barai
In this letter, a cost-effective sensing-capable multihop router network architecture has been designed for the hotel indoor surveillance system with the help of wemos D1 R2, Arduino Mega, relays, and sensors (WARS). To make each router, there are mainly three components, i.e., one access point (AP), one station (STA), and one controller. These components have different working functionalities. Though we have focused on hotel surveillance systems but the network will be useful for broad application purposes, including home, hospital, restaurant, agriculture, etc., according to the requirement of sensors. To regulate the information of the sensor, a smartphone application (APP) has been designed. With this architecture, the proposed multihop network can increase the regularity performance of the hotel without violating customers’ privacy.
{"title":"Cost-Effective Indoor Surveillance System With Multihop Router Network","authors":"Debajyoti Biswas;Suvankar Barai","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3337432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3337432","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, a cost-effective sensing-capable multihop router network architecture has been designed for the hotel indoor surveillance system with the help of wemos D1 R2, Arduino Mega, relays, and sensors (WARS). To make each router, there are mainly three components, i.e., one access point (AP), one station (STA), and one controller. These components have different working functionalities. Though we have focused on hotel surveillance systems but the network will be useful for broad application purposes, including home, hospital, restaurant, agriculture, etc., according to the requirement of sensors. To regulate the information of the sensor, a smartphone application (APP) has been designed. With this architecture, the proposed multihop network can increase the regularity performance of the hotel without violating customers’ privacy.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":"218-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/LES.2023.3337323
L. H. Arnaldi
In this letter, the problem of optimization of multirate filterbanks is addressed. The factors that define the efficiency of these multirate systems are investigated and the implementations of structures in stages are analyzed. The latter, together with the polyphase implementations of the filters, allows obtaining optimal filterbanks in the use of resources for the FPGAs.
{"title":"Multistage Multirate Filterbank for FPGA Resource Optimization","authors":"L. H. Arnaldi","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3337323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3337323","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, the problem of optimization of multirate filterbanks is addressed. The factors that define the efficiency of these multirate systems are investigated and the implementations of structures in stages are analyzed. The latter, together with the polyphase implementations of the filters, allows obtaining optimal filterbanks in the use of resources for the FPGAs.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 3","pages":"259-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detecting vulnerable code blocks has become a highly popular topic in computer-aided design, especially with the advancement of natural language processing (NLP). Analyzing hardware description languages ( HDLs ), such as Verilog, involves dealing with lengthy code. This letter introduces an innovative identification of attack-vulnerable hardware by the use of opcode processing. Leveraging the advantage of architecturally defined opcodes and expressing all operations at the beginning of each code line, the word processing problem is efficiently transformed into opcode processing. This research converts a benchmark dataset into an intermediary code stack, subsequently classifying secure and fragile codes using NLP techniques. The results reveal a framework that achieves up to 94% accuracy when employing sophisticated convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture with extra embedding layers. Thus, it provides a means for users to quickly verify the vulnerability of their HDL code by inspecting a supervised learning model trained on the predefined vulnerabilities. It also supports the superior efficacy of opcode -based processing in Trojan detection by analyzing the outcomes derived from a model trained using the HDL dataset.
{"title":"Detecting Vulnerability in Hardware Description Languages: Opcode Language Processing","authors":"Alaaddin Goktug Ayar;Abdullah Sahruri;Sercan Aygun;Mehran Shoushtari Moghadam;M. Hassan Najafi;Martin Margala","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3334728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3334728","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting vulnerable code blocks has become a highly popular topic in computer-aided design, especially with the advancement of natural language processing (NLP). Analyzing hardware description languages (\u0000<monospace>HDLs</monospace>\u0000), such as Verilog, involves dealing with lengthy code. This letter introduces an innovative identification of attack-vulnerable hardware by the use of \u0000<monospace>opcode</monospace>\u0000 processing. Leveraging the advantage of architecturally defined \u0000<monospace>opcodes</monospace>\u0000 and expressing all operations at the beginning of each code line, the word processing problem is efficiently transformed into \u0000<monospace>opcode</monospace>\u0000 processing. This research converts a benchmark dataset into an intermediary code stack, subsequently classifying secure and fragile codes using NLP techniques. The results reveal a framework that achieves up to 94% accuracy when employing sophisticated convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture with extra embedding layers. Thus, it provides a means for users to quickly verify the vulnerability of their \u0000<monospace>HDL</monospace>\u0000 code by inspecting a supervised learning model trained on the predefined vulnerabilities. It also supports the superior efficacy of \u0000<monospace>opcode</monospace>\u0000-based processing in Trojan detection by analyzing the outcomes derived from a model trained using the \u0000<monospace>HDL</monospace>\u0000 dataset.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":"222-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1109/LES.2023.3334288
Shervin Vakili;Amirhossein Zarei
This letter introduces an original and highly efficient method to implement high-capacity content-addressable memories on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The method includes a new hardware architecture and an optimization technique to determine crucial design parameters. The memory contents are partially synthesized and implemented on FPGA logic fabrics. The proposed architecture offers high throughput and fixed-latency searches. Experimental results show that the proposed method enables the implementation of an IPv4 forwarding table with over 520 K prefixes on a cost-effective AMD-Xilinx UltraScale + FPGA, providing a lookup latency of less than 28 ns and a minimum throughput of 215 million lookups per second. The source code of this work is available on GitHub.
{"title":"DSCAM: Latency-Guaranteed and High-Capacity Content-Addressable Memory on FPGAs","authors":"Shervin Vakili;Amirhossein Zarei","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3334288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3334288","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces an original and highly efficient method to implement high-capacity content-addressable memories on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The method includes a new hardware architecture and an optimization technique to determine crucial design parameters. The memory contents are partially synthesized and implemented on FPGA logic fabrics. The proposed architecture offers high throughput and fixed-latency searches. Experimental results show that the proposed method enables the implementation of an IPv4 forwarding table with over 520 K prefixes on a cost-effective AMD-Xilinx UltraScale + FPGA, providing a lookup latency of less than 28 ns and a minimum throughput of 215 million lookups per second. The source code of this work is available on GitHub.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":"182-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141181890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1109/LES.2023.3333561
Syam Sankar;Ruchika Gupta;John Jose;Sukumar Nandi
Modern multicore processors use network-on-chip (NoC) as the communication backbone. With aggressive product release deadlines due to competition from peers, the usage of third-party intellectual property (IP) blocks for NoCs is a common practice. Hardware Trojans in NoC can lead to performance degradation and the exposure of sensitive information through data leakage. We address this problem by devising a secure, lightweight cryptosystem called secure NoC (Sec-NoC) to be used for on-chip communications, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. The Sec-NoC implements authenticated packet encryption as well as an integrity check at network interfaces. The recovery from faults is facilitated by injecting NACKs and retransmissions into the network. Unlike the existing works, a key-encapsulation method is also discussed for sharing the symmetric key between two nodes. Experimental results show that the Sec-NoC experiences a latency overhead of 1.3% only with minimal area and power overhead.
{"title":"Sec-NoC: A Lightweight Secure Communication System for On-Chip Interconnects","authors":"Syam Sankar;Ruchika Gupta;John Jose;Sukumar Nandi","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3333561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LES.2023.3333561","url":null,"abstract":"Modern multicore processors use network-on-chip (NoC) as the communication backbone. With aggressive product release deadlines due to competition from peers, the usage of third-party intellectual property (IP) blocks for NoCs is a common practice. Hardware Trojans in NoC can lead to performance degradation and the exposure of sensitive information through data leakage. We address this problem by devising a secure, lightweight cryptosystem called secure NoC (Sec-NoC) to be used for on-chip communications, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. The Sec-NoC implements authenticated packet encryption as well as an integrity check at network interfaces. The recovery from faults is facilitated by injecting NACKs and retransmissions into the network. Unlike the existing works, a key-encapsulation method is also discussed for sharing the symmetric key between two nodes. Experimental results show that the Sec-NoC experiences a latency overhead of 1.3% only with minimal area and power overhead.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":"214-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141182030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-level synthesis (HLS) has democratized field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) by enabling high-level device programmability and rapid microarchitecture customization through the use of directives. Nevertheless, the manual selection of the appropriate directives, i.e., the annotations included in the high-level source code to instruct the synthesis process, is a difficult task for programmers without a hardware background. In this letter, we present CollectiveHLS, an ultrafast knowledge-based HLS design optimization method that automatically extracts the most promising directive configurations and applies them to the original source code. The proposed optimization scheme is a fully data-driven approach for generalized HLS tuning, as it is not based on quality of result models or meta-heuristics. We design, implement, and evaluate our method with more than 100 applications of Machsuite, Rodinia, and GitHub on a ZCU104 FPGA. We achieve an average geometric mean speedup of x14.1 and x10.5 compared to the unoptimized, i.e., without HLS directives and optimized designs, a high design feasibility score, and an average inference latency of 38 ms.
{"title":"CollectiveHLS: Ultrafast Knowledge-Based HLS Design Optimization","authors":"Aggelos Ferikoglou;Andreas Kakolyris;Vasilis Kypriotis;Dimosthenis Masouros;Dimitrios Soudris;Sotirios Xydis","doi":"10.1109/LES.2023.3330610","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LES.2023.3330610","url":null,"abstract":"High-level synthesis (HLS) has democratized field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) by enabling high-level device programmability and rapid microarchitecture customization through the use of directives. Nevertheless, the manual selection of the appropriate directives, i.e., the annotations included in the high-level source code to instruct the synthesis process, is a difficult task for programmers without a hardware background. In this letter, we present CollectiveHLS, an ultrafast knowledge-based HLS design optimization method that automatically extracts the most promising directive configurations and applies them to the original source code. The proposed optimization scheme is a fully data-driven approach for generalized HLS tuning, as it is not based on quality of result models or meta-heuristics. We design, implement, and evaluate our method with more than 100 applications of Machsuite, Rodinia, and GitHub on a ZCU104 FPGA. We achieve an average geometric mean speedup of x14.1 and x10.5 compared to the unoptimized, i.e., without HLS directives and optimized designs, a high design feasibility score, and an average inference latency of 38 ms.","PeriodicalId":56143,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Embedded Systems Letters","volume":"16 2","pages":"235-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135508131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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