Opaque polyploid cells capable of forming megamitochondria are a constant feature in colonies of Ishikawa endometrial epithelia, accounting for approximately 5% - 10% of the cells. Opaque cells appear to communicate with other opaque cells via membrane extensions and with other cells in a colony by extra-cellular vesicles. Opaque cells form first as rectangular structures, somewhat larger than surrounding monolayer cells. The cells eventually round up, remaining in the colony for 20 or more hours before detaching. The most unusual characteristic of Ishikawa opaque cells is their capacity to form mitonucleons, megamitochondria that surround aggregated chromatin. This paper reviews evidence that adaptations resulting in megamitochondria include a loss of the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation leaving the adapted megamitochondria reliant on metabolism such as reductive carboxylation.
{"title":"Opaque Polyploid Cells in Ishikawa Endometrial Cultures Are Capable of Forming Megamitochondria, Organelles Derived from the Adaptation of Fused Mitochondria Whose Capacity to Develop Gaseous Vacuoles Suggests CO2 Retention and Hypoxic Metabolism","authors":"H. Fleming","doi":"10.4236/abb.2021.127015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2021.127015","url":null,"abstract":"Opaque polyploid cells capable of forming \u0000megamitochondria are a constant feature in \u0000colonies of Ishikawa endometrial epithelia, accounting for approximately \u00005% - 10% of the cells. Opaque cells appear to communicate \u0000with other opaque cells via membrane \u0000extensions and with other cells in a colony by extra-cellular vesicles. Opaque \u0000cells form first as rectangular structures, somewhat larger than surrounding \u0000monolayer cells. The cells eventually round up, remaining in the colony for 20 or more hours before detaching. The most unusual characteristic of Ishikawa opaque cells is \u0000their capacity to form mitonucleons, megamitochondria that surround aggregated \u0000chromatin. This paper reviews evidence that adaptations resulting in \u0000megamitochondria include a loss of the \u0000capacity for oxidative phosphorylation leaving the adapted megamitochondria \u0000reliant on metabolism such as reductive carboxylation.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47939124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueyan Lin, Ke Li, Lingxue Ju, Xu Hao, Yu’e Jiang, Q. Hou, Zhiyong Hu, Yun Wang, Zhonghua Wang
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its fermentation products on performance, blood hormone levels and rumen floral composition in peripartum dairy cows. Sixty perinatal cows were selected and allocated to two groups according to parity and expected date of delivery. Each group was supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its fermentation product 0 or 100 g. The results showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its fermentation products could significantly increase the feed intake of peripartum dairy cows (P β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.01), reducing the insulin content (P = 0.02). Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced the abundance of rumen microbes in peripartum dairy cows but had no effect on rumen microbial diversity. Compared with the control group, the supplemented group showed reductions in the abundance of genera Bacillus (P = 0.03), Butyrivibrio (P = 0.01), Denitrobacterium (P = 0.01), and Mogibacterium (P Porphyromonas (P = 0.05), Saccharofermentans (P Sphaerochaeta (P = 0.02), Streptococcus (P = 0.04) and other genera. There were significant increase in the content of Acidaminococcus (P = 0.03), Allisonella (P Bulleidia (P Corynebacterium (P = 0.01), Dialister (P Faecalibacterium (P = 0.02), Faekalitalea (P = 0.03), Fibrobacter (P = 0.04), Flavobacterium (P = 0.03), Kandleria (P Paraprevotella (P Pyramidobacter (P = 0.05), Roseburia (P Succinivibrio (P The main metabolic pathways such as tryptophan metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis in perinatal dairy cows were determined for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its fermentation products.
{"title":"Effects of Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Its Fermentation Products on Production Performance and Its Mechanism in Perinatal Dairy Cows","authors":"Xueyan Lin, Ke Li, Lingxue Ju, Xu Hao, Yu’e Jiang, Q. Hou, Zhiyong Hu, Yun Wang, Zhonghua Wang","doi":"10.4236/abb.2021.127013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2021.127013","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the effects \u0000of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its \u0000fermentation products on performance, blood hormone levels and rumen floral \u0000composition in peripartum dairy cows. Sixty perinatal cows were selected and \u0000allocated to two groups according to parity and expected date of delivery. Each \u0000group was supplemented with Saccharomyces \u0000cerevisiae and its fermentation product 0 or 100 g. The results showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its \u0000fermentation products could significantly increase the feed intake of \u0000peripartum dairy cows (P β-hydroxybutyrate \u0000(P = 0.01), reducing the insulin content (P = 0.02). Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced \u0000the abundance of rumen microbes in peripartum dairy cows but had no effect on \u0000rumen microbial diversity. Compared with the control group, the supplemented \u0000group showed reductions in the abundance of genera Bacillus (P = 0.03), Butyrivibrio (P = 0.01), Denitrobacterium (P = \u00000.01), and Mogibacterium (P Porphyromonas (P = 0.05), Saccharofermentans (P Sphaerochaeta (P = 0.02), Streptococcus (P = 0.04) and other \u0000genera. There were significant increase in the content of Acidaminococcus (P = 0.03), Allisonella (P Bulleidia (P Corynebacterium (P = 0.01), Dialister (P Faecalibacterium (P = 0.02), Faekalitalea (P = 0.03), Fibrobacter (P = 0.04), Flavobacterium (P = 0.03), Kandleria (P Paraprevotella (P Pyramidobacter (P = 0.05), Roseburia (P Succinivibrio (P The main metabolic pathways such as tryptophan metabolism and steroid \u0000hormone biosynthesis in perinatal dairy cows were determined for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its \u0000fermentation products.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47277230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the experiment, 8 newborn male Holstein calves were selected that had the same feeding environment, and were of similar ages. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 4 in each group. The treatments consisted of feeding active probiotics (Group P) and a normal fed control group (Group C). The growth performance and blood indices were measured; rumen fluid samples were collected after weaning, and 16SrDNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolome detection were performed. Compared with the control group, relative abundances of Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Bacteroidales_ BS11_gut_group, Desulfovibrionaceae, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Acetobacteraceae, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Asaia, [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii_group, Desulfovibrio, Kingella, Selenomonas, Lachnoclostridium in group P were significantly different (P of 2-methylbenzoic acid and myo-inositol were significantly increased (P 0.05). These results showed that compared with normally fed calves, the growth performance and blood indices of probiotic-fed calves were changed, but the differences were not significant. Probiotic-fed calves showed significant differences in rumen fluid and a small number of metabolites, which were mainly involved in the pathway of carbohydrate metabolism. It proves that the supplemental active probiotics had an effect on the rumen microflora.
{"title":"Effects of Supplemental Feeding of Probiotics during Lactation on Rumen Microflora of Calves after Weaning","authors":"Xueyan Lin, Tian Zhang, Lingxue Ju, Yu’e Jiang, Q. Hou, Zhiyong Hu, Yun Wang, Zhonghua Wang","doi":"10.4236/abb.2021.127014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2021.127014","url":null,"abstract":"For the experiment, 8 newborn male Holstein calves \u0000were selected that had the same feeding environment, and were of similar ages. \u0000They were randomly divided into 2 groups, \u0000with 4 in each group. The treatments consisted of feeding active \u0000probiotics (Group P) and a normal fed control group (Group C). The growth \u0000performance and blood indices were measured; rumen fluid samples were collected \u0000after weaning, and 16SrDNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolome detection were \u0000performed. Compared with the control group, relative \u0000abundances of Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Bacteroidales_ BS11_gut_group, Desulfovibrionaceae, \u0000Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Acetobacteraceae, \u0000Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Asaia, [Ruminococcus] gauvreauii_group, Desulfovibrio, Kingella, Selenomonas, \u0000Lachnoclostridium in group P were \u0000significantly different (P of 2-methylbenzoic acid and myo-inositol were \u0000significantly increased (P 0.05). These results showed that \u0000compared with normally fed calves, the growth performance and blood indices of \u0000probiotic-fed calves were changed, but the differences were not significant. \u0000Probiotic-fed calves showed significant differences in rumen fluid and a small \u0000number of metabolites, which were mainly involved in the pathway of \u0000carbohydrate metabolism. It proves that the \u0000supplemental active probiotics had an effect on the rumen microflora.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48563899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of multidrug-resistant pathogens as bacteria, fungi and yeast in addition to the restriction of using antibiotics as growth promoting substances in food has attracted the attention to looking for alternative sources instead of conventional antibiotics like natural products which have antimicrobial activity. Much interests and researches have been focused on using natural antimicrobial peptides and chemicals extracted from animal secretions and some insect’s venoms as they exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogens with lower resistance and higher synergistic effects if they were given in combination with blends of them. In this paper, some antimicrobial chemicals extracted from giraffes are shown in addition to their activity against Aspergillus fumigatus species using optical density analysis technique then their Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) will be determined as well as ICs 50 to measure the potency to inhibit a biological function using programmes like Gene5, graph pad prism as well as testing antimicrobial activity of some chemicals which are provided in animal secretions.
{"title":"Effect of Antimicrobial Peptides and Chemicals Produced by Animals on Aspergillus fumigatus","authors":"Al-Baraa Akram, Glen J. P. McCann","doi":"10.4236/abb.2021.126012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2021.126012","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of \u0000multidrug-resistant pathogens as bacteria, fungi and yeast in addition to the \u0000restriction of using antibiotics as growth promoting substances in food has attracted the attention to looking for alternative sources instead of \u0000conventional antibiotics like natural products which have antimicrobial \u0000activity. Much interests and researches have been focused on using natural \u0000antimicrobial peptides and chemicals extracted from animal secretions and some \u0000insect’s venoms as they exhibit antimicrobial activity against pathogens with \u0000lower resistance and higher synergistic effects if they were given in \u0000combination with blends of them. In this paper, some antimicrobial chemicals \u0000extracted from giraffes are shown in addition to their activity against Aspergillus fumigatus species using \u0000optical density analysis technique then their Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations \u0000(MIC) will be determined as well as ICs 50 to measure the potency to inhibit a \u0000biological function using programmes like Gene5, graph pad prism as well as \u0000testing antimicrobial activity of some chemicals which are provided in animal \u0000secretions.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47085496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enteroviruses are responsible for emerging diseases which cause diverse symptoms and may result in neurological complications. An antiviral with multiple mechanisms of action can help prevent enterovirus mediated disease despite differences in the pathogenesis between enteroviruses, including the recently identified enterovirus 69 (EV-69) for which pathogenesis is not well understood. This study investigated the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate stearate (EGCG-S), a modified form of the antioxidant green tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), in inhibiting EV-69 infection of lung fibroblast cells in vitro. Treatment with EGCG-S resulted in moderate protection from EV-69 mediated cytotoxicity as demonstrated by increased metabolic activity as well as maintenance of cell morphology and mitochondrial function. These effects were correlated with reduced hydrogen peroxide production in infected cells following EGCG-S treatment with concentrations less than 100 μM, suggesting a role for inhibition of EV-69 mediated oxidative stress. This study provides insight into characteristics of EV-69 infection as well as the efficacy of EGCG-S mediated inhibition of EV-69 infection.
{"title":"EGCG-S Impacts Oxidative Stress and Infection of Enterovirus 69 in Lung Cells","authors":"Hager S. G. Mohamed, Lee H. Lee, Sandra D. Adams","doi":"10.4236/ABB.2021.125008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ABB.2021.125008","url":null,"abstract":"Enteroviruses are \u0000responsible for emerging diseases which cause diverse symptoms and may result \u0000in neurological complications. An antiviral with multiple mechanisms of action \u0000can help prevent enterovirus mediated disease despite differences in the \u0000pathogenesis between enteroviruses, including the recently identified \u0000enterovirus 69 (EV-69) for which pathogenesis is not well understood. This \u0000study investigated the efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate stearate (EGCG-S), \u0000a modified form of the antioxidant green tea catechin \u0000epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), in inhibiting EV-69 infection of lung \u0000fibroblast cells in vitro. Treatment \u0000with EGCG-S resulted in moderate protection from EV-69 mediated cytotoxicity as \u0000demonstrated by increased metabolic activity as well as maintenance of cell \u0000morphology and mitochondrial function. These effects were correlated with \u0000reduced hydrogen peroxide production in infected cells following EGCG-S \u0000treatment with concentrations less than 100 μM, suggesting a role for \u0000inhibition of EV-69 mediated oxidative stress. This study provides insight into \u0000characteristics of EV-69 infection as well as the efficacy of EGCG-S mediated \u0000inhibition of EV-69 infection.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44173224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rumen microbiome plays an essential role in ruminant physiology, nutrition and pathology as well as host immunity. A better understanding of rumen microbial processes and identification of which populations are responsible for specific functions within the rumen microbiome will lead to better management and sustainable utilization of the available feed base while maintaining a low environmental impact. Recent advance in the culture independent method of microbiology such as metagenomics, unravels potentially the rumen microbial process. There are two basic types of metagenomics studies: Sequence-based and function-based metagenomics. Sequence-based metagenomics involves sequencing and analysis of DNA from environmental samples. Its purpose is to assemble genomes, identify genes, find complete metabolic pathways, and compare organisms of different communities. Whereas functional metagenomics is the study of the collective genome of a microbial community by expressing it in a foreign host usually Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is a promising approach unearthing novel enzymes even from yet to culture rumen microbiota. Further advances in the screening techniques promise vast opportunities to rumen microbiologists, and animal nutritionist. The identification of novel enzyme through functional metagenomics consists of three parts: rumen sample collection; DNA library construction and screening of individual clone. Functional metagenomics was successfully applied to identify different antibiotics, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotic resistance genes, and many other functions; moreover, it allowed characterization of genes encoding enzymes with a particular activity, which represents completely novel sequence. There are a number of outputs from functionally screened rumen product such as carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) that can break down plant cell walls. Company involved commercialization of metagenomics research such as Syngenta, Genencor International, BRAIN etc., has produced many biological molecules of commercial interest. The aim of this paper is to elucidate functional metagenomics, from rumen environment and its potential for commercial purpose.
{"title":"Functional Metagenomics from the Rumen Environment—A Review","authors":"W. Bekele, A. Zegeye, A. Simachew, G. Assefa","doi":"10.4236/ABB.2021.125009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ABB.2021.125009","url":null,"abstract":"The rumen microbiome plays an essential role in \u0000ruminant physiology, nutrition and pathology as well as host immunity. A better \u0000understanding of rumen microbial processes \u0000and identification of which populations are responsible for specific functions \u0000within the rumen microbiome will lead to better management and sustainable \u0000utilization of the available feed base while maintaining a low environmental impact. \u0000Recent advance in the culture independent method of microbiology such as \u0000metagenomics, unravels potentially the rumen microbial process. There \u0000are two basic types of metagenomics studies: Sequence-based and function-based \u0000metagenomics. Sequence-based metagenomics involves sequencing and analysis of \u0000DNA from environmental samples. Its purpose is to assemble genomes, identify \u0000genes, find complete metabolic pathways, and compare organisms of different \u0000communities. Whereas functional metagenomics is the study of the collective \u0000genome of a microbial community by expressing it in a foreign host usually Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is a promising approach unearthing novel enzymes even from yet to culture \u0000rumen microbiota. Further advances in the screening techniques promise vast \u0000opportunities to rumen microbiologists, and animal nutritionist. The \u0000identification of novel enzyme through functional metagenomics consists of \u0000three parts: rumen sample collection; DNA library construction and screening of \u0000individual clone. Functional metagenomics was successfully applied to identify \u0000different antibiotics, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotic resistance genes, and \u0000many other functions; moreover, it allowed characterization of genes encoding \u0000enzymes with a particular activity, which represents completely novel sequence. \u0000There are a number of outputs from functionally screened rumen product such as \u0000carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) that can break down plant cell walls. \u0000Company involved commercialization of metagenomics research such as Syngenta, \u0000Genencor International, BRAIN etc., has produced many biological molecules of \u0000commercial interest. The aim of this paper is to elucidate functional \u0000metagenomics, from rumen environment and its potential for commercial purpose.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41714210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chlorophytum borivilianum is a critically endangered plant well known for its medicinal properties for diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, arthritis, sterility, and erectile dysfunction, etc. Due to low viability and long dormancy of seeds, in vitro regeneration is required for large scale cultivation of this plant. In the present study, direct plant regeneration was optimized using flower stalk as explant. Nodal segments of flower stalk were sterilized and kept for direct regeneration on different combinations of BAP and KIN supplemented media. The highest, 15.27 ± 1.14 number of shoots were produced on medium containing BAP (2 mg/L) per nodal segment. The multiple shoot clumps regenerated from flower stalk were separated carefully and kept on rooting media. A maximum of 16.87 ± 1.53 roots per plant was observed in MS media having 0.5 mg/L of NAA. The rooted plantlets were shifted into the pot containing soilrite for hardening and acclimatization. The genetic stability of hardened plants was confirmed by start codon targeted, and inter simple sequence repeats molecular markers. All the 18 randomly selected plantlets showed similar genetic homogeneity to the mother plant. It is the first report on in vitro regeneration along with the genetic fidelity analysis of the regenerated plantlets from flower Stalk of C. borivilianum. As the standardized method of regeneration and mass multiplication is quite efficient and genetically stable, the protocol will be useful for the large-scale production of C. borivilianum to meet the market demand.
{"title":"Regeneration and Genetic Fidelity Analysis of Chlorophytum borivilianum Using Flower Stalk as Explant Source","authors":"N. Kaushal, A. Alok, Monika Kajal, Kashmir Singh","doi":"10.4236/ABB.2021.124007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ABB.2021.124007","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorophytum borivilianum is a critically endangered plant well known for its \u0000medicinal properties for diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, arthritis, sterility, and \u0000erectile dysfunction, etc. Due to low viability and long dormancy of seeds, in vitro regeneration is \u0000required for large scale cultivation of this plant. In the present study, \u0000direct plant regeneration was optimized using flower stalk as explant. Nodal \u0000segments of flower stalk were sterilized and kept for direct regeneration on \u0000different combinations of BAP and KIN supplemented media. The highest, \u000015.27 ± 1.14 number of shoots were produced on medium containing BAP (2 mg/L) \u0000per nodal segment. The multiple shoot clumps regenerated from flower stalk were \u0000separated carefully and kept on rooting media. A maximum of 16.87 ± 1.53 roots \u0000per plant was observed in MS media having 0.5 mg/L of NAA. The \u0000rooted plantlets were shifted into the pot containing soilrite for hardening \u0000and acclimatization. The genetic stability of hardened plants was confirmed by \u0000start codon targeted, and inter simple sequence repeats molecular markers. All \u0000the 18 randomly selected plantlets showed similar genetic homogeneity to the \u0000mother plant. It is the first report on in vitro regeneration along with the \u0000genetic fidelity analysis of the regenerated plantlets from flower Stalk of C. borivilianum. As the \u0000standardized method of regeneration and mass multiplication is quite efficient \u0000and genetically stable, the protocol will be useful for the large-scale \u0000production of C. borivilianum to meet the market demand.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48568927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tens of thousands of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been found in human cells and many of these macromolecular partnerships could determine the cell growth and death. Thus there is a need to develop the methods to catalogue these macromolecules by detecting their interactions, modifications, and cellular locations. It will be helpful for scientists to compare the difference between a diseased cellular state and its normal state and to find the potential therapy treatment to intervene this status. One technology called split-protein reassembly or protein fragment complementation has been developed in the last two decades. This technology makes use of appropriate fragmentation of some protein reporters and the refolding of these reports could be detected by their function to confirm the interaction of interest. This system has been set up in cell-free systems, E. coli, yeast, mammalian cells, plants and live animals. Herein, I present the development in fluorescence- and bioluminescence-based split-protein biosensors in both binary and ternary systems. In addition, some people developed the split-protein system by combining it with chemical inducer of dimerization strategy (CID). This has been applied for identifying the enzyme inhibitors and regulating the activity of protein kinases and phosphatases. With effort from many laboratories from the world, a variety of split-protein systems have been developed for studying the PPI in vitro and in vivo, monitoring the biological process, and controlling the activity of the enzyme of interest.
{"title":"Development of Split-Protein Systems: From Binary to Ternary System","authors":"Shengyi Shen","doi":"10.4236/ABB.2021.123006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ABB.2021.123006","url":null,"abstract":"Tens of thousands of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been found in human cells and many of these macromolecular partnerships could determine the cell growth and death. Thus there is a need to develop the methods to catalogue these macromolecules by detecting their interactions, modifications, and cellular locations. It will be helpful for scientists to compare the difference between a diseased cellular state and its normal state and to find the potential therapy treatment to intervene this status. One technology called split-protein reassembly or protein fragment complementation has been developed in the last two decades. This technology makes use of appropriate fragmentation of some protein reporters and the refolding of these reports could be detected by their function to confirm the interaction of interest. This system has been set up in cell-free systems, E. coli, yeast, mammalian cells, plants and live animals. Herein, I present the development in fluorescence- and bioluminescence-based split-protein biosensors in both binary and ternary systems. In addition, some people developed the split-protein system by combining it with chemical inducer of dimerization strategy (CID). This has been applied for identifying the enzyme inhibitors and regulating the activity of protein kinases and phosphatases. With effort from many laboratories from the world, a variety of split-protein systems have been developed for studying the PPI in vitro and in vivo, monitoring the biological process, and controlling the activity of the enzyme of interest.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43878416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a vegetable that ranks fifth in the world for human consumption. Its importance is growing more and more in the Senegalese diet. However, the potato production in Senegal does not meet the needs of the market, which maintains dependence on the outside for the supply of quality seeds. In addition, these imported seeds do not often have phytosanitary qualities required for local production in the Sahelian zone. The in vitro production of microtubers, used as seed, has been shown to be one of the most efficient means for propagation of basic material. To overcome the constraints linked to the supply and availability of potato seeds, with high germination capacity, the impact of the microtuber size on the yield of the plants under semi-controlled conditions was examined. The pre-germinated microtubers were produced in vitro from vitroplants of 3 different varieties (Aida, Atlas, Odessa) adapted to the edaphic-climatic conditions of Senegal. The effects of the seed sizes of microtubers, greater than 4 mm, sown under semi-controlled conditions, on the yield of the plants, result in an increase in the ratio, in the vegetative development of the plants, but also in the number and size of the minitubers harvested. The yield of the plants also depends on the variety. It can therefore be envisaged to produce local potato seeds from microtubers and minitubers.
{"title":"Influence of the Size of Potato Microtubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) on the Yield of Plants under Semi-Axenic Conditions","authors":"A. Dieme, Oumar Ba, M. Sagna, M. Sy","doi":"10.4236/ABB.2021.123005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ABB.2021.123005","url":null,"abstract":"The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a vegetable that ranks fifth in the world for human consumption. Its importance is growing more and more in the Senegalese diet. However, the potato production in Senegal does not meet the needs of the market, which maintains dependence on the outside for the supply of quality seeds. In addition, these imported seeds do not often have phytosanitary qualities required for local production in the Sahelian zone. The in vitro production of microtubers, used as seed, has been shown to be one of the most efficient means for propagation of basic material. To overcome the constraints linked to the supply and availability of potato seeds, with high germination capacity, the impact of the microtuber size on the yield of the plants under semi-controlled conditions was examined. The pre-germinated microtubers were produced in vitro from vitroplants of 3 different varieties (Aida, Atlas, Odessa) adapted to the edaphic-climatic conditions of Senegal. The effects of the seed sizes of microtubers, greater than 4 mm, sown under semi-controlled conditions, on the yield of the plants, result in an increase in the ratio, in the vegetative development of the plants, but also in the number and size of the minitubers harvested. The yield of the plants also depends on the variety. It can therefore be envisaged to produce local potato seeds from microtubers and minitubers.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43401541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Teresa, J. Goma-Tchimbakala, Nzaou Stech Anomène Eckzechel, Lebonguy Augustin Aimé
Actually, in Republic of Congo, rhizobia have poorly phenotypically and biochemically characterized. This study aimed to characterize native rhizobia. Rhizobia strains were isolated using nodule roots collected on Milletia laurentii, Acacia spp., Albizia lebbeck, and Vigna unguiculata. The strains isolated were characterized microbiologically, biochemically, physiologically, and molecularly identified using 16S rRNA method. The results reported in this study are only for six strains of all 77 isolated: RhA1, RhAc4, RhAc15, RhAc13, RhW1, and RhV3. All native strains were positive to urease activity, negative to cellulase and pectinase activity except for one isolate that showed a positive cellulase activity. Moreover, isolates have grown at 12% of NaCl. On different effects of temperatures, isolates were able to grow up to 44°C and showed good growth at pH from 7 to 9 and the ability to use ten different carbon hydrates sources. The strains were identified as Rhizobium tropici, Rhizobium sp., Mesorhizobium sp. Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense and Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The phylogenetically analysis of the 16S rRNA genes, using a clustering method, allowed us to have a history that is both ancient and stable of four clades among genes with similar patterns. Expanding our awareness of the new legume-rhizobia will be a valuable resource for incorporating an alternative nitrogen fixation approach to consolidate the growth of legumes. These germs can be used in Congolese agriculture to improve yield of crops.
{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Native Rhizobium Strains Nodulating Some Legumes Species in South Brazzaville in Republic of Congo","authors":"M. Teresa, J. Goma-Tchimbakala, Nzaou Stech Anomène Eckzechel, Lebonguy Augustin Aimé","doi":"10.4236/ABB.2021.121002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ABB.2021.121002","url":null,"abstract":"Actually, in Republic of Congo, rhizobia have poorly \u0000phenotypically and biochemically characterized. This study aimed to \u0000characterize native rhizobia. Rhizobia strains were isolated using nodule roots \u0000collected on Milletia laurentii, Acacia spp., Albizia lebbeck, and Vigna unguiculata. The strains isolated \u0000were characterized microbiologically, biochemically, physiologically, and \u0000molecularly identified using 16S rRNA method. The results reported in this \u0000study are only for six strains of all 77 isolated: RhA1, RhAc4, RhAc15, RhAc13, \u0000RhW1, and RhV3. All native strains were positive to urease activity, negative \u0000to cellulase and pectinase activity except for one isolate that showed a \u0000positive cellulase activity. Moreover, isolates have grown at 12% of NaCl. On \u0000different effects of temperatures, isolates were able to grow up to 44°C and showed good growth at pH from 7 to 9 and \u0000the ability to use ten different carbon hydrates sources. The strains were \u0000identified as Rhizobium tropici, Rhizobium sp., Mesorhizobium sp. Bradyrhizobium \u0000yuanmingense and Bradyrhizobium \u0000elkanii. The phylogenetically analysis of the 16S rRNA genes, using a \u0000clustering method, allowed us to have a history that is both ancient and stable \u0000of four clades among genes with similar patterns. Expanding our awareness of \u0000the new legume-rhizobia will be a valuable resource for incorporating an alternative \u0000nitrogen fixation approach to consolidate the growth of legumes. These germs \u0000can be used in Congolese agriculture to improve yield of crops.","PeriodicalId":65405,"journal":{"name":"生命科学与技术进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41484380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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