Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society最新文献

Pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives are among the important components in drug design thanks to their nitrogen-containing heterocyclic structures. These molecules play active roles in different biological systems and offer versatile pharmacological effects such as antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. In this review, we analyzed the literature on the syntheses, reactions, and practical applications of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives from 2014 to 2024. It also provides a detailed discussion on the importance of various catalysts and the role of ring substitutions using different electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. Short reaction times, catalyst reusability, solvent-free conditions, and excellent yields are some of the advantages of certain synthetic approaches. Advances in synthetic methods between 2014 and 2024 significantly increased the strategic importance of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives in drug discovery and development processes, enabling more efficient, selective, and environmentally sustainable methods to obtain these compounds and contributing to the development of innovative applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional electrical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. In this study, a green synthesis approach was employed to prepare NiO nanoparticles using plant extract as a natural reducing agent and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as the precursor. The synthesis process involved adjusting pH using ammonia and calcination at varying temperatures (100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C) to investigate the effect of calcination on the structural and catalytic properties of the nanoparticles. The NiO nanoparticles were characterized using TGA, XRD, FESEM, FTIR, and DRS to evaluate their thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology, functional groups, and optical properties. The results indicated that calcination temperature significantly influenced the formation and structural features of the NiO nanoparticles. The NiO sample calcined at 300 °C exhibited optimal structural integrity and catalytic efficiency, yielding 62–91% of the target product in a three-component Biginelli condensation reaction. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized NiO nanoparticles as cost-effective, sustainable, and reusable catalysts with high selectivity and efficiency, paving the way for environmentally friendly advancements in catalysis and material science.

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Environmental gaseous pollutants, originating from factors such as industrial emissions, solid waste incineration, vehicle exhaust, and rapid population growth driven by urbanization and industrialization, continuously deteriorate natural environmental conditions. Consequently, the constant monitoring of these pollutants is essential to prevent the disruption of environmental dynamics. Extensive research and significant technological advances have led to the development of various gas sensors for applications in industries, indoor environments, aviation, and for detecting toxic domestic gases and vapors. In this context, diverse gas sensor materials such as metal-organic frameworks, graphene/graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and thin films have been extensively investigated. This review focuses on gas detection technology utilizing nano thin films derived from organic macrocyclic compounds, along with other emerging materials.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have previously shown considerable impact in improving enzyme activity. NADES can compensate for some of the main disadvantages of traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids and meet all requirements of green chemistry. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is widely used in the food industry, and its industrial usage is rising rapidly. This study investigated MTG’s activity, thermal stability, and tertiary structure in betaine-glycerol and choline chloride-glycerol NADES. The results indicate that choline chloride-based eutectics exhibited a better media for MTG activity and stability than the aqueous buffer and betaine-based NADES. MTG exhibited its highest activity in a 10% (v/v) glycerol:choline chloride (2:1) mixture (Gly2C). The enzyme also showed enhanced thermal stability, with a half-life of 173 min at 50 °C in Gly2C, compared to 18  min in Tris buffer and 69  min in Gly2B. At 60 °C, the enzyme’s half-life was extended in NADES, with the longest stability observed in Gly2C. Associated conformational changes caused by solvents were monitored using the fluorescence technique. This is the first study describing MTG’s activity, stability, and structural changes in NADES.

Novel magnetic starch nanocomposites (MNPs@NSt@St) were synthesized via a straightforward co-precipitation method to serve as high-efficiency adsorbents for the removal of copper (Cu(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. The nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, VSM, and EDX techniques, which confirmed their successful synthesis, structural properties, and strong magnetic saturation (65.2 emu.g⁻¹). Optimization studies demonstrated a remarkably high maximum Cu(II) uptake capacity (q_e) of 345.8 mg.g⁻¹, with the process being significantly influenced by solution pH, initial concentration, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Crucially, an integrated framework combining response surface methodology (RSS) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was employed to model and identify the optimal interactive conditions (pH: 5.8, temperature: 45 °C, initial concentration: 225.0 mg·L⁻¹) for enhanced adsorption performance. Adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that the process best fit the Toth and Marczewski–Jaroniec models, indicating adsorption onto a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° = 19.12 kJ.mol⁻¹, ΔS° = 68.60 J.mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. The findings, coupled with the adsorbent’s excellent magnetic separability and high efficiency, demonstrate the strong potential of MNPs@NSt@St for the remediation of Cu(II) ions in wastewater treatment applications.

Benzimidazole analogues (1–15) were prepared and screened for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition. All analogues showed concentration-dependent inhibition with IC₅₀ values ranging between 0.20 ± 0.01 and 8.10 ± 0.30 µM against acetylcholinesterase and 0.10 ± 0.01 to 8.20 ± 0.30 µM against butyrylcholinesterase by comparing with the standard drug donepezil having IC₅₀ = 0.016 ± 0.001 µM and 0.30 ± 0.010 µM for AChE and BuChE respectively. Analogue 7 (IC₅₀ = 0.20 ± 0.01 µM and 0.10 ± 0.010 µM) and compound 9 (IC₅₀ = 0.40 ± 0.01 µM and 0.10 ± 0.010 µM) for AChE and BuChE respectively were found most potent inhibitor for both enzymes. Both compounds having trifluoromethyl group at para and ortho location of the ring respectively. Furthermore, the analogues were characterized by NMR-spectroscopy, and Mass-spectrometry (HR-MS). The molecular docking studies were directed, to study the binding interface among the most active analogues and the active site of the enzyme.

Glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), arginine (Arg) and ascorbic acid (AA) play an important role in the body’s protein anabolism, promoting tissue healing, improving disease resistance, as well as promoting bone growth, improving malnutrition, antioxidant and so on. Therefore, rapid detection of Glu, Asp, Arg and AA is of great significance. 2-methoxy-4-(((5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol (Probe A) was synthesized with deep eutectic solvent as catalyst under mild conditions. The Probe A was applied to the detection of Glu, Asp, Arg and AA, and the results showed that Probe A could well identify Glu, Asp, Arg and AA. Glu, Arg and AA are well recognized at pH = 6–12. Asp is well recognized at pH = 7–12. The binding ratios between Probe A and Glu, Asp, Arg, AA were 2:3, 2:3, 1:2 and 2:3, respectively. The association constants were 9.59 × 10³ M⁻¹, 7.34 × 10³ M⁻¹, 4.46 × 10⁴ M⁻¹, 1.69 × 10⁴ M⁻¹, respectively. The detection limits were 3.33 × 10^–5 M, 1.62 × 10^–5 M, 2.22 × 10^–4 M, and 1.69 × 10^–5 M, respectively. The probe solution quickly became colorless after adding Glu, Asp and AA, and orange-red after adding Arg. The identification mechanism of Probe A with Glu, Asp, Arg and AA was obtained by infrared titration and nuclear magnetic titration. This method provides an important way for rapid detection of Glu, Asp, Arg and AA.

Guanoxabenz is one of the α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, with a Ki of 4000 nM and the fully activated form 40 nM for the α2 adrenoceptor. Guanoxabenz is a metabolite of guanabenz. Guanoxabenz (1-(2,6-dichlorobenzylidene-amino)-3-hydroxyguanidinea) and guanabenz (1- (2,6 dichlorobenzylidene-amino)-3-guanidine) are both known as centrally active antihypertensive drugs. In this study, the Guanoxabenz’s tautomers stabilities, geometries data, HOMO & LUMO orbitals (shapes and energy levels), ΔΕ_HOMO-LUMO gaps, Mulliken charges, dipole moments, the thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities in H₂O media as an important biological solvent and the selected media (vacuum, Et-OH, DMSO and CH₂Cl₂) were studied for the tautomers of Guanoxabenz. Also, the equilibrium constant was applied to investigate the interconversion equilibrium between the different tautomers of Guanoxabenz (GO1, GO2, GO3cis and GO3trans) in the discussed media. We have also investigated the modeling of the oxidation of guanobenz to guanoxabenz in the presence of CYP 450 by DFT-B3LYP/6-31G* method. The two pathways for guanabenz oxidation (N-oxidation and H-abstraction) were also modeled in this study.