Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society最新文献

The purpose of this research is to develop an electrochemical sensor in order to determine paracetamol (PC) levels. To reach this objective, an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was modified with a composite of carbon nanosphere (CNS) and iron-doped bismuth vanadate nanoparticles (Fe_0.05Bi_0.95VO₄), which was tested to evaluate its electrocatalytic properties for the anodic oxidation of PC. Exploiting their various structural advantages that include large exposed active surface sites, ultrathin nanosheets, and unique three-dimensional spherical nanostructure, the as-obtained hybrid electrode Fe_0.05Bi_0.95VO₄/CNS exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance. The fabricated nanocomposite electrode Fe_0.05Bi_0.95VO₄/CNS/ITO reacted rapidly with enhanced anodic peak current when PC analyte is added. At optimized conditions, the proposed electrochemical platform enabled a linear plot over a concentration range of 1–80 μM with a detection limit of 1 μM of PC. This research’s novelty consists of designing a new and effective electrochemical sensing system that can identify PC with high sensitivity and selectivity, helping to keep water quality under control and preventing negative effects on the environment and public health.

In the present research, an ultrasound-assisted extraction method was utilized to extract crocin from saffron samples using a variety of solvents, including water-miscible and water-immiscible organic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents, prior to high-performance chromatography with a photodiode array detector. The extraction procedure was optimized using response surface methodology with the central composite design method, and the best conditions were determined with the aforementioned solvents. The results confirmed that better efficacy of deep eutectic solvents were more effective for extracting crocin compared to the other solvents tested, resulting in higher extraction recoveries. However, the volume required for crocin extraction using deep eutectic solvents was higher than that of organic solvents (approximately 300 µL versus 150 µL). The higher viscosities of deep eutectic solvents also led to a longer extraction time (13.6 min) compared to carbon tetrachloride (5.6 min) and methanol (5.8 min). The extraction recovery of crocin using choline chloride: ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent reached 97.6% while other solvents yielded lower extraction the extraction recoveries. Finally, the developed method was successfully employed to the extract crocin from various saffron samples grown in different regions of Iran.

Azo food dyes degrade to sulphonated as well as non-sulphonated carcinogenic aromatic amines (NSAA) under accidental exposure of aggravated environmental conditions. The targeted chromatographic achievements of eight NSAA viz. aniline, 4-aminoazobenzene, azobenzene, 4-aminobiphenyl, sudan-1, 1-napthylamine 4-methylimidazole and p-toluidine in degradation and stability samples of Sunset yellow and Ponceau 4R were exercised using validated HPLC–PDA method. The chromatographic retention of selected peaks were successfully achieved on Hyper Sil gold C8 Stationary phase (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) with ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.0) as mobile phase A and combination of acetonitrile and methanol as organic phase (mobile phase B) in gradient mode. The optimised analytical method was specific, accurate & precise and detector signal was observed linear in the range of 50–10,000 ng.mL⁻¹ for all aromatic amines. The stability of selected azo dyes was observed for three months at refrigerated (2–8° C) and at room temperature (25 °C) both in solid state and in liquid state. The degradation and stability data were mapped to reveal the essential pattern of carcinogenic aromatic amines formation using unsupervised learning approaches to discriminate the NSAA formation under forced degradation conditions and stability of selected dye/s at various storage conditions. The heatmap and PCA reveal that the stability of selected azo dyes at room temperature and in refrigerated storage conditions could be correlated with formation of 4-aminoazobenzene, azobenzene, 4-aminobiphenyl, sudan-1, 1-napthylamine and p-toluidine. As per regulatory guidelines, aniline formation should be observed during storage period, as contrast to traditional consideration of aniline as major NSAA, whose occurrence is in-general calculated as total NSAA formation, it was not observed in any storage sample.

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A series of N-propargylarylamide derivatives were successfully transformed into novel 5-(azidomethyl)-2-aryloxazole systems bearing a single azide group. The transformation involved a two-step process: (1) synthesis of 5-(iodomethylene)-2-aryl-4,5-dihydrooxazoles, followed by (2) azide coupling with sodium azide (NaN₃). Additionally, a one-pot protocol was developed for the synthesis of triazole-methylene-oxazole derivatives, integrating N-iodosuccinimide (NIS)-mediated oxazole formation, azide coupling, and a subsequent click reaction. This streamlined approach demonstrated excellent overall efficiency, yielding products in 68–82% yield across a broad substrate scope. Notably, the entire reaction sequence could be conducted using a single precatalyst, significantly reducing reaction waste and enhancing both economic and environmental sustainability.

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A series of N-propargylarylamide derivatives were transformed into the corresponding novel 5-(azidomethyl)-2-aryloxazole systems that bear one azide group. The two-step procedure consisted of a 5-(iodomethylene)-2-aryl-4,5-dihydrooxazole synthesis and a subsequent azide coupling with NaN₃.

Cross-conjugated dienones are a family of organic compounds endowed with important chemical and biological properties. Their high reactivity especially as Michael acceptors, and also their interesting biological properties are highly related to their structures. This review covers the recent advances made in the synthesis methods, reactivity, and biological properties of cross-conjugated dienones and their hetero-analogs. The review summarizes the works published since 2000.

Thiocyanate (SCN⁻) is an anionic contaminant and is a biomarker of environmental cyanide exposure. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to develop a simple, fast and sensitive method for SCN⁻ assay. Herein, a fluorescent assay method was developed to determine SCN⁻ based on Cu²⁺-triggered oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD). Without SCN⁻, OPD was oxidized by Cu²⁺ and the resultant product (i.e., OPD oxide) exhibited a high fluorescence. However, in the presence of SCN⁻, Cu²⁺ reacted with SCN⁻; and thus, the oxidation ability of Cu²⁺ toward OPD was reduced, resulting in a weak fluorescence. Several important parameters such as the concentrations of Cu²⁺ and OPD, pH and the reaction time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was 5–80 μM and the limit of detection was 5 μM for SCN⁻ assay. In addition, the high selectivity and the satisfactory recoveries in tap water and artificial saliva were achieved for SCN⁻ detection due to the strong chelation between SCN⁻ and Cu²⁺. The whole detection process was simple and fast without using complex nanoparticles. More importantly, the developed assay method will have promising applications in monitoring of SCN⁻ for the assessment of water safety and human health.

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Wastewater treatment is a critical environmental issue, and Fenton-like catalysts have emerged as effective solutions for degrading persistent organic pollutants. One promising group of catalysts introduced for hydrogen peroxide activation in Fenton and Fenton-like reactions are transition metal sulfides. However, their applications are limited due to the insufficient number of active sites on the surfaces of these catalysts. CuS functions as a photo-Fenton catalyst only in the presence of light. Therefore, making the catalyst to retain its catalytic ability even in the absence of light is a fundamental objective of the present study. The anchoring of the CuS matrix to carbonaceous materials enhances active site exposure and catalyst stability. In this study, a CuS/nitrogen-biomass-derived carbon (CuS/N-BMC) nanocomposite catalyst was synthesized to enhance catalytic activity and stability. The composite showed high degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) without light irradiation, achieving 93% degradation within 60 min at pH 4.1 with a rate constant of 0.0367 min⁻¹. It demonstrated its efficiency in degrading mixed dyes. The catalyst demonstrated effectiveness over a wide pH range (3.3–8.6) showcasing its potential in waste water treatment. The mechanism involved H₂O₂ activation, electron donation by the active functional groups, i.e., sp²C = C/C–C present in the carbon, pyridinic-N of nitrogen, and reduced state of S-species and regeneration of Cu⁺ species. The CuS/N-BMC composite demonstrated excellent stability and could be reused for five cycles, retaining 83% degradation efficiency. This study contributes to the development of efficient catalysts for environmental applications.

A designed seventy-five distinct group of compounds namely N-(7-(substituted benzylidene)-4-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-1-(substitutedphenyl) methanimine underwent evaluation for their potential against breast cancer utilizing various methods such as computational docking and dynamics, synthetic processes, structural characterization, and in vitro testing. The compound known as 2a3 was pinpointed through several analyses including elemental, HR-MS, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. The online platform SwissADME predicted its physicochemical, drug-like, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Identification of drug targets was achieved using a network pharmacology technique, and extensive molecular docking tests were conducted to analyse how well the ligand and its complexes interacted with 23 specific breast cancer targets. These experiments revealed that the 2a3 complex demonstrated superior binding energy and interaction capabilities. Remarkably, 3LFF (Human p38 kinase), 5EW8 (Fibroblast growth factor receptor), 6E2N (MAPK), 6WW8 (CDK4/6 receptor), 7PCD (HER2), 7WT0 (human glyoxalase 1 receptor) and 8EXL (PI3K-alpha) showed outstanding binding energy and an amino acid interaction profile that stood out from the rest. The anticancer abilities of the synthesized compounds were assessed using the MTT assay, which showed that the compound 4-((2-((3-nitrobenzylidene)amino)-4-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7H-cyclopenta [d]pyrimidin-7-ylidene) methyl) aniline 2a3 exhibited significant cytotoxic properties against MCF-7 cell lines. Given their highly effective performance in cellular environments, the compound 2a3, hold IC₅₀ value of 14.03 µM/mL against MCF-7 cells and it’s a potential in the advancement of more effective treatments against cancer cell proliferation.

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Carbon dioxide as a C1 building block to synthesize α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates is an environmental and sustainable approach. In this work, we designed and synthesized a multifunctional magnetic MOF nanocatalyst CuFe₂O₄@SiO₂@MOF-5, which could realize the carboxylic cyclization of CO₂ and propargylic alcohols into α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates in high to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. More importantly, the nanocatalyst CuFe₂O₄@SiO₂@MOF-5 exhibited excellent reusability and could be recycled at least six times retaining its excellent catalytic activity as well as chemical stability. These findings may be useful for the rational design of heterogeneous and recyclable routes for the catalytic conversion of CO₂ to valuable chemicals.

Graphical Abstract

In this study, citrate-modified Ag (AgNPs@Cit) plasmonic nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using UV–visible spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Subsequently, a microfluidic kit was developed for the colorimetric point of care (POC) detection of Cr³⁺ based on the color change of AgNPs@Cit solution from yellow to red in the presence of Cr³⁺ ions. The experimental parameters were optimized using a central composite experimental design, and the interactions between operational factors were thoroughly examined. Under optimum conditions (flow rate: 0.04 mL/min, flow path length: 9.65 cm, and pH = 7.6), a linear relationship was established between the red component of RGB pixels of the analyzed images captured by a smartphone and the concentration of Cr³⁺ within the range of 1.00–35.00 µmol L⁻¹. The proposed method exhibited a detection limit of 0.33 µmol L⁻¹. The selectivity of the developed microfluidic kit was evaluated, and no significant interference was observed. Furthermore, the applicability of the suggested microfluidic kit for the determination of Cr³⁺ in five different drinking water samples was successfully demonstrated, with calculated recovery values falling within the range of 96.2–106.4%.