Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society最新文献

This study reports the electropolymerization of 4,4′-methylenedianiline on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry. In the subsequent step, a molecularly imprinted polymer was employed to modify the GCE for the indirect detection of acetaminophen (ACT). A potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (K₃Fe (CN)₆) redox probe was utilized to monitor changes in peak current. Under optimized analytical conditions, the ACT concentration exhibited a linear response in the range of 0.5–20 mg L⁻¹, with a detection limit of 0.2 mg L⁻¹. The sensor's performance was successfully validated through the determination of ACT in blood, ampoule, tablets, and milk, confirming its practical applicability.

This work describes a simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly analytical technique for the determining of paracetamol in human urine samples and tablet formulation. The current study for the extraction and enrichment of paracetamol is based on the use of rhamnolipid biosurfactants in emulsion-based liquid-phase microextraction. The separation mechanism of paracetamol is based on the emulsion formation of the biosurfactant-rich phase. First, a bioemulsion solution (colloidal phase) was formed and then the analyte was isolated onto the non-aqueous phase. The second step consists of backextraction of the analyte into an aqueous acceptor phase. Finally, the aqueous acceptor phase was withdrawn using a microsyringe and injected into a liquid chromatography instrument for quantitative analysis. The ability of rhamnolipid biosurfactants to form a stable colloidal phase with regions of different polarities can lead to extraction analyte using van der Waals interactions. Considering the biodegradability of biosurfactants and the removal of chemical surfactants in the sample preparation process, the present method is environmentally friendly. Several influencer factors on extraction efficiency including the amount of rhamnolipid biosurfactant, methanol volume, pH, extraction time, ionic strength, and centrifugation time were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the enrichment factor for the paracetamol was 160. Also, good linearity was obtained in the range 21–100 µg L⁻¹, with coefficients of determination (r²) ˃ 0.993.

Alumina (Al₂O₃)-supported 10-molybdo-2-tungstosilicic green acid catalysts were developed by a novel, cheap, environment-friendly approach and utilized in the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives. The structure and morphology of the prepared heteropoly acid catalyst were studied by FT-IR, XRD, BET, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX and TG–DTA techniques. The present catalyst shows maximum conversion efficiency in 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one’s derivatives synthesis. The activity of H₄SiMo₁₀W₂O₄₀/Al₂O₃ catalysts was tested for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones by the reaction of 2-aminobenzamide and aromatic aldehydes. However, among different catalysts, 20% H₄SiMo₁₀W₂O₄₀/Al₂O₃ has shown better catalytic activity. Besides, the catalyst was recyclable and reused several times without loss of its catalytic activity. Highest yields of products, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, non-toxicity, economically affordable catalyst, easy separation of products are some of the advantages of this protocol.

Graphical abstract

An economic, sustainable, and straightforward environmentally friendly synthesis of 2,3 dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones derivatives from benzaldehyde (1) and 2-aminobenzamide (2) in presence of catalytic amount of H₄SiMo₁₀W₂O₄₀/Al₂O₃. Excellent yields, reusability of catalyst, green metrics and environmentally sustainability are the main advantages of the present method.

Urbanization, industrialization, population growth, and resource exploitation are causing global freshwater scarcity and environmental deterioration due to industrial effluents and emissions. This results in the presence of dangerous substances and toxic pollutants, which raises significant worldwide concerns. Considering the increasing environmental issues, it is essential to develop innovative and durable strategies for mitigating pollution. Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN or g-C₃N₄), a metal-free photocatalyst, has demonstrated potential as a material for environmental remediation. This is attributed to its distinctive physicochemical properties, electronic band structure, non-toxic nature, abundance of raw materials, simple preparation methods, and ability to utilize solar energy. However, the limited ability of pure g-C₃N₄ to undergo reduction and oxidation, as well as its high rate of recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, restricts its applicability in photocatalysis. These issues have been overcome through the implementation of several modifications, including elemental doping, heterojunction building, morphological adjustments, and defect engineering. This review article provides a thorough overview of photocatalysts based on g-C₃N₄ that are utilized for the elimination of various types of pollutants, including both organic and inorganic contaminants.

Graphical abstract

This study involves the use of a reagent prepared via the Schiff base reaction method between 8-aminoquinoline and 4,4'-dimethoxybenzil to produce 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2(quinolone-8-ylimino)ethan-1-one (BMPQYE1). The reagent was characterized by various spectrophotometric techniques such as FTIR, UV–visible spectrophotometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. All analyses approved the formation of a new ligand. The impact of pH, time, temperature, volume of reagent, sequence addition, and interferences have been investigated to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction. The calibration curve was found to obey Beer's law in the range of 1 − 12 µg mL⁻¹ with a linearity coefficient of R² = 0.9998 at λ_max = 554 nm. The molar absorptivity (ε) was 9.403 × 103 L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹, the M:L ratio was found to be 1:2, and the thermodynamic functions such as enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy indicated that the reaction was endothermic with a stability constant of 3.749 × 10⁸.The analytical method was accurate and precise, as demonstrated by relative standard deviations (RSD%) ranging from 0.598 to 1.567% and recovery percentages from 98.490 to 101.190% for five different concentrations, while the limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.449 µg mL⁻¹ and 1.481 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method demonstrated high accuracy and sensitivity in the determination of trace amounts of mercury (II) ions in tap and river water.

The search for efficient adsorbents to capture harmful heavy metal (HM) cations is crucial for environmental remediation. This study explores the adsorption performance of pristine and functionalized CTFs for removing Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Pb²⁺ from water using both computational and experimental methods. A molecular-level understanding of host–guest interactions is essential for designing functionalized nanoporous materials. DFT calculations at the ωB97XD level predict complexation energies of the cations on CTF fragments in the order: ({text{E}}_{{text{Pb}}^{2+}@text{CTF}}) > ({text{E}}_{{text{Hg}}^{2+}@text{CTF}})  > ({text{E}}_{{text{Cd}}^{2+}@text{CTF}}). Based on the theoretical results, carboxylic acid (COOH)-functionalized CTF (COOH-CTF) is selected as the optimal adsorbent. COOH-CTF is synthesized through ZnCl₂-catalyzed ionothermal cyclotrimerization of the 2,5-dicyanobenzoic acid monomer and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, BET, and XPS techniques. The COOH-CTF adsorbent demonstrates medium to high adsorption capacities for Cd²⁺ (88.02 mg g⁻¹), Hg²⁺ (247.28 mg g⁻¹), and Pb²⁺ (360.39 mg g⁻¹). NCI analysis shows that in the HM@CTF-1 system, HM cations interact mainly via Van der Waals and strong electrostatic forces with nitrogen atoms of the triazine ring. In HM@COOH-CTF, additional strong electrostatic interactions occur with oxygen atoms of carboxylic groups, indicating a synergistic adsorption effect at N and O sites.

Graphical abstract

A series of imine derivatives of isatin 4(a–e), 5(a–e), 6(a–b) were synthesized using aliphatic hydrazides and substituted isatins. Synthesized products were analyzed by spectroanalytical techniques and evaluated for urease and α-glucosidase inhibition activities. Compounds 3a, 3b, 4b, 5a, 5b, 5c and 6a with an IC₅₀ values 50.40 ± 0.21, 46.19 ± 0.21, 46.03 ± 1.22, 43.33 ± 0.62, 50.67 ± 0.13, 45.78 ± 3.53, 50.34 ± 1.92 [µM] respectively exhibited excellent urease inhibition results compared to the standard [24.14 µM]. However with respect to α-glucosidase inhibition activity, the compounds 3b, 4a, 5a, 5b, and 5c with IC₅₀ values 133.08 ± 0.24, 162.15 ± 0.32, 128.56 ± 2.42, 136.70 ± 3.22 and 145.33 ± 0.32 [µM] respectively showed good inhibition. Results were also supported by docking studies.

A molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized—in which NTAA (nanoparticle Fe₃O₄/SiO₂-tetraethyl silicate;3-triethoxysilylpropan-1-amine-acryloyl chloride) was used to serve as a connecting bridge to link the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to monomer; a cross-linker agent was also applied to link polymer chains. Therefore, NTAA can result in molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) at the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (initiation), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (as cross-linker agent), acryloyl chloride (second monomer), casein (analyte), and ethanol–water (50:50) as solvent. Because of fluorescence properties of alpha-casein, fluorescence spectroscopy can be exploited to detect the adsorption amounts of casein, and the detection limit of casein adoption was 0.5 μmol.L^–1 which refers to the minimum concentration of casein that can be reliably detected in a given sample. Effects of various effective factors in casein adsorption were studied and optimized among which concentration of crosslinking agent, analyte volume used in MIP synthesis, analyte concentration in separation step, extraction time, pH, and temperature can be mentioned. Optimized fluorescence emission was achieved at 339.5 nm using a standard solution of casein in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution as a solvent. The intermediates formed during the MIP synthesis reactions were also identified by FT-IR and TLC. Magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were assessed by VSM; while the surface and size of nanoparticles and MIP were evaluated by XRD. Moreover, the surface morphology of MIP and NIP was examined by SEM images. Nanoparticles and MIP offered proper fluorescence efficiency through an excellent yield (%93) of casein separation from bovine’s milk.

Graphical Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have emerged as promising biocompatible materials for biomedical and environmental applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, ZnO NPs were synthesized via a green approach using Carica papaya leaf extract and comprehensively characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphological and structural properties were analyzed via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The environmentally benign ZnO NPs were evaluated for their biological potential, demonstrating significant antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 40.62 μg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 162.5 μg/mL. The nanoparticles also exhibited potent antioxidant and cytotoxic properties, evidenced by a notably low IC50 value of 63.055 µg/mL. To elucidate the interaction mechanism between ZnO and DNA bases, a semiempirical computational study was performed. Interaction energy calculations revealed the strongest affinity for adenine and the weakest for guanine. Theoretical investigations, including electronic absorption spectra, vibrational spectra, electrostatic potential, and charge density analyses, indicated that ZnO interaction induced a pronounced redshift in the electronic spectra (extending to 954 nm), shifting absorption from the UV to the near-infrared region. Furthermore, charge distribution and electrostatic potential plots suggested distinct binding modes: cytosine and guanine interacted primarily through hydrogen bonding, while adenine coordinated via the electron-rich nitrogen (–N =) in its five-membered ring, facilitating electron donation to ZnO.

Sodium ascorbate (SA) is used as a source of vitamins for the human body, but the excessive intake can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach cramps or urinary calculi. In this work, the two DNA strands containing T-rich and AT-rich sequences were hybridized to form a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which was used as the template to in-situ synthesize copper nanoclusters (CuNCs). In the presence of SA, Cu²⁺ were reduced to Cu⁰ by disproportionation, and CuNCs were formed on the DNA template, resulting in the strong electrochemical impedance signal. Several important parameters such as the concentration of Cu²⁺ and the reaction time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was 5–300 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.98 μM for SA assay. In addition, a satisfactory recovery rate was obtained by using this method to detect SA in the beverage . Therefore, the developed detection method could detect SA sensitively and has a broad application prospect in food and biological analysis.