Following the lead of the Lancet's attacks in the 1840s, historians have considered hydropathy and hydropathists in Britain as part of fringe or heterodox medicine. Yet the distance between varieties of orthodox theory and practice and hydropathy was small, and many of the most prominent hydropathists held orthodox views and qualifications. Examining the educational backgrounds and careers of 40 early British hydropathists, the authors suggest that hydropathy and hydropathic establishments, like specialists hospitals, asylums, and spa practice, provided an alternative niche to general practice in the crowded British medical market and a way to 'fame and fortune' for medical men outside the metropolitan élite.
{"title":"Opportunity on the edge of orthodoxy: medically qualified hydropathists in the era of reform, 1840-60.","authors":"J. Bradley, M. Dupree","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.3.417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.3.417","url":null,"abstract":"Following the lead of the Lancet's attacks in the 1840s, historians have considered hydropathy and hydropathists in Britain as part of fringe or heterodox medicine. Yet the distance between varieties of orthodox theory and practice and hydropathy was small, and many of the most prominent hydropathists held orthodox views and qualifications. Examining the educational backgrounds and careers of 40 early British hydropathists, the authors suggest that hydropathy and hydropathic establishments, like specialists hospitals, asylums, and spa practice, provided an alternative niche to general practice in the crowded British medical market and a way to 'fame and fortune' for medical men outside the metropolitan élite.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86372670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the portraits of seventeenth-century French accoucheurs [men-midwives] that regularly appeared as the first plate in their obstetrical treatises, representing the body from which the text had issued. It argues that these visual documents were forms of strategic display in keeping with the wider goals of the treatises--to present their authors as cultivated, skilled, and vastly experienced experts in childbirth. At a time when the visual evaluation of character was commonplace within medical and other contexts, author portraits presented the public image of accoucheurs. Before analysing the idealized images of men-midwives. however, the article explores the author portrait of Louise Bourgeois, royal midwife to Queen Marie de Médicis from 1601-9, and the first French woman to write obstetrical treatises. Bourgeois is portrayed not only as an exceptional practitioner granted royal favour, but also as a hybrid figure whose identity fluctuated between efficient female midwife and educated theoretical writer. Portraits of accoucheurs represent the unstable identity and rather flexible 'masculinity' of male practitioners who likewise blurred gendered categories. Some images identify male practitioners exclusively with theoretical knowledge, while others associate them more directly with the maternal qualities traditionally admired in female midwives.
{"title":"On display: portraits of seventeenth-century French men-midwives.","authors":"L. Mctavish","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.3.389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.3.389","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the portraits of seventeenth-century French accoucheurs [men-midwives] that regularly appeared as the first plate in their obstetrical treatises, representing the body from which the text had issued. It argues that these visual documents were forms of strategic display in keeping with the wider goals of the treatises--to present their authors as cultivated, skilled, and vastly experienced experts in childbirth. At a time when the visual evaluation of character was commonplace within medical and other contexts, author portraits presented the public image of accoucheurs. Before analysing the idealized images of men-midwives. however, the article explores the author portrait of Louise Bourgeois, royal midwife to Queen Marie de Médicis from 1601-9, and the first French woman to write obstetrical treatises. Bourgeois is portrayed not only as an exceptional practitioner granted royal favour, but also as a hybrid figure whose identity fluctuated between efficient female midwife and educated theoretical writer. Portraits of accoucheurs represent the unstable identity and rather flexible 'masculinity' of male practitioners who likewise blurred gendered categories. Some images identify male practitioners exclusively with theoretical knowledge, while others associate them more directly with the maternal qualities traditionally admired in female midwives.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88913751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the professional struggles for the South African Society of Medical Women during the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on interview and archival material, it details their first two campaigns. The first aimed to raise the retirement age of women doctors to bring it in line with their male colleagues, and the second sought to abolish the marriage bar which prevented married women from working in the public service. The research revealed them to have been successful in their endeavours. The article argues that their success was largely due to their conservative gender and racial ideology. The Society sought inclusion into the profession in ways which suited the interests of both men and the state. They widened women's access to the profession without upsetting the gender hierarchies of the medical profession. While their conservative 'gender' strategies facilitated their professional inclusion, so too did their race. This article argues that their whiteness ensured that they were the beneficiaries of racial inclusion in a profession structured by racist conventions and divided along racial lines.
{"title":"'Conservative pioneers': the formation of the South African Society of Medical Women.","authors":"L. Walker","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.3.483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.3.483","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the professional struggles for the South African Society of Medical Women during the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on interview and archival material, it details their first two campaigns. The first aimed to raise the retirement age of women doctors to bring it in line with their male colleagues, and the second sought to abolish the marriage bar which prevented married women from working in the public service. The research revealed them to have been successful in their endeavours. The article argues that their success was largely due to their conservative gender and racial ideology. The Society sought inclusion into the profession in ways which suited the interests of both men and the state. They widened women's access to the profession without upsetting the gender hierarchies of the medical profession. While their conservative 'gender' strategies facilitated their professional inclusion, so too did their race. This article argues that their whiteness ensured that they were the beneficiaries of racial inclusion in a profession structured by racist conventions and divided along racial lines.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87520033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the development and interaction of the views of medical professionals and health officials on elderly care between 1946 and the early 1970s. It examines how the cultural and political context in which new ideas on the treatment of elderly people emerged in the early post-war period affected policy development in this area. The article argues that, in combination, the political and financial imperatives of health officials and the cultural prejudices of many in the medical profession created a situation in which progressive ideas about geriatric medicine and home care were used, not to improve the overall standard of care for elderly people, but to restrict their access to long-term medical and nursing care. The most important development in this respect, it will be argued, were efforts made by government from the mid-1950s to restrict the amount of provision for older people in hospitals, through the introduction of a geriatric bed norm. What lay at the heart of this question, the article concludes, was the reluctance of policy-makers to confront directly issues relating to the continuing care of old people with complex health problems. The reasons for this reluctance will be examined.
{"title":"Hospitals, geriatric medicine, and the long-term care of elderly people 1946-1976.","authors":"P. Bridgen","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.3.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.3.507","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the development and interaction of the views of medical professionals and health officials on elderly care between 1946 and the early 1970s. It examines how the cultural and political context in which new ideas on the treatment of elderly people emerged in the early post-war period affected policy development in this area. The article argues that, in combination, the political and financial imperatives of health officials and the cultural prejudices of many in the medical profession created a situation in which progressive ideas about geriatric medicine and home care were used, not to improve the overall standard of care for elderly people, but to restrict their access to long-term medical and nursing care. The most important development in this respect, it will be argued, were efforts made by government from the mid-1950s to restrict the amount of provision for older people in hospitals, through the introduction of a geriatric bed norm. What lay at the heart of this question, the article concludes, was the reluctance of policy-makers to confront directly issues relating to the continuing care of old people with complex health problems. The reasons for this reluctance will be examined.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83377722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper locates the political impact of Bernie Ecclestone's controversial donation to the Labour Party, just before its election to government in 1997, in a recurrent concern among British socialists about the relationship between smoking, health, and the just society. It does so by turning to an earlier episode in the history of British socialism, specifically to Horace Joules' political agitation from 1951 onward, within the Socialist Medical Association, advisory committees to the Ministry of Health, and the British popular and medical press, for government action against smoking. The argument is that the association of concerns over smoking, health and the making of a just society is rooted in aspirations to Christian community that were and continue to be fundamentally important in the development of British socialism. Smoking has been viewed and continues to be viewed as incompatible with this understanding of community because it is the ultimate consumer good, refractory to any discourse of utility and responsibility.
{"title":"Discourses of smoking, health, and the just society: yesterday, today, and the return of the same?","authors":"P Palladino","doi":"10.1093/shm/14.2.313","DOIUrl":"10.1093/shm/14.2.313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper locates the political impact of Bernie Ecclestone's controversial donation to the Labour Party, just before its election to government in 1997, in a recurrent concern among British socialists about the relationship between smoking, health, and the just society. It does so by turning to an earlier episode in the history of British socialism, specifically to Horace Joules' political agitation from 1951 onward, within the Socialist Medical Association, advisory committees to the Ministry of Health, and the British popular and medical press, for government action against smoking. The argument is that the association of concerns over smoking, health and the making of a just society is rooted in aspirations to Christian community that were and continue to be fundamentally important in the development of British socialism. Smoking has been viewed and continues to be viewed as incompatible with this understanding of community because it is the ultimate consumer good, refractory to any discourse of utility and responsibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/shm/14.2.313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74514676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article seeks to demonstrate how patients' oral testimony can usefully contribute to--and challenge--the history of mental illness in the second half of the twentieth century, through the use of the concept of narrative frames. This work has emerged from a broader study which seeks to examine shifts and continuities in the experiences of mental illness from the introduction of the NHS to the present day, through a study of Oxfordshire. Psychiatry itself and the historiography of psychiatry have in many ways silenced the patient or service user. Nevertheless, acceptable means of communication have always existed, and these are revealed through patients' narratives. In-depth analysis of 21 interviews with patients has led to the emergence of three key acceptable narratives or narrative frames, these being: stories of loss, tales of survival and self-discovery, and narratives of the self as patient. Through examination of three key frames by which patients and users have understood and presented their illness experiences, this article seeks to trace the interactions between the general and the particular, the social and the individual, and to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the recent history of mental health and illness.
{"title":"'Silent and censured travellers'? Patients' narratives and patients' voices: perspectives on the history of mental illness since 1948.","authors":"K. Davies","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.2.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.2.267","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to demonstrate how patients' oral testimony can usefully contribute to--and challenge--the history of mental illness in the second half of the twentieth century, through the use of the concept of narrative frames. This work has emerged from a broader study which seeks to examine shifts and continuities in the experiences of mental illness from the introduction of the NHS to the present day, through a study of Oxfordshire. Psychiatry itself and the historiography of psychiatry have in many ways silenced the patient or service user. Nevertheless, acceptable means of communication have always existed, and these are revealed through patients' narratives. In-depth analysis of 21 interviews with patients has led to the emergence of three key acceptable narratives or narrative frames, these being: stories of loss, tales of survival and self-discovery, and narratives of the self as patient. Through examination of three key frames by which patients and users have understood and presented their illness experiences, this article seeks to trace the interactions between the general and the particular, the social and the individual, and to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the recent history of mental health and illness.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90834870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coffee was the most frequently analysed commodity in the Lancet's Analytical Sanitary Commission's reports on adulteration published between 1851 and 1854. Techniques of sample collection and microscopical investigation developed to analyse coffee were applied to other foods and drinks by Arthur Hill Hassall, and his findings were instrumental in establishing the first parliamentary select committee to investigate food purity in 1855. The committee's recommendations formed the basis of the 1860 Act to Prevent the Adulteration of Food and Drink. Hassall's research in applied microscopy has been interpreted by historians as marking a critical point in the campaign to secure tighter food controls and as an example of a public health debate being transformed by the precise measurements of a dispassionate scientist. This article questions the objectivity with which the ASC selected foodstuffs for analysis, the superiority of microscopy over techniques of chemical analysis, and the extent to which coffee was an adulterated commodity in the middle of the nineteenth century.
《柳叶刀》分析卫生委员会在1851年至1854年间发表的掺假报告中，咖啡是最常被分析的商品。亚瑟·希尔·哈索尔(Arthur Hill Hassall)将用于分析咖啡的样品收集和显微调查技术应用于其他食品和饮料，他的发现有助于在1855年建立第一个调查食品纯度的议会特别委员会。该委员会的建议构成了1860年《防止食品和饮料掺假法》的基础。历史学家认为，Hassall在应用显微镜方面的研究标志着加强食品控制运动的一个关键点，也是一位冷静的科学家通过精确测量改变公共卫生辩论的一个例子。这篇文章质疑了ASC选择食品进行分析的客观性，显微镜技术相对于化学分析技术的优越性，以及在19世纪中期，咖啡是一种掺假商品的程度。
{"title":"Coffee, microscopy, and the Lancet's Analytical Sanitary Commission.","authors":"S. D. Smith","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.2.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.2.171","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee was the most frequently analysed commodity in the Lancet's Analytical Sanitary Commission's reports on adulteration published between 1851 and 1854. Techniques of sample collection and microscopical investigation developed to analyse coffee were applied to other foods and drinks by Arthur Hill Hassall, and his findings were instrumental in establishing the first parliamentary select committee to investigate food purity in 1855. The committee's recommendations formed the basis of the 1860 Act to Prevent the Adulteration of Food and Drink. Hassall's research in applied microscopy has been interpreted by historians as marking a critical point in the campaign to secure tighter food controls and as an example of a public health debate being transformed by the precise measurements of a dispassionate scientist. This article questions the objectivity with which the ASC selected foodstuffs for analysis, the superiority of microscopy over techniques of chemical analysis, and the extent to which coffee was an adulterated commodity in the middle of the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89570370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the life and work of Dr Paul Carton (1875-1947), a French physician who promoted 'naturist vegetarianism". His career and the evolution of his ideas were influenced by his own experience as a young man of treatment for tuberculosis, and by an anti-materialist philosophy. He developed a diet for his patients that became influential through his writings and through the activities of the French Naturist Society. Although by no means the only advocate of such ideas, Carton's influence has survived and can still be discerned in a close reading of the present-day French popular press.
{"title":"Food and the purification of society: Dr. Paul Carton and vegetarianism in interwar France.","authors":"A. P. Ouédraogo","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.2.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.2.223","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the life and work of Dr Paul Carton (1875-1947), a French physician who promoted 'naturist vegetarianism\". His career and the evolution of his ideas were influenced by his own experience as a young man of treatment for tuberculosis, and by an anti-materialist philosophy. He developed a diet for his patients that became influential through his writings and through the activities of the French Naturist Society. Although by no means the only advocate of such ideas, Carton's influence has survived and can still be discerned in a close reading of the present-day French popular press.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84560115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the end of the nineteenth century, medical paradigms of menstruation were located in a language of pathology and disability. Women were, therefore, perceived as incapable of competing with men in the world of education, work, and economics on account of their erratic and debilitating biology. This essay examines the challenge posed to this vision of menstrual disability by female medical practitioners in the early decades of the twentieth century. The new narratives of menstruation authored by these women not only re-cast normative menstrual experience as non-disabling, but were also formulated on the basis of canvassing the opinions of healthy schoolgirls rather than developing theories based on clinical contact with a minority of women defined as 'ill'. Yet female practitioners remained tied to a culture of 'menstrual discretion', thus perpetuating the secrecy and taboo associated with menstruation in the nineteenth century. This essay explores the tensions inherent in striving to overturn an oppressive medical model of menstruation whilst promoting menstrual discretion, and aims to place such apparent contradictions within the context of cultural notions of gendered identity and feminine sexuality.
{"title":"The assault on ignorance: teaching menstrual etiquette in England, c. 1920s to 1960s.","authors":"J. Strange","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.2.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.2.247","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of the nineteenth century, medical paradigms of menstruation were located in a language of pathology and disability. Women were, therefore, perceived as incapable of competing with men in the world of education, work, and economics on account of their erratic and debilitating biology. This essay examines the challenge posed to this vision of menstrual disability by female medical practitioners in the early decades of the twentieth century. The new narratives of menstruation authored by these women not only re-cast normative menstrual experience as non-disabling, but were also formulated on the basis of canvassing the opinions of healthy schoolgirls rather than developing theories based on clinical contact with a minority of women defined as 'ill'. Yet female practitioners remained tied to a culture of 'menstrual discretion', thus perpetuating the secrecy and taboo associated with menstruation in the nineteenth century. This essay explores the tensions inherent in striving to overturn an oppressive medical model of menstruation whilst promoting menstrual discretion, and aims to place such apparent contradictions within the context of cultural notions of gendered identity and feminine sexuality.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91225590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susan Sontag's book, Illness as Metaphor, has framed our understanding of the relationship between disease metaphors and illness experiences in modern Western society. Her view that metaphors can render diseases socially as well as physically mortifying has influenced a generation of scholars: her conclusion that cancer sufferers are shamed and silenced by metaphors has likewise shaped public perception of neoplastic diseases. Despite the eloquence of Sontag's prose and the force of her convictions, her conclusions are not wholly persuasive. Some scholars have critiqued her faith in the power of science to dispel the myths and metaphors of disease; others have pointed out that it is neither desirable nor possible to strip illness of its symbolic meanings. It has been my purpose to test Sontag's assumptions about the impact of cancer metaphors, to weigh her arguments against the experiences and attitudes embodied in patient correspondence, obituaries and death notices, medical and educational literature, and fiction. Popular and professional reactions to neoplastic diseases in both Canada and the United States during the first half of the twentieth century reveal that, while many North Americans regarded cancer as a dreadful affliction, the disease did not, as Sontag has argued, predictably reduce them to a state of silence or disgrace.
苏珊·桑塔格(Susan Sontag)的著作《疾病隐喻》(Illness as Metaphor)为我们理解现代西方社会中疾病隐喻与疾病体验之间的关系提供了框架。她认为隐喻可以使疾病在社会上和身体上蒙羞，这一观点影响了一代学者:她的结论是，癌症患者因隐喻而感到羞耻和沉默，这一结论同样影响了公众对肿瘤疾病的看法。尽管桑塔格的散文雄辩，她的信念有力，但她的结论并不完全有说服力。一些学者批评她相信科学的力量可以消除疾病的神话和隐喻;其他人则指出，剥离疾病的象征意义既不可取，也不可能。我的目的是检验桑塔格关于癌症隐喻影响的假设，权衡她的论点与病人通信、讣告和死亡通知、医学和教育文献以及小说中体现的经验和态度。20世纪上半叶，在加拿大和美国，大众和专业人士对肿瘤疾病的反应表明，尽管许多北美人认为癌症是一种可怕的痛苦，但这种疾病并没有像桑塔格所说的那样，可以预见地使他们陷入沉默或耻辱的状态。
{"title":"Who's afraid of Susan Sontag? Or, the myths and metaphors of cancer reconsidered.","authors":"Barbara Clow","doi":"10.1093/SHM/14.2.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/SHM/14.2.293","url":null,"abstract":"Susan Sontag's book, Illness as Metaphor, has framed our understanding of the relationship between disease metaphors and illness experiences in modern Western society. Her view that metaphors can render diseases socially as well as physically mortifying has influenced a generation of scholars: her conclusion that cancer sufferers are shamed and silenced by metaphors has likewise shaped public perception of neoplastic diseases. Despite the eloquence of Sontag's prose and the force of her convictions, her conclusions are not wholly persuasive. Some scholars have critiqued her faith in the power of science to dispel the myths and metaphors of disease; others have pointed out that it is neither desirable nor possible to strip illness of its symbolic meanings. It has been my purpose to test Sontag's assumptions about the impact of cancer metaphors, to weigh her arguments against the experiences and attitudes embodied in patient correspondence, obituaries and death notices, medical and educational literature, and fiction. Popular and professional reactions to neoplastic diseases in both Canada and the United States during the first half of the twentieth century reveal that, while many North Americans regarded cancer as a dreadful affliction, the disease did not, as Sontag has argued, predictably reduce them to a state of silence or disgrace.","PeriodicalId":68213,"journal":{"name":"医疗社会史研究","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90831351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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