A study on vascular flora of a Zn–Pb ore spoil heap of the “Orzeł Biały” mining and smelting works in Bytom, Poland, was carried out in the 2017–2018 growing seasons. The aim of this study was to: (i) present the characteristics of current vascular flora that colonizes the Zn–Pb heap, (ii) describe its dynamic tendencies and directions of changes after 15 years, and (iii) identify species that can be useful for planting as a part of biological reclamation. Ninety-two mostly native species of vascular plants, belonging to 36 families and 77 genera, were found on the examined heap. In the spectrum of life forms, hemicryptophytes prevailed over therophytes and geophytes. The most numerous ecological groups were ruderal and meadow species. As regards life strategies, highly competitive species and taxa with mixed CSR strategies dominated. The basic mode of seed dispersal was anemochory. In terms of habitat preferences, species associated with moderately light, warm, fresh, neutral, and medium fertility soil dominated in the species composition of the studied flora. In 2017–2018 compared to the 2002 growing season, statistically significant differences were found in the origin, life forms, ecological groups, life strategies, mode of seed dispersal of species and their habitat preferences relative to light, temperature, pH, and productivity. Frequently recorded pseudometallophytes (Agrostis capillaris, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Daucus carota, Deschampsia caespitosa, Leontodon hispidus, Plantago lanceolata, Silene vulgaris, Rumex acetosa) can be used for planting as part of biological reclamation of the area.
{"title":"Changes in the vascular flora of a postflotation zinc–lead ore spoil heap of the “Orzeł Biały” mining and smelting works in Bytom (Silesian Upland) after 15 years","authors":"R. Hanczaruk, A. Kompała‐Bąba","doi":"10.5586/AA.1762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1762","url":null,"abstract":"A study on vascular flora of a Zn–Pb ore spoil heap of the “Orzeł Biały” mining and smelting works in Bytom, Poland, was carried out in the 2017–2018 growing seasons. The aim of this study was to: (i) present the characteristics of current vascular flora that colonizes the Zn–Pb heap, (ii) describe its dynamic tendencies and directions of changes after 15 years, and (iii) identify species that can be useful for planting as a part of biological reclamation. Ninety-two mostly native species of vascular plants, belonging to 36 families and 77 genera, were found on the examined heap. In the spectrum of life forms, hemicryptophytes prevailed over therophytes and geophytes. The most numerous ecological groups were ruderal and meadow species. As regards life strategies, highly competitive species and taxa with mixed CSR strategies dominated. The basic mode of seed dispersal was anemochory. In terms of habitat preferences, species associated with moderately light, warm, fresh, neutral, and medium fertility soil dominated in the species composition of the studied flora. In 2017–2018 compared to the 2002 growing season, statistically significant differences were found in the origin, life forms, ecological groups, life strategies, mode of seed dispersal of species and their habitat preferences relative to light, temperature, pH, and productivity. Frequently recorded pseudometallophytes (Agrostis capillaris, Cardaminopsis arenosa, Daucus carota, Deschampsia caespitosa, Leontodon hispidus, Plantago lanceolata, Silene vulgaris, Rumex acetosa) can be used for planting as part of biological reclamation of the area.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41653798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seaweeds are one of the important marine bioresources which are nowadays termed as eco-friendly stimulators of crop growth, stress tolerance, and yielding. In this review, we give an update of the current state of our understanding of the seaweed extracts (SWE) effects on the physiological alterations they induce in Solanaceae vegetables. SWE may provide a powerful and environmentally friendly approach to nutrient management. A pool of common bioactive molecules of SWE provides enhancement of the antioxidant machinery of treated plants providing balanced development, earlier flowering, and enhanced fruiting. The basic mechanisms of SWE action seem to be unspecific for tomato, pepper, and eggplant. They include accelerating growth, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis performance, which can induce plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, improve flowering, fruit setting, and yield, and enhance nutritional quality of the crops. The mechanism of SWE action is complex because of multielement composition and cross-action between constituents.
{"title":"Seaweed extracts’ multifactorial action: influence on physiological and biochemical status of Solanaceae plants","authors":"A. Pohl, A. Kalisz, A. Sękara","doi":"10.5586/AA.1758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1758","url":null,"abstract":"Seaweeds are one of the important marine bioresources which are nowadays termed as eco-friendly stimulators of crop growth, stress tolerance, and yielding. In this review, we give an update of the current state of our understanding of the seaweed extracts (SWE) effects on the physiological alterations they induce in Solanaceae vegetables. SWE may provide a powerful and environmentally friendly approach to nutrient management. A pool of common bioactive molecules of SWE provides enhancement of the antioxidant machinery of treated plants providing balanced development, earlier flowering, and enhanced fruiting. The basic mechanisms of SWE action seem to be unspecific for tomato, pepper, and eggplant. They include accelerating growth, nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis performance, which can induce plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, improve flowering, fruit setting, and yield, and enhance nutritional quality of the crops. The mechanism of SWE action is complex because of multielement composition and cross-action between constituents.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43123066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A nutrient solution experiment was performed using sand culture to evaluate the effects of different glycine levels on the growth and nutrient uptake of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Different glycine concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg L−1 were applied to plants via Hoagland’s nutrient solution in a completely randomized design with four replications and under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that leaf SPAD (soil and plant analysis development; an indicator of leaf greenness) value, stem diameter, and fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots were significantly increased by 10 mg L−1 glycine in comparison to the control plants. Application of glycine at 40 mg L−1 reduced many plant growth parameters, whereas leaf proline concentration was increased. All glycine levels except for 40 mg L−1 increased root fresh weight. Leaf protein content was increased by glycine applied at 10 or 20 mg L−1, whereas leaf antioxidant activity was increased at all glycine levels. Application of glycine increased leaf concentrations of nitrogen and potassium (at 10 mg L−1), magnesium (at 5 mg L−1), and zinc (at all glycine levels) compared to the control plants. The results indicate that moderate level of glycine (10 mg L−1) in the nutrient solution can improve the growth and nutritional quality of coriander.
{"title":"Effects of different levels of glycine in the nutrient solution on the growth, nutrient composition, and antioxidant activity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)","authors":"Nikta Mohammadipour, M. Souri","doi":"10.5586/AA.1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1759","url":null,"abstract":"A nutrient solution experiment was performed using sand culture to evaluate the effects of different glycine levels on the growth and nutrient uptake of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Different glycine concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg L−1 were applied to plants via Hoagland’s nutrient solution in a completely randomized design with four replications and under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that leaf SPAD (soil and plant analysis development; an indicator of leaf greenness) value, stem diameter, and fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots were significantly increased by 10 mg L−1 glycine in comparison to the control plants. Application of glycine at 40 mg L−1 reduced many plant growth parameters, whereas leaf proline concentration was increased. All glycine levels except for 40 mg L−1 increased root fresh weight. Leaf protein content was increased by glycine applied at 10 or 20 mg L−1, whereas leaf antioxidant activity was increased at all glycine levels. Application of glycine increased leaf concentrations of nitrogen and potassium (at 10 mg L−1), magnesium (at 5 mg L−1), and zinc (at all glycine levels) compared to the control plants. The results indicate that moderate level of glycine (10 mg L−1) in the nutrient solution can improve the growth and nutritional quality of coriander.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rita Jurkow, A. Wurst, A. Kalisz, A. Sękara, S. Cebula
Kale is a plant known and valued since antiquity as a healthy vegetable crop, used for culinary, decorative, but also healing purposes. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of harvest date on physiological status and nutritional composition of two kale cultivars: ‘Winterbor’ F1 (blue-green leaves) and ‘Redbor’ F1 (red-purple leaves). The leaves were harvested in three periods: before frost (>0°C), after medium (−5.0°C) and heavy frost (−15.0°C). Content of dry weight, soluble sugars, l-ascorbic acid, carotenoids, chlorophylls, polyphenols, anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant activity and peroxidase activity were determined. Cold temperature significantly affected bioactive compounds of kale. The content of dry weight, soluble sugars, l-ascorbic acid, phenolics, and antioxidant activity increased after medium frosts for both cultivars. The level of anthocyanins also increased significantly for the ‘Redbor’ F1 cultivar. After strong frost, most of the tested parameters (content of dry weight, soluble sugars, phenolics, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant and peroxidase activity) significantly increased. The chlorophyll a content was reduced by heavy frost in both seasons. Harvesting kale before and after frost may allow the level of biologically active ingredients to be regulated as cold also significantly affects the physiological status of the plants.
{"title":"Cold stress modifies bioactive compounds of kale cultivars during fall–winter harvests","authors":"Rita Jurkow, A. Wurst, A. Kalisz, A. Sękara, S. Cebula","doi":"10.5586/AA.1761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1761","url":null,"abstract":"Kale is a plant known and valued since antiquity as a healthy vegetable crop, used for culinary, decorative, but also healing purposes. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of harvest date on physiological status and nutritional composition of two kale cultivars: ‘Winterbor’ F1 (blue-green leaves) and ‘Redbor’ F1 (red-purple leaves). The leaves were harvested in three periods: before frost (>0°C), after medium (−5.0°C) and heavy frost (−15.0°C). Content of dry weight, soluble sugars, l-ascorbic acid, carotenoids, chlorophylls, polyphenols, anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant activity and peroxidase activity were determined. Cold temperature significantly affected bioactive compounds of kale. The content of dry weight, soluble sugars, l-ascorbic acid, phenolics, and antioxidant activity increased after medium frosts for both cultivars. The level of anthocyanins also increased significantly for the ‘Redbor’ F1 cultivar. After strong frost, most of the tested parameters (content of dry weight, soluble sugars, phenolics, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant and peroxidase activity) significantly increased. The chlorophyll a content was reduced by heavy frost in both seasons. Harvesting kale before and after frost may allow the level of biologically active ingredients to be regulated as cold also significantly affects the physiological status of the plants.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44233215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatematuz Zohara, M. Z. Surovy, A. Khatun, M. F. R. K. Prince, Md. Abdul Mannan Akanda, Mahfuzur Rahman, M. Islam
The biopolymer chitosan is a derivative of chitin, which can promote plant growth and protect plants from phytopathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan as a biostimulant and a biorational agent to protect cucumber plants from damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. Cucumber seeds were treated with a range of chitosan concentrations, viz. 0, 125, 250, and 500 ppm, to evaluate effect on seed germination and fresh root and shoot weight of the seedlings. Chitosan significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced seed germination and root and shoot growth of cucumber in a dose-dependent manner up to 500 ppm. Application of in vitro chitosan suspension onto P. capsici mycelial plug suppressed growth of mycelia, formation of sporangia, and release of P. capsici zoospores at 125–500 ppm concentrations. Cucumber seedlings from chitosan-treated seeds showed enhanced resistance to damping-off disease caused by P. capsici compared to untreated control. Cucumber seedlings from 500 ppm chitosan seed treatment showed 100% disease resistance against damping off caused by P. capsici. These results suggest that chitosan could be used as a natural and environmentally safe alternative to a synthetic growth promoter and pesticide for sustainable production of cucumber.
{"title":"Chitosan biostimulant controls infection of cucumber by Phytophthora capsici through suppression of asexual reproduction of the pathogen","authors":"Fatematuz Zohara, M. Z. Surovy, A. Khatun, M. F. R. K. Prince, Md. Abdul Mannan Akanda, Mahfuzur Rahman, M. Islam","doi":"10.5586/AA.1763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1763","url":null,"abstract":"The biopolymer chitosan is a derivative of chitin, which can promote plant growth and protect plants from phytopathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan as a biostimulant and a biorational agent to protect cucumber plants from damping-off disease caused by Phytophthora capsici. Cucumber seeds were treated with a range of chitosan concentrations, viz. 0, 125, 250, and 500 ppm, to evaluate effect on seed germination and fresh root and shoot weight of the seedlings. Chitosan significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced seed germination and root and shoot growth of cucumber in a dose-dependent manner up to 500 ppm. Application of in vitro chitosan suspension onto P. capsici mycelial plug suppressed growth of mycelia, formation of sporangia, and release of P. capsici zoospores at 125–500 ppm concentrations. Cucumber seedlings from chitosan-treated seeds showed enhanced resistance to damping-off disease caused by P. capsici compared to untreated control. Cucumber seedlings from 500 ppm chitosan seed treatment showed 100% disease resistance against damping off caused by P. capsici. These results suggest that chitosan could be used as a natural and environmentally safe alternative to a synthetic growth promoter and pesticide for sustainable production of cucumber.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42978798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficiency of magnetopriming was evaluated for mitigation of the detrimental effects of salt stress on maize germination, growth, photosynthesis, and yield of maize plants. Maize seeds were pretreated with 200 mT of static magnetic field (SMF) for 1 h to assess the impact of SMF on the germination, seedling vigor, growth of plant, photosynthetic performance, ROS content, and yield under salt stress. The seedling characteristics of maize were negatively influenced by salt stress. However, SMF-pretreated maize seeds showed relatively higher germination percentage and germination stress tolerance index as compared to untreated seeds in saline and nonsaline conditions. The detrimental effect of NaCl induced salt stress was also observed on growth, yield, and different physiological characteristic of maize plants. The results showed that SMF-pretreated seeds enhanced seedling vigor, growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation at different concentrations of NaCl (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) as compared to untreated seeds. Photosynthetic pigments, quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), phenomenological fluxes such as electron transport per leaf CS (ETo/CSm) and density of reaction centers (RC/CSm), the performance index (PI) were high in the leaves of plants that emerged from SMF-pretreated seeds as compared to untreated seeds. This stimulatory effect of SMF treatment of seeds was also revealed in the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which results in improved yield of maize plants under saline conditions. The leaves from plants of SMF-treated seeds showed decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when compared with untreated seeds in both conditions. SMF ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress in maize plants, by reducing H2O2 and increasing growth, photosynthetic performance, and yield under salt stress. For improvement of salt tolerance, magnetopriming with SMF of 200 mT for 1 h to dry seeds of maize can be efficiently used as a presowing treatment.
{"title":"Mitigation of adverse effects of salt stress on germination, growth, photosynthetic efficiency and yield in maize (Zea mays L.) through magnetopriming","authors":"L. Baghel, S. Kataria, Meeta Jain","doi":"10.5586/AA.1757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1757","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of magnetopriming was evaluated for mitigation of the detrimental effects of salt stress on maize germination, growth, photosynthesis, and yield of maize plants. Maize seeds were pretreated with 200 mT of static magnetic field (SMF) for 1 h to assess the impact of SMF on the germination, seedling vigor, growth of plant, photosynthetic performance, ROS content, and yield under salt stress. The seedling characteristics of maize were negatively influenced by salt stress. However, SMF-pretreated maize seeds showed relatively higher germination percentage and germination stress tolerance index as compared to untreated seeds in saline and nonsaline conditions. The detrimental effect of NaCl induced salt stress was also observed on growth, yield, and different physiological characteristic of maize plants. The results showed that SMF-pretreated seeds enhanced seedling vigor, growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation at different concentrations of NaCl (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) as compared to untreated seeds. Photosynthetic pigments, quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), phenomenological fluxes such as electron transport per leaf CS (ETo/CSm) and density of reaction centers (RC/CSm), the performance index (PI) were high in the leaves of plants that emerged from SMF-pretreated seeds as compared to untreated seeds. This stimulatory effect of SMF treatment of seeds was also revealed in the rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which results in improved yield of maize plants under saline conditions. The leaves from plants of SMF-treated seeds showed decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when compared with untreated seeds in both conditions. SMF ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress in maize plants, by reducing H2O2 and increasing growth, photosynthetic performance, and yield under salt stress. For improvement of salt tolerance, magnetopriming with SMF of 200 mT for 1 h to dry seeds of maize can be efficiently used as a presowing treatment.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45055744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assessed the impact of using soil tillage in maize crops on weed infestation intensity and weed species composition. A field experiment was established as a model example of livestock production management in drier climate conditions where maize was grown in seven-step crop rotation sequence: alfalfa – the first year, alfalfa – the second year, winter wheat, forage maize, winter wheat, sugar beet, and spring barley. Three soil tillage treatments were applied: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT). An arithmetic method and multivariate analyses of ecological data were used. The highest weed infestation, mainly due to late spring species, was recorded in MT. Perennial and overwintering species were frequently observed in NT. Early spring weed species were abundant in CT. Different tillage treatments cause a significant change in the weed species spectrum in maize. A study of the relationship between tillage and the level of weed infestation requires long-term monitoring which will allow us to predict the intensity of weed infestation in particular locations.
{"title":"The effect of three soil tillage treatments on weed infestation in forage maize","authors":"S. Chovancova, L. Neudert, J. Winkler","doi":"10.5586/AA.1756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1756","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the impact of using soil tillage in maize crops on weed infestation intensity and weed species composition. A field experiment was established as a model example of livestock production management in drier climate conditions where maize was grown in seven-step crop rotation sequence: alfalfa – the first year, alfalfa – the second year, winter wheat, forage maize, winter wheat, sugar beet, and spring barley. Three soil tillage treatments were applied: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT). An arithmetic method and multivariate analyses of ecological data were used. The highest weed infestation, mainly due to late spring species, was recorded in MT. Perennial and overwintering species were frequently observed in NT. Early spring weed species were abundant in CT. Different tillage treatments cause a significant change in the weed species spectrum in maize. A study of the relationship between tillage and the level of weed infestation requires long-term monitoring which will allow us to predict the intensity of weed infestation in particular locations.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43206660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The genus Lachenalia (Asparagaceae) represents spectacular and botanically diverse ornamental, bulbous species originating from Southern Africa. The main aim of this study was to determine, for the first time, the possibility of propagation of lachenalia cultivars (‘Namakwa’, ‘Rainbow Bells’, ‘Rupert’) by two in vivo techniques: chipping and scoring, which can be applied in procedures of bulb production. In the second part of the experiment, the plant growth and the quality of bulblets after the first season of cultivation in a greenhouse were estimated. The survival ability of bulb-scale segments and scored bulbs of the tested cultivars ranged from 62% to 95%. Chipping method generated eight bulblets per mother bulb with an average weight and diameter of 0.17 g and 0.29 cm, respectively, while scoring two/three bulblets per mother bulb with an average weight and diameter of 0.28 g and 0.5 cm, respectively. In the first season of cultivation, bulblets obtained by chipping produced longer leaves than those obtained by scoring technique. Only bulblets of ‘Rupert’ obtained by scoring showed the capacity to flower (‘Namakwa’ and ‘Rainbow Bells’ remained in a juvenile phase). When assessing the bulb yield after the first season of cultivation, it was found that irrespective of cultivar, bulbs obtained by chipping achieved twice the weight coefficient of those obtained by scoring.
{"title":"Effect of chipping and scoring techniques on bulb production of Lachenalia cultivars","authors":"A. Kapczyńska","doi":"10.5586/AA.1760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1760","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Lachenalia (Asparagaceae) represents spectacular and botanically diverse ornamental, bulbous species originating from Southern Africa. The main aim of this study was to determine, for the first time, the possibility of propagation of lachenalia cultivars (‘Namakwa’, ‘Rainbow Bells’, ‘Rupert’) by two in vivo techniques: chipping and scoring, which can be applied in procedures of bulb production. In the second part of the experiment, the plant growth and the quality of bulblets after the first season of cultivation in a greenhouse were estimated. The survival ability of bulb-scale segments and scored bulbs of the tested cultivars ranged from 62% to 95%. Chipping method generated eight bulblets per mother bulb with an average weight and diameter of 0.17 g and 0.29 cm, respectively, while scoring two/three bulblets per mother bulb with an average weight and diameter of 0.28 g and 0.5 cm, respectively. In the first season of cultivation, bulblets obtained by chipping produced longer leaves than those obtained by scoring technique. Only bulblets of ‘Rupert’ obtained by scoring showed the capacity to flower (‘Namakwa’ and ‘Rainbow Bells’ remained in a juvenile phase). When assessing the bulb yield after the first season of cultivation, it was found that irrespective of cultivar, bulbs obtained by chipping achieved twice the weight coefficient of those obtained by scoring.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47833657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frothy bloat is a serious digestive disorder in cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pastures in the Southern Great Plains of the USA. Wheat plant metabolism may be one of the factors involved in bloat occurrence. In a series of experiments conducted during 2004–2007, we evaluated the effects of solar radiation intensity (ambient, 100% vs. reduced, 25%), a short-time (24 h vs. 48 h) exposure to solar radiation, and forage allowance (high, 18 kg vs. low, 6 kg DM/100 kg body weight) on seasonal concentration of phenolic compounds and foam strength (a measure of bloat potential) of wheat forage ‘Cutter’. Reduced solar radiation decreased total phenolic concentration and increased foam strength when compared to ambient solar radiation. Forage allowance interacted with solar radiation and short-term exposure treatments in determining phenolic concentrations; however, the effects were inconsistent during and among growing seasons. Concentration of phenolic compounds responded rapidly to sudden changes in weather patterns (passing cold fronts) that were usually associated with significant decrease in solar radiation intensity and temperature. Solar radiation intensity was positively correlated with total phenolic concentration and explained 62% to 72% of the variation in total phenolic concentration. Correlation between temperature and total phenolic concentration varied among growing seasons and explained 9–17% of the variation in total phenolic concentration. Results suggest that phenolic concentration in wheat forage is correlated with solar radiation. The decrease in phenolic concentration and resulting increase of bloat potential are especially pronounced during sudden changes in weather patterns during winter.
{"title":"Solar radiation affects bloat potential of wheat forage","authors":"D. Malinowski, W. E. Pinchak, D. Pitta, B. Min","doi":"10.5586/AA.1754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1754","url":null,"abstract":"Frothy bloat is a serious digestive disorder in cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pastures in the Southern Great Plains of the USA. Wheat plant metabolism may be one of the factors involved in bloat occurrence. In a series of experiments conducted during 2004–2007, we evaluated the effects of solar radiation intensity (ambient, 100% vs. reduced, 25%), a short-time (24 h vs. 48 h) exposure to solar radiation, and forage allowance (high, 18 kg vs. low, 6 kg DM/100 kg body weight) on seasonal concentration of phenolic compounds and foam strength (a measure of bloat potential) of wheat forage ‘Cutter’. Reduced solar radiation decreased total phenolic concentration and increased foam strength when compared to ambient solar radiation. Forage allowance interacted with solar radiation and short-term exposure treatments in determining phenolic concentrations; however, the effects were inconsistent during and among growing seasons. Concentration of phenolic compounds responded rapidly to sudden changes in weather patterns (passing cold fronts) that were usually associated with significant decrease in solar radiation intensity and temperature. Solar radiation intensity was positively correlated with total phenolic concentration and explained 62% to 72% of the variation in total phenolic concentration. Correlation between temperature and total phenolic concentration varied among growing seasons and explained 9–17% of the variation in total phenolic concentration. Results suggest that phenolic concentration in wheat forage is correlated with solar radiation. The decrease in phenolic concentration and resulting increase of bloat potential are especially pronounced during sudden changes in weather patterns during winter.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43839832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.) rootstock cuttings with 9–11 internodes were planted on April 10, 2014 in rows 50 cm apart and with 25-cm distance in the row, on well fertilized muck-peat soil containing 82.1% of organic matter with a pH of 5.9. Peppermint plants were sprayed once with an activated EM-1 preparation, then on two or three further occasions as follows: at 10 cm height (May 10), at branching stage (May 29), and during rapid growth (June 19). EM did not affect peppermint growth or yield. Yields of the fresh and dry herb were high (means: 15,563 and 2,661 kg ha−1, respectively) and characterized by a medium (1.85–1.90%) essential oil content in the dry herb. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the oil and its main components were menthol (53.1–58.5%), menthone (14.6–16.8%), isomenthone (6.3–6.7%), menthyl acetate (4.0–5.0%), germacrene D (2.3–3.4%), ß-caryophyllene (1.8–2.4%), viridiflorol (1.5–2.3%), and 1,8-cyneole (0.3–3.7%). EM did not affect the content of essential oil in the dry herb or the oil composition (except for 1,8-cyneole). Thirty-four days after planting, 22 weed species grew in the experimental plots and the dominant were common meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) accounting for 20% of total weed population, annual meadow grass (Poa annua L.) 17%, common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] 20%, creeping yellowcress [Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser] 8%, hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake] 7%, gallant soldiers (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) 6%, Canadian horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] 6%, common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5%, and annual nettle (Urtica urens L.) 5%. Other species occurred sporadically. The total number and fresh weight of weeds growing on 1 m2 were 412 and 246 g on plots treated with EM and 389 and 227 g on control plots, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant.
2014年4月10日，在pH值为5.9、有机质含量为82.1%的肥力良好的泥炭土上，种植9 ~ 11节间的薄荷(Mentha ×piperita L.)砧木插枝，每行间隔50 cm，行间距25 cm。薄荷植株喷一次EM-1活性制剂，然后再喷两到三次:在10厘米高(5月10日)、分枝期(5月29日)和快速生长期(6月19日)。EM不影响薄荷的生长和产量。新鲜和干草本的产量很高(平均:15,563和2,661 kg ha - 1)，其特点是干草本中精油含量中等(1.85-1.90%)。共鉴定出29种化合物，主要成分为薄荷醇(53.1 ~ 58.5%)、薄荷酮(14.6 ~ 16.8%)、异薄荷酮(6.3 ~ 6.7%)、乙酸薄荷酯(4.0 ~ 5.0%)、槐烯D(2.3 ~ 3.4%)、槐烯(1.8 ~ 2.4%)、绿氟醇(1.5 ~ 2.3%)和1,8-cyneole(0.3 ~ 3.7%)。EM不影响干草药中精油的含量或油成分(1,8-cyneole除外)。种植后34 d，试验区共生长出22种杂草，其中以普通草甸草(Poa pratensis L.)为主，占总杂草的20%，以一年生草甸草(Poa annua L.)为主，占总杂草的17%，以普通繁草(Stellaria media (L.))为主。斯德。20%，匍匐黄菜[Rorippa sylvestris (L.)][Besser] 8%，毛加林嘉[加林嘉纤毛(Raf.)]S. F. Blake] 7%，英勇的士兵(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) 6%，加拿大马鞭草(Conyza canadensis, L.)Cronq。] 6%，普通groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5%，一年生荨麻(Urtica urens L.) 5%。其他种零星发生。EM处理地块1 m2上生长的杂草总数和鲜重分别为412和246 g，对照组为389和227 g，差异无统计学意义。
{"title":"Impact of effective microorganisms on weed infestation and yield of peppermint cultivated on muck-peat soil","authors":"A. Borowy, M. Kapłan, M. Krawiec","doi":"10.5586/AA.1755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/AA.1755","url":null,"abstract":"Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.) rootstock cuttings with 9–11 internodes were planted on April 10, 2014 in rows 50 cm apart and with 25-cm distance in the row, on well fertilized muck-peat soil containing 82.1% of organic matter with a pH of 5.9. Peppermint plants were sprayed once with an activated EM-1 preparation, then on two or three further occasions as follows: at 10 cm height (May 10), at branching stage (May 29), and during rapid growth (June 19). EM did not affect peppermint growth or yield. Yields of the fresh and dry herb were high (means: 15,563 and 2,661 kg ha−1, respectively) and characterized by a medium (1.85–1.90%) essential oil content in the dry herb. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the oil and its main components were menthol (53.1–58.5%), menthone (14.6–16.8%), isomenthone (6.3–6.7%), menthyl acetate (4.0–5.0%), germacrene D (2.3–3.4%), ß-caryophyllene (1.8–2.4%), viridiflorol (1.5–2.3%), and 1,8-cyneole (0.3–3.7%). EM did not affect the content of essential oil in the dry herb or the oil composition (except for 1,8-cyneole). Thirty-four days after planting, 22 weed species grew in the experimental plots and the dominant were common meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) accounting for 20% of total weed population, annual meadow grass (Poa annua L.) 17%, common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] 20%, creeping yellowcress [Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser] 8%, hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake] 7%, gallant soldiers (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) 6%, Canadian horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] 6%, common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5%, and annual nettle (Urtica urens L.) 5%. Other species occurred sporadically. The total number and fresh weight of weeds growing on 1 m2 were 412 and 246 g on plots treated with EM and 389 and 227 g on control plots, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant.","PeriodicalId":6907,"journal":{"name":"Acta Agrobotanica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45483164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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