Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100223
Indronil Devnath, Mohammad Nazmul Islam
This research examines the impact of axial load on the vibrational properties of nonlocal nanobeams. The theory of stress-driven nonlocal elasticity is utilized to characterize the response of the beam, integrating the influence of axial loads as a pivotal element in modifying its dynamic behavior. The governing equations for the beam's vibration are formulated through the application of stress-driven nonlocal elasticity theory, while investigating the influence of varying axial loads on natural frequencies and mode shapes. Analytical solutions are derived, and numerical simulations are performed to corroborate theoretical predictions. The findings indicate that axial loads have a substantial impact on the vibrational response, with alterations in both the natural frequencies and the mode shapes contingent upon the magnitude and direction of the axial load. The results provide significant understanding of the dynamic behavior of beams subjected to axial loads, especially within the framework of nonlocal stress-driven systems, which may have implications for structural health monitoring, vibration control, and material design.
{"title":"Axial load induced vibrational changes in nonlocal stress-driven beams","authors":"Indronil Devnath, Mohammad Nazmul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research examines the impact of axial load on the vibrational properties of nonlocal nanobeams. The theory of stress-driven nonlocal elasticity is utilized to characterize the response of the beam, integrating the influence of axial loads as a pivotal element in modifying its dynamic behavior. The governing equations for the beam's vibration are formulated through the application of stress-driven nonlocal elasticity theory, while investigating the influence of varying axial loads on natural frequencies and mode shapes. Analytical solutions are derived, and numerical simulations are performed to corroborate theoretical predictions. The findings indicate that axial loads have a substantial impact on the vibrational response, with alterations in both the natural frequencies and the mode shapes contingent upon the magnitude and direction of the axial load. The results provide significant understanding of the dynamic behavior of beams subjected to axial loads, especially within the framework of nonlocal stress-driven systems, which may have implications for structural health monitoring, vibration control, and material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100218
Tianlong He, Philippe Karamian-Surville, Daniel Choï
In this paper, we introduce the Phantom Domain Finite Element Method (PDFEM), a novel computational approach tailored for the efficient analysis of heterogeneous and composite materials. Inspired by fictitious domain methods, this method employs a structured mesh to discretize the entire material domain while utilizing separate, independent meshes for the inclusions. These inclusion meshes are coupled to the structured mesh via a substitution matrix, enabling them to act as phantom meshes that do not directly contribute to the final system of equations. This framework offers significant advantages, including enhanced flexibility in handling complex inclusion geometries and improved computational efficiency. To assess the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method, numerical experiments are conducted on structures containing inclusions of various geometries. In order to emphasize the efficiency of the PDFEM method, a numerical simulation is presented to highlight its advantages in the case of long natural fibers, such as flax and linen. These simulations are compared against FEM calculations, demonstrating the efficiency of PDFEM. Indeed, meshing such fine structures requires an extremely high number of elements, and in some cases, meshing becomes particularly challenging due to the complexity of the geometries.
{"title":"Phantom Domain Finite Element Method: A novel approach for heterogeneous materials","authors":"Tianlong He, Philippe Karamian-Surville, Daniel Choï","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we introduce the Phantom Domain Finite Element Method (PDFEM), a novel computational approach tailored for the efficient analysis of heterogeneous and composite materials. Inspired by fictitious domain methods, this method employs a structured mesh to discretize the entire material domain while utilizing separate, independent meshes for the inclusions. These inclusion meshes are coupled to the structured mesh via a substitution matrix, enabling them to act as phantom meshes that do not directly contribute to the final system of equations. This framework offers significant advantages, including enhanced flexibility in handling complex inclusion geometries and improved computational efficiency. To assess the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method, numerical experiments are conducted on structures containing inclusions of various geometries. In order to emphasize the efficiency of the PDFEM method, a numerical simulation is presented to highlight its advantages in the case of long natural fibers, such as flax and linen. These simulations are compared against FEM calculations, demonstrating the efficiency of PDFEM. Indeed, meshing such fine structures requires an extremely high number of elements, and in some cases, meshing becomes particularly challenging due to the complexity of the geometries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100219
Hiromichi Itou , Victor A. Kovtunenko , Gen Nakamura
In this paper, we investigate anisotropic viscoelastic materials describing (both) creep relaxation and aging. The constitutive response is presented by hereditary integrals with memory kernel matrices using the Voigt–Mandel algebra. When the entries of the memory matrix are proportional with respect to time scale, a viscoelastic solution is constructed based on the variational solution of the corresponding anisotropic linear elastic problem. Example equations are presented, e.g., for orthotropic elastic materials, for standard linear solid (Zener) and Burgers viscoelastic models.
{"title":"Solution of viscoelastic creep models for anisotropic materials with linear relation between strain and stress but nonlinear with respect to time","authors":"Hiromichi Itou , Victor A. Kovtunenko , Gen Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we investigate anisotropic viscoelastic materials describing (both) creep relaxation and aging. The constitutive response is presented by hereditary integrals with memory kernel matrices using the Voigt–Mandel algebra. When the entries of the memory matrix are proportional with respect to time scale, a viscoelastic solution is constructed based on the variational solution of the corresponding anisotropic linear elastic problem. Example equations are presented, e.g., for orthotropic elastic materials, for standard linear solid (Zener) and Burgers viscoelastic models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100217
Peter Y. Xie , Christopher J. Morris , Christopher D. Bertram , Michael J. Davis , Samira Jamalian , Mohammad Jafarnejad , David C. Zawieja , James E. Moore Jr
The lymphatic system maintains bodily fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to the venous system. Flow can occur through a combination of extrinsic pumping, due to forces from surrounding tissues, and intrinsic pumping involving contractions of muscle in the lymphatic vessel walls. Lymph transport is important not only for fluid homeostasis, but also for immune function, as lymph is a carrier for immune cells. Lymphatic muscle cells exhibit both cardiac-like phasic contractions to generate flow and smooth-muscle-like tonic contractions to regulate flow. Lymphatic vessels are sensitive to mechanical stimuli, including flow-induced shear stresses and pressure-induced vessel stretch. These forces modulate biochemical pathways, leading to changes in intracellular calcium that trigger contractile proteins. Employing a multiscale computational model of lymphatic muscle coupled to a lumped-parameter model of lymphatic pumping, we developed and validated a feedback control model of subcellular mechanisms that modulate lymphatic pumping. Following verification that the model reproduced results from axial or transmural pressure difference-controlled experiments, we tested the model's ability to match results from experiments imposing upstream/downstream pressure ramps or a sudden increase in downstream resistance. Inter-lymphangion signaling was necessary to reproduce downstream pressure ramp experiments, but otherwise the model predicted behaviors under these more complex conditions. A better understanding of the mechanobiology of lymphatic contractions can help guide future lymphatic vessel experiments, providing a basis for developing better treatments for lymphatic dysfunction.
{"title":"Mechanical feedback mechanisms in a multiscale sliding filament model of lymphatic muscle pumping","authors":"Peter Y. Xie , Christopher J. Morris , Christopher D. Bertram , Michael J. Davis , Samira Jamalian , Mohammad Jafarnejad , David C. Zawieja , James E. Moore Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lymphatic system maintains bodily fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to the venous system. Flow can occur through a combination of extrinsic pumping, due to forces from surrounding tissues, and intrinsic pumping involving contractions of muscle in the lymphatic vessel walls. Lymph transport is important not only for fluid homeostasis, but also for immune function, as lymph is a carrier for immune cells. Lymphatic muscle cells exhibit both cardiac-like phasic contractions to generate flow and smooth-muscle-like tonic contractions to regulate flow. Lymphatic vessels are sensitive to mechanical stimuli, including flow-induced shear stresses and pressure-induced vessel stretch. These forces modulate biochemical pathways, leading to changes in intracellular calcium that trigger contractile proteins. Employing a multiscale computational model of lymphatic muscle coupled to a lumped-parameter model of lymphatic pumping, we developed and validated a feedback control model of subcellular mechanisms that modulate lymphatic pumping. Following verification that the model reproduced results from axial or transmural pressure difference-controlled experiments, we tested the model's ability to match results from experiments imposing upstream/downstream pressure ramps or a sudden increase in downstream resistance. Inter-lymphangion signaling was necessary to reproduce downstream pressure ramp experiments, but otherwise the model predicted behaviors under these more complex conditions. A better understanding of the mechanobiology of lymphatic contractions can help guide future lymphatic vessel experiments, providing a basis for developing better treatments for lymphatic dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100213
Weiquan Sun , Xiaoqiang Yan , Shen Wang , Lu Zhang , Weijing Yun , Yuchen Chen
<div><h3>Purpose:</h3><div>The hardness of individual steel strips demonstrates inherent variability in actual production processes. Systematic hardness testing must be conducted to investigate the distribution patterns of strip hardness. Furthermore, analyzing the random vibration characteristics of cold rolling mill models under varying strip hardness conditions is essential for elucidating the complex vibration mechanisms involved in rolling operations. This investigation offers critical insights into establishing correlations between material properties and dynamic responses in industrial rolling processes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>The surface hardness of the strip was first systematically measured using standardized Vickers testing. Subsequent statistical analysis, employing Gaussian probability distribution principles, verified the hardness measurements’ stochastic characteristics. This probabilistic characterization provided essential load input parameters (PSD data) for the cold rolling mill system’s finite element-based random vibration analysis. The established three-dimensional model was imported into ANSYS Workbench software to construct the framework for the random vibration analysis. Utilizing the modal superposition method, boundary conditions were defined to incorporate the statistical characteristics of strip hardness. Finite element simulations were conducted to resolve the probability density distributions of mill vibration responses under varying strip hardness conditions. Post-processing in MATLAB enabled a quantitative analysis of power spectral density (PSD) responses, establishing correlations between strip surface hardness parameters and dynamic vibration characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Surface hardness measurements of the three strips demonstrated significant inter-sample variability. Statistical analysis revealed that while the hardness fluctuations followed Gaussian distribution patterns, notable discrepancies were observed in probability distribution skewness and statistical central tendencies. When the average surface hardness of the strip decreases, the amplitude and overall frequency range of vibrations in the cold continuous rolling mill diminish. However, specific frequencies (35 Hz, 131 Hz, and 246 Hz) still appear alongside an interesting amplitude dynamic where the lower work roll exhibits higher vibration than the upper one. Additionally, a significant positive correlation exists between surface hardness deviation and both vibration amplitude and frequency range, indicating that larger deviations in surface hardness lead to more pronounced vibrations. This relationship highlights the influence of surface properties on the mechanical behavior of the rolling mill during operation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>It is of great significance to study the vibration characteristics of the rolling mill and reveal its vibration mechanism, as this research provides insights
{"title":"Random vibration study of cold rolling mill excited by different hardness of strip steel","authors":"Weiquan Sun , Xiaoqiang Yan , Shen Wang , Lu Zhang , Weijing Yun , Yuchen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose:</h3><div>The hardness of individual steel strips demonstrates inherent variability in actual production processes. Systematic hardness testing must be conducted to investigate the distribution patterns of strip hardness. Furthermore, analyzing the random vibration characteristics of cold rolling mill models under varying strip hardness conditions is essential for elucidating the complex vibration mechanisms involved in rolling operations. This investigation offers critical insights into establishing correlations between material properties and dynamic responses in industrial rolling processes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>The surface hardness of the strip was first systematically measured using standardized Vickers testing. Subsequent statistical analysis, employing Gaussian probability distribution principles, verified the hardness measurements’ stochastic characteristics. This probabilistic characterization provided essential load input parameters (PSD data) for the cold rolling mill system’s finite element-based random vibration analysis. The established three-dimensional model was imported into ANSYS Workbench software to construct the framework for the random vibration analysis. Utilizing the modal superposition method, boundary conditions were defined to incorporate the statistical characteristics of strip hardness. Finite element simulations were conducted to resolve the probability density distributions of mill vibration responses under varying strip hardness conditions. Post-processing in MATLAB enabled a quantitative analysis of power spectral density (PSD) responses, establishing correlations between strip surface hardness parameters and dynamic vibration characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Surface hardness measurements of the three strips demonstrated significant inter-sample variability. Statistical analysis revealed that while the hardness fluctuations followed Gaussian distribution patterns, notable discrepancies were observed in probability distribution skewness and statistical central tendencies. When the average surface hardness of the strip decreases, the amplitude and overall frequency range of vibrations in the cold continuous rolling mill diminish. However, specific frequencies (35 Hz, 131 Hz, and 246 Hz) still appear alongside an interesting amplitude dynamic where the lower work roll exhibits higher vibration than the upper one. Additionally, a significant positive correlation exists between surface hardness deviation and both vibration amplitude and frequency range, indicating that larger deviations in surface hardness lead to more pronounced vibrations. This relationship highlights the influence of surface properties on the mechanical behavior of the rolling mill during operation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>It is of great significance to study the vibration characteristics of the rolling mill and reveal its vibration mechanism, as this research provides insights","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The success of cell-based therapies strongly depends on the regenerative capacity of patient-derived cells, which can vary widely. Enhancing cell potency is therefore critical, especially for autologous applications. Biophysical treatment e.g. extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has emerged as a promising tool to enhance the regenerative potential of cells and has been applied in clinical practice for the treatment of several diseases. We developed a novel, low-cost, small and adaptable multi-mode pulse generating system (PGS) that enables direct treatment of cells in 3D-printed microfluidic devices. Adipose-derived cell treatment by our novel PGS showed first promising results, including significantly increased cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and proliferation. Enhanced cell functionality could be observed through a significantly increased adipogenic differentiation potential and a trend towards osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. This novel approach offers unique characteristics achieved by its small dimensions and light weight that come along with increased flexibility and high integrability in existing systems and could therefore overcome limitations faced by conventional biophysical methods. It enables the combination of the process of cell treatment and live monitoring of cells and could therefore emerge in the field of bioprinting, in lab-on-a-chip applications as well as future clinical applications in cell-based therapies for many different therapeutic fields.
{"title":"Low-cost pulse generating system for activating adipose-derived cells in 3D-printed microfluidics","authors":"Marlene Wahlmueller , Bianca Buchegger , Cyrill Slezak , Heinz Redl , Susanne Wolbank , Eleni Priglinger , Armin Hochreiner","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The success of cell-based therapies strongly depends on the regenerative capacity of patient-derived cells, which can vary widely. Enhancing cell potency is therefore critical, especially for autologous applications. Biophysical treatment e.g. extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has emerged as a promising tool to enhance the regenerative potential of cells and has been applied in clinical practice for the treatment of several diseases. We developed a novel, low-cost, small and adaptable multi-mode pulse generating system (PGS) that enables direct treatment of cells in 3D-printed microfluidic devices. Adipose-derived cell treatment by our novel PGS showed first promising results, including significantly increased cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release and proliferation. Enhanced cell functionality could be observed through a significantly increased adipogenic differentiation potential and a trend towards osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. This novel approach offers unique characteristics achieved by its small dimensions and light weight that come along with increased flexibility and high integrability in existing systems and could therefore overcome limitations faced by conventional biophysical methods. It enables the combination of the process of cell treatment and live monitoring of cells and could therefore emerge in the field of bioprinting, in lab-on-a-chip applications as well as future clinical applications in cell-based therapies for many different therapeutic fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Passive techniques for enhancing the thermal performance of existing systems show promise for various thermal applications. This study examines the use of curved pins with a rectangular cross-section mounted on the inner surface of a circular tube. These curved pins enhance the fluid's residence time by creating circulation, improving local and average heat transfer coefficients. The research investigates the average heat transfer and pressure drop in circular tubes equipped with curved pins under fully developed turbulent flow conditions. The Reynolds numbers at the inlet range from 10,000 to 50,000. The results reveal that the convective heat transfer coefficient on the inner tube surface can be up to 200% higher than that of a smooth tube. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of this heat transfer enhancement method is assessed by considering the associated pressure drop using the thermohydraulic performance parameter (R3), which ranges from 0.75 to 1.40.
{"title":"Thermohydraulic performance enhancement for flow through circular geometries using curved pins","authors":"Rohit Dilip Gurav , Prashant Wasudeo Deshmukh , Parag Chaware","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive techniques for enhancing the thermal performance of existing systems show promise for various thermal applications. This study examines the use of curved pins with a rectangular cross-section mounted on the inner surface of a circular tube. These curved pins enhance the fluid's residence time by creating circulation, improving local and average heat transfer coefficients. The research investigates the average heat transfer and pressure drop in circular tubes equipped with curved pins under fully developed turbulent flow conditions. The Reynolds numbers at the inlet range from 10,000 to 50,000. The results reveal that the convective heat transfer coefficient on the inner tube surface can be up to 200% higher than that of a smooth tube. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of this heat transfer enhancement method is assessed by considering the associated pressure drop using the thermohydraulic performance parameter (<em>R3</em>), which ranges from 0.75 to 1.40.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100204
Honglu He , Chen-Lung Lu , Jinhan Ren , Joni Dhar , Glenn Saunders , John Wason , Johnson Samuel , Agung Julius , John T. Wen
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal 3D printing technology that deposits molten metal wire on a substrate to form desired geometries. Articulated robot arms are commonly used in WAAM to produce complex geometric shapes. However, they mostly rely on proprietary robot and weld control software that limits process tuning and customization, incorporation of third-party sensors, implementation on robots and weld controllers from multiple vendors, and customizable user programming. This paper presents a general open-source software architecture for WAAM that addresses these limitations. The foundation of this architecture is Robot Raconteur, an open-source control and communication framework that serves as the middleware for integrating robots and sensors from different vendors. Based on this architecture, we developed an end-to-end robotic WAAM implementation that takes a CAD file to a printed WAAM part and evaluates the accuracy of the result. The major components in the architecture include part slicing, robot motion planning, part metrology, in-process sensing, and process tuning. The current implementation is based on Motoman robots and Fronius weld controller, but the approach is adaptable to other industrial robots and weld controllers. The capability of the WAAM system is demonstrated through the printing of parts with various geometries and acquisition of in-process sensor data for real-time motion adjustment.
{"title":"Open-source software architecture for multi-robot Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)","authors":"Honglu He , Chen-Lung Lu , Jinhan Ren , Joni Dhar , Glenn Saunders , John Wason , Johnson Samuel , Agung Julius , John T. Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal 3D printing technology that deposits molten metal wire on a substrate to form desired geometries. Articulated robot arms are commonly used in WAAM to produce complex geometric shapes. However, they mostly rely on proprietary robot and weld control software that limits process tuning and customization, incorporation of third-party sensors, implementation on robots and weld controllers from multiple vendors, and customizable user programming. This paper presents a general open-source software architecture for WAAM that addresses these limitations. The foundation of this architecture is Robot Raconteur, an open-source control and communication framework that serves as the middleware for integrating robots and sensors from different vendors. Based on this architecture, we developed an end-to-end robotic WAAM implementation that takes a CAD file to a printed WAAM part and evaluates the accuracy of the result. The major components in the architecture include part slicing, robot motion planning, part metrology, in-process sensing, and process tuning. The current implementation is based on Motoman robots and Fronius weld controller, but the approach is adaptable to other industrial robots and weld controllers. The capability of the WAAM system is demonstrated through the printing of parts with various geometries and acquisition of in-process sensor data for real-time motion adjustment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-09DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100210
Andreas Huster , Simon Paymal
It is known in the literature that in the case of compressible fluids, higher values than the fluid temperature are displayed on temperature sensors, among other things due to the accumulation point flow, which is taken into account with the help of the recovery factor. In Part I of this series, the test rig and integral results for the determination of the recovery factor on cross-flowed temperature sensors between 1.5 mm and 8 mm diameter were presented. The Mach number as well as the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers have an influence on the recovery factor. These integral results will be verified by measuring the tangential temperature distribution. For this purpose, a special sensor carrier was developed and moved quickly through the ambient air at different angular positions so that the tangential temperature distribution could be determined. In accordance with the theory, the highest temperature is at the accumulation point with the total temperature and the local recovery factor is 1. The temperature drops continuously to an angle of about 80°. In the wake of the cylinder there is a roughly constant temperature level. If an average value is formed from the measured values of the local recovery factors, a good agreement with the integral results from Part I is obtained.
{"title":"Experimental determination of the recovery factor on cylindrically flow-around temperature sensors Part 2: Determination of the local, tangential surface temperature distribution","authors":"Andreas Huster , Simon Paymal","doi":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apples.2025.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is known in the literature that in the case of compressible fluids, higher values than the fluid temperature are displayed on temperature sensors, among other things due to the accumulation point flow, which is taken into account with the help of the recovery factor. In Part I of this series, the test rig and integral results for the determination of the recovery factor on cross-flowed temperature sensors between 1.5 mm and 8 mm diameter were presented. The Mach number as well as the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers have an influence on the recovery factor. These integral results will be verified by measuring the tangential temperature distribution. For this purpose, a special sensor carrier was developed and moved quickly through the ambient air at different angular positions so that the tangential temperature distribution could be determined. In accordance with the theory, the highest temperature is at the accumulation point with the total temperature and the local recovery factor is 1. The temperature drops continuously to an angle of about 80°. In the wake of the cylinder there is a roughly constant temperature level. If an average value is formed from the measured values of the local recovery factors, a good agreement with the integral results from Part I is obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72251,"journal":{"name":"Applications in engineering science","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apples.2025.100211
Daniele Cioni , Lucas Lapostolle , Miguel Costas , Steven Boles , David Morin
With extensive recent deployment of lithium batteries in stationary and mobility applications, integration engineers face a challenging burden for design and planning the static and dynamic external environment surrounding cells. Essential to these designs are understanding how cells respond to mechanical compression and the thresholds for initiating catastrophic failure. This study investigates how the state of charge (SOC) affects the compressive mechanical behaviour and the occurrence of internal short circuits (ISC) in lithium-ion pouch cells. NMC811 lithium-ion pouch cells were subjected to uniaxial compression tests at different SOCs, namely deep discharge, 0 %, 50 %, and 100 %. The results showed that the SOC has a minor effect on macroscopic compression behaviour and the occurrence of ISC. Engineering stress at ISC increased linearly with the SOC due to slight stiffening at higher SOC levels, while engineering strain at ISC remained constant. These findings suggest that deep-discharged cells can be used for safer mechanical testing, as their mechanical response is effectively equivalent to that of charged cells, but poses a lower safety risk. Furthermore, the results of this study align with prior research regarding the influence of SOC on the mechanical response of pouch cells. Such response is deemed to be influenced by compressive internal stresses, generated by the constrained SOC-related swelling of the jellyroll.
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