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Evaluation of protective efficacy of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii DDX39 protein vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice 重组弓形虫 DDX39 蛋白疫苗对小鼠急性和慢性弓形虫感染的保护效力评估
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107442
Jinghui Wang , Yuanfeng Wang , Haina Zhang , Hangbin Ma , Qiangqiang Wang , Longkang Wang , Youke Fan , Xiaowei Tian , Xuefang Mei , Zhenchao Zhang , Shuai Wang , Zhenke Yang
Toxoplasma gondii, a pervasive parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, poses significant health risks to humans and animals. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the recombinant T. gondii DDX39 protein formulated with ISA201 adjuvant (rTgDDX39) as a candidate vaccine against toxoplasmosis. The full-length of TgDDX39 gene was successfully amplified, cloned into the pET-30a vector, and expressed in BL21 (DE3) competent cells, which was purified and identified as a 57.1 kDa protein via sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Western blot analysis confirmed that rTgDDX39 was specifically recognized by serum from T. gondii-infected mice. Furthermore, immunization of rats with rTgDDX39 generated antiserum that could specifically recognize the native TgDDX39 protein in T. gondii tachyzoite lysates. Immunofluorescence assay revealed that TgDDX39 was primarily located in the nucleus and perinuclear region of tachyzoites. Our vaccination strategy significantly increased T cell proliferation, with CD4+ T cells rising by 21.9% and CD8+ T cells by 57.8% by the sixth week compared to the adjuvant control group. Additionally, high titers of anti-rTgDDX39 IgG antibodies were detected in vaccinated mice, with a notable induction of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, and IgG1/IgG2a > 1 suggests a Th2-biased immune response.
Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies raised against rTgDDX39 could inhibit the proliferation of T. gondii RH tachyzoites, highlighting the potential of these antibodies to neutralize this parasite effectively. This study provides compelling evidence of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rTgDDX39, supporting its potential as a potential candidate vaccine against toxoplasmosis. The protective efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated in mice challenged with acute (RH) and chronic (PRU) strains of T. gondii, showing a survival time extended to 17 days in the acute model, compared to 13.5 and 14 days in the control groups, and a significant 34% reduction in cyst burden in the chronic model. Additionally, the survival rate in the PRU-infected mice increased from 15 to 20% in the control groups to 45% in the vaccinated group. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies raised against rTgDDX39 could inhibit the proliferation of T. gondii RH tachyzoites, highlighting the potential of these antibodies to neutralize the parasite effectively. This study provides compelling evidence of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rTgDDX39, supporting its potential as a candidate vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
弓形虫是导致弓形虫病的一种普遍寄生虫,对人类和动物的健康构成重大威胁。在这项研究中,我们研究了用 ISA201 佐剂配制的重组弓形虫 DDX39 蛋白(rTgDDX39)作为弓形虫病候选疫苗的免疫原性和保护效力。TgDDX39 基因全长被成功扩增,克隆到 pET-30a 载体中,并在 BL21 (DE3) 合格细胞中表达,经纯化和十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)鉴定为 57.1 kDa 蛋白。Western 印迹分析证实,rTgDDX39 能被淋球菌感染小鼠的血清特异性识别。此外,用 rTgDDX39 免疫大鼠产生的抗血清能特异性识别淋病小鼠裂解液中的原生 TgDDX39 蛋白。免疫荧光检测显示,TgDDX39 主要位于速殖体的细胞核和核周区域。与佐剂对照组相比,我们的疫苗接种策略明显增加了 T 细胞的增殖,到第六周,CD4+ T 细胞增加了 21.9%,CD8+ T 细胞增加了 57.8%。此外,在接种疫苗的小鼠体内检测到了高滴度的抗 rTgDDX39 IgG 抗体,IgG1 和 IgG2a 同工型的诱导效果明显,IgG1/IgG2a > 1 表明免疫反应偏向 Th2。此外,体外和体内试验表明,针对 rTgDDX39 的多克隆抗体可抑制淋病双球菌 RH 速殖体的增殖,凸显了这些抗体有效中和这种寄生虫的潜力。这项研究为 rTgDDX39 的免疫原性和保护效力提供了令人信服的证据,支持其作为弓形虫病候选疫苗的潜力。该疫苗的保护效力是在受到急性(RH)和慢性(PRU)毒株弓形虫挑战的小鼠中进行评估的,结果显示急性模型的存活时间延长至 17 天,而对照组的存活时间分别为 13.5 天和 14 天;慢性模型的囊肿负担显著减少了 34%。此外,PRU 感染小鼠的存活率从对照组的 15-20% 提高到接种组的 45%。体外和体内试验表明,针对 rTgDDX39 的多克隆抗体可以抑制淋病双球菌 RH 速殖体的增殖,这凸显了这些抗体有效中和寄生虫的潜力。这项研究为 rTgDDX39 的免疫原性和保护效力提供了令人信服的证据,支持其作为弓形虫病候选疫苗的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Development of species-specific multiplex PCR for Leishmania identification 开发用于利什曼原虫鉴定的物种特异性多重 PCR。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107440
Gabrielle A. Bento , Mariana S. Cardoso , Beatriz Rodrigues-Ferreira , Gabriela F. Rodrigues-Luiz , Thiago de S. Rodrigues , Célia M.F Gontijo , Maurício Roberto Viana Sant'Anna , Hugo O. Valdivia , Silvia Gonçalves Mesquita , Daniella C. Bartholomeu
Leishmaniasis is a diverse group of clinical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. Species-specific identification of Leishmania spp. is challenging due to the high number of different pathogenic species that sometimes co-circulate in the same foci, hampering efforts to effectively control the disease. Multiplex PCR is an attractive alternative for rapid differentiation of Leishmania species with high sensitivity and specificity. We aimed to generate a panel of primers optimized for a multiplex PCR assay capable of identifying different Leishmania species in a single reaction. Species-specific primers were designed based on genomic data using the TipMT tooL. Potential non-specific amplifications of other trypanosomatids as well as human, dog, and sandfly hosts were first evaluated in silico using the Primer-Blast tooL. Species-specific primers for Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania mexicana and for the Leishmania guyanensis complex were tested in vitro. The primers have a limit of detection ranging from 1 to 0.01 ng of parasite gDNA using the same annealing temperature of 66 °C. The primers were specific for their targets when tested against 13 species of Leishmania, six trypanosomatids, and Babesia sp., and to detect the target species in a prepared pool with gDNA of six pathogenic Leishmania species. The designed primers were optimized for multiplex PCR, enabling species-specific identification of all five Leishmania species and one species complex. This new primer set could allow for efficient, fast, and reliable identification of Leishmania parasites.
利什曼病是由利什曼属原生动物寄生虫引起的多种临床疾病。利什曼原虫属的物种特异性鉴定具有挑战性,因为有大量不同的致病物种有时会在同一病灶中共同流行,从而阻碍了有效控制该疾病的努力。多重 PCR 是快速区分利什曼病种的一种有吸引力的替代方法,它具有很高的灵敏度和特异性。我们的目标是生成一组引物,优化多重 PCR 检测,使其能够在一次反应中鉴定不同的利什曼病种。物种特异性引物是根据 TipMT tooL 的基因组数据设计的。首先使用 Primer-Blast tooL 对其他锥虫以及人、狗和沙蝇宿主的潜在非特异性扩增进行了硅评估。对亚马逊利什曼原虫、巴西利什曼原虫、唐诺瓦尼利什曼原虫、婴儿利什曼原虫、墨西哥利什曼原虫和圭亚那利什曼原虫复合体的物种特异性引物进行了体外测试。在退火温度为 66 ℃ 的情况下,引物对寄生虫 gDNA 的检测限为 1 至 0.01 ng。这些引物对 13 种利什曼原虫、6 种锥虫和巴贝西亚原虫具有特异性,并能在含有 6 种致病利什曼原虫 gDNA 的预处理池中检测到目标原虫。设计的引物针对多重 PCR 进行了优化,能够对所有五个利什曼原虫种和一个复合种进行物种特异性鉴定。这组新引物可用于高效、快速、可靠地鉴定利什曼原虫。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity, geographical distribution and predictive factors of Hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes in Rwanda 卢旺达丙型肝炎病毒基因型和亚型的多样性、地理分布和预测因素。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107433
Jean Claude Uwimbabazi , Léon Mutesa , Franck JD Mennechet , Claude Mambo Muvunyi , Jeanne Françoise Kabanyana , Rafiki Madjid Habimana , Jean Baptiste Mazarati , Isabelle Mukagatare , Jean de Dieu Iragena , Khalid El Moussaoui , Pierrette Melin , Marie-Pierre Hayette , Sébastien Bontems

Background

Existing data on the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes in Rwanda need to be strengthened. The aim of this study was to identify HCV genotypes and subtypes among HCV-infected patients, as well as their geographical distribution in Rwanda, and to identify the social and economic factors that could influence HCV epidemiology which would make it possible to target national preventive and management actions for infected patients.

Methods

This study included 560 patients with confirmed chronic HCV infection. Patients were recruited from various health facilities in the four provinces of Rwanda as well as in the City of Kigali and had never received treatment with direct-acting antiviral (DAAs). HCV viral loads were measured using Cobas® AmpliPrep/Cobas® TaqMan® HCV Quantitative Test, version 2.0. HCV genotyping was performed using an in-house sequencing protocol targeting the NS5B central region. Genotypic HCV prevalence was correlated with patient geographic location, sociodemographic, behavioral, lifestyle, and clinical factors.

Results

HCV genotype 4 was detected in 99.3% of the patients, while genotype 3 was identified in 0.7%. A total of eight (8) HCV subtypes were detected, with 4k being the predominant subtype nationwide (49.5%), followed by subtypes 4r (21.2%), 4q (16.2%), 4v (7.9%), 4b (2.0%), 4l (1.8%), 4c and 3h represent 0.7% each. Our findings reveal subtype distribution variations among provinces. Subtype 4k was prevalent across regions, particularly in Kigali (64.0%) and the Eastern Province (61.6%). Subtype 4q was more common in the northern province (40.7%), 4r in the southern (43.9%) and western provinces (37.1%), and 4v in the eastern province (17.8%). Farmers exhibit a distinct infection profile compared to other occupations, showing a lower prevalence of subtype 4k but a higher prevalence of subtype 4r.

Conclusions

Our study revealed that HCV infection is unevenly distributed in Rwanda, dominated by HCV genotype 4, with considerable heterogeneity in the repartition of the different subtypes. We found potential associations between rural/urban lifestyles and HCV subtype profiles. Determined HCV distribution and diversity can serve as basis not only for HCV infection awareness and prevention campaigns, but also success and guidance for personalized treatment.
背景:卢旺达丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)基因型和亚型流行情况的现有数据有待加强。本研究旨在确定丙型肝炎病毒感染者中的丙型肝炎病毒基因型和亚型,以及它们在卢旺达的地理分布情况,并确定可能影响丙型肝炎病毒流行病学的社会和经济因素,从而有可能针对感染者采取国家预防和管理行动:这项研究包括 560 名确诊慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染者。患者来自卢旺达四个省和基加利市的不同医疗机构,从未接受过直接作用抗病毒药物(DAAs)治疗。使用 2.0 版 Cobas® AmpliPrep/Cobas® TaqMan® HCV 定量检测仪检测 HCV 病毒载量。使用针对 NS5B 中心区的内部测序方案进行 HCV 基因分型。基因型 HCV 感染率与患者的地理位置、社会人口、行为、生活方式和临床因素相关:结果:99.3% 的患者检测出了 HCV 基因型 4,0.7% 的患者检测出了基因型 3。共检测出 8 种 HCV 亚型,其中 4k 是全国范围内最主要的亚型(49.5%),其次是 4r(21.2%)、4q(16.2%)、4v(7.9%)、4b(2.0%)、4l(1.8%)、4c 和 3h 各占 0.7%。我们的研究结果揭示了亚型在各省之间的分布差异。4k 亚型在各地区都很普遍,尤其是在基加利(64.0%)和东部省(61.6%)。4q 亚型在北部省(40.7%)较为常见,4r 亚型在南部省(43.9%)和西部省(37.1%)较为常见,4v 亚型在东部省(17.8%)较为常见。与其他职业相比,农民表现出独特的感染特征,4k亚型感染率较低,但4r亚型感染率较高:我们的研究表明,HCV 感染在卢旺达分布不均,以 HCV 基因 4 型为主,不同亚型的分布差异很大。我们发现农村/城市生活方式与 HCV 亚型之间存在潜在联系。确定的 HCV 分布情况和多样性不仅可以作为提高对 HCV 感染的认识和开展预防活动的依据,还可以作为成功和指导个性化治疗的依据。
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引用次数: 0
A quantitative and systematic analysis of Anopheles stephensi bionomics and control approaches 对史蒂芬按蚊生物组学和控制方法进行定量和系统分析。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107431
Tabeth Mwema , Sarah Zohdy , Mekala Sundaram , Christopher A. Lepczyk , Lana Narine , Janna R. Willoughby
Anopheles stephensi is a mosquito endemic to South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula that has recently been detected in eight African countries, posing a significant threat to global malaria control efforts. A challenge with An. stephensi is that it requires unique surveillance and control tools when compared to other malaria vectors. Through a systematic literature review, we investigated the efficacy of trapping methods and controls for An. stephensi mosquitoes, with a focus on studies of its behavior and biology. Data from 83 articles (native range: Afghanistan, India, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Qatar; invasive range: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan) met our study inclusion criteria. Data from these studies revealed that using host-seeking animal baited traps increased the number of mosquitoes collected per trap per day in the native range when compared to host-seeking human baited traps. However, these differences were not present in data collection rate assessments from the invasive range. We also found that An. stephensi equally used a large variety of breeding habitats in the native range, but that it tended to prefer water reservoirs and wastewater in the invasive range. Finally, we found that temephos, fenthion, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, and Beauveri bassiana were more effective at reducing larvae in their native range compared to the approaches found in our systematic literature search, but the relative effectiveness of these approaches in the invasive range was less clear. Understanding proven historical surveillance and control approaches is essential to the advancement of invasive An. stephensi mitigation efforts, but continued investigations in the invasive range are critical to reducing the impacts of malaria morbidity and mortality.
史蒂芬按蚊是南亚和阿拉伯半岛流行的一种蚊子,最近在八个非洲国家发现了这种蚊子,对全球疟疾控制工作构成了重大威胁。与其他疟疾病媒相比,史蒂芬斯蚊需要独特的监测和控制工具,这是史蒂芬斯蚊面临的一个挑战。通过系统的文献回顾,我们调查了诱捕方法和控制史蒂芬斯氏疟蚊的效果,重点是对其行为和生物学的研究。原生地:阿富汗、印度、伊朗、伊拉克、巴基斯坦和卡塔尔;入侵地:吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、斯里兰卡和卡塔尔:吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、斯里兰卡、沙特阿拉伯和苏丹)符合我们的研究纳入标准。这些研究的数据显示,在原生地,使用寻找宿主的动物诱饵诱捕器与寻找宿主的人类诱饵诱捕器相比,增加了每个诱捕器每天收集的蚊子数量。然而,在入侵区的数据收集率评估中,这些差异并不存在。我们还发现,在原生地,史蒂芬斯氏疟蚊同样使用多种繁殖生境,但在入侵地,它往往更喜欢水库和废水。最后,我们发现,与系统文献检索中发现的方法相比,特灭磷、倍硫磷、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis)和 Beauveri bassiana 能更有效地减少原生地幼虫的数量,但这些方法在入侵地的相对效果并不明显。了解历史上行之有效的监测和控制方法对于推进雅罗氏疟原虫入侵缓解工作至关重要,但在入侵区继续开展调查对于降低疟疾发病率和死亡率的影响也至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus exposure among febrile patients, cattle herders, and cattle herds in Cameroon 喀麦隆发热病人、牧民和牛群接触克里米亚刚果出血热病毒的情况。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107432
Fredy Brice Nemg Simo , Urmes Chantale Sobjio Teagho , Serika Marshall Atako , Brice Tiwa Lontsi , Brice Vincent Ayissi Owona , Maurice Demanou , Charles Sinclair Wondji , Basile Kamgang , Felicity Jane Burt , Sadie J. Ryan , Nigel Aminake Makoah , Rhoel R. Dinglasan , Paul Fewou Moundipa

Problem addressed

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease with high fatality rates and an expansive geographic distribution, yet disease prevalence data in Cameroon is lacking.

Objective

This study aimed to determine CCHF virus (CCHFV) seroprevalence and tick distribution among cattle herders and febrile patients in West and Centre Cameroon.

Methods and approach

Two cross-sectional serological studies of human and cattle were conducted from October to December 2021 and from June to July 2022, which included the collection of ticks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect anti-CCHFV antibodies, while a knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) survey assessed tick and tickborne disease related knowledge and behaviors among herders. Tick identification used morphological keys.

Results

The KAP survey showed adequate tick knowledge (94.5 %) among herders but poor understanding of disease transmission, with favorable attitudes towards tick control (24.7 %) but inadequate implementation. Rhipicephalus annulatus (64.1 %) predominated among the 1,296 ticks collected during each rainy season. Among cattle, 27.4 % were seropositive, and seropositivity was associated with specific villages, cattle age (>4 years), and female sex. Herders had a 17.8 % seroprevalence, while febrile patients had 8.3 %, with higher rates in those >20 years old for both groups. Self-reported tick removal by herders after contact and grazing may increase CCHFV exposure.

Conclusions

This study confirms CCHFV circulation in rural West Cameroon and unexpected exposure risk in Yaounde, highlighting the need for active entomological surveillance and preventive measures in transhumance and cattle market activities. Establishing an occupation-based surveillance system can help identify CCHFV hotspots to prevent outbreaks.
解决问题:克里米亚-刚果出血热(CCHF)是一种蜱媒疾病,致死率高且地理分布广泛,但喀麦隆缺乏疾病流行数据:本研究旨在确定喀麦隆西部和中部地区牧民和发热患者的刚果出血热病毒(CCHFV)血清流行率和蜱虫分布情况:分别于 2021 年 10 月至 12 月和 2022 年 6 月至 7 月对人和牛进行了两次横断面血清学研究,其中包括采集蜱虫。使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测抗CCHFV抗体,同时进行知识、态度和实践(KAP)调查,评估牧民对蜱虫和蜱虫传播疾病的相关知识和行为。蜱虫识别采用形态学钥匙:KAP调查显示,牧民对蜱虫有足够的了解(94.5%),但对疾病传播的认识不足,对蜱虫控制持积极态度(24.7%),但执行不力。在每个雨季收集到的 1,296 只蜱虫中,Rhipicephalus annulatus(64.1%)占多数。在牛群中,27.4%的牛血清呈阳性,血清阳性与特定村庄、牛龄(大于 4 岁)和雌性有关。牧民的血清阳性率为 17.8%,而发烧病人的血清阳性率为 8.3%,年龄大于 20 岁的牧民和发烧病人的血清阳性率都较高。牧民自称在接触和放牧后清除了蜱虫,这可能会增加接触 CCHFV 的机会:这项研究证实了 CCHFV 在喀麦隆西部农村地区的流行情况,以及在雅温得的意外暴露风险,强调了在转场放牧和牛市活动中积极开展昆虫学监测和采取预防措施的必要性。建立以职业为基础的监测系统有助于确定 CCHFV 的热点地区,防止疫情爆发。
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引用次数: 0
Risk factors and control strategies for Brucella spp. and RB51 vaccine shedding in buffalo milk: A cross-sectional study 水牛奶中布鲁氏菌属和 RB51 疫苗脱落的风险因素和控制策略:一项横断面研究。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107436
Maryam Dadar , Akram Bahreinipour , Faranak Abnaroodheleh , Fereshteh Ansari , Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Brucellosis is prevalent in water buffaloes, which serve as significant reservoirs. The disease adversely affects meat and dairy products and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated products. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and control strategies for Brucella spp. and RB51 vaccine shedding in raw buffalo milk. A cross-sectional study was conducted across 261 farms where only 182 out of 261 farms received regular vaccinations through PCR tests and a questionnaire survey. The survey addressed potential risk factors and farm management. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the associated risk factors, represented as odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals. The PCR survey revealed a 35.2 % prevalence of Brucella spp at the household level and 30.8 % at the buffalo level. Significant risk factors for Brucella PCR-positivity included the number of buffaloes in a household (OR = 1.512, 95 %CI: 1.107–2.065, p = 0.009) and the presence of resident dogs (OR = 2.157, 95 %CI: 1.053–4.417, p = 0.036). Regular vaccination practices were identified as a preventive factor (OR = 0.304, 95 %CI: 0.172–0.537, p <0.001). No animal-level risk factors were identified, and reduced-dose brucellosis vaccination showed a protective effect. Higher buffalo numbers in a household correlated with increased vaccine shedding in milk (OR= 2.489, p-value <0.001). Shedding was lower in households with primary education farmers than those without education (OR=14.163, p-value <0.001). Borrowing bulls for insemination also increased shedding (OR=13.266, p-value= 0.015). The study highlights the need for targeted control strategies, emphasizing education, vaccination, and hygiene practices to mitigate brucellosis's impact on buffalo and human populations.
布鲁氏菌病在水牛中流行,水牛是重要的病原携带者。这种疾病对肉类和奶制品产生不利影响,并可通过受污染的产品传染给人类。本研究旨在确定水牛生奶中布鲁氏杆菌属和 RB51 疫苗脱落的风险因素和控制策略。通过 PCR 检测和问卷调查,对 261 个农场进行了横断面研究,其中只有 182 个农场定期接种疫苗。调查涉及潜在风险因素和农场管理。采用单变量和多变量逻辑回归分析法对相关风险因素进行了分析,结果显示为几率比(OR),置信区间为 95%。PCR 调查显示,布鲁氏菌在家庭中的感染率为 35.2%,在水牛中的感染率为 30.8%。布鲁氏菌 PCR 阳性的重要风险因素包括家庭中水牛的数量(OR = 1.512,95%CI:1.107-2.065,p = 0.009)和家中是否有狗(OR = 2.157,95%CI:1.053-4.417,p = 0.036)。定期接种疫苗被认为是一个预防因素(OR = 0.304,95%CI:0.172-0.537,p
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing the survey design for assessing schistosomiasis at the sub-district for treatment decision making 优化分区血吸虫病评估调查设计,以便做出治疗决策。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107422
AE Phillips , L Klein , M Dorkenoo , J Opare , P Gnossike , SCL Knowles , DM Stukel , Y Zhang , A Kabore , C Bougouma , I Kargbo-Labor , NM Kane , M Traoré , J Shott , DS Evans

Background

Schistosomiasis control programs typically launch with district-level, school-based preventive chemotherapy (PC). Recent World Health Organization recommendations are to shift to community-wide treatment where schistosomiasis prevalence is >10%. Simultaneously there is a push to move to sub-district PC to prioritize communities in need of treatment and alleviate the pressure on global praziquantel need, but few countries have sub-district prevalence data and no guidelines on how to collect this information.

Methods/Principal findings

Data collected from 57,161 school-aged children (SAC) across six countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo) to generate spatially realistic gold standard datasets that were used to evaluate different numbers of schools per sub-district (1-10) and district (5–30), number of SAC sampled per school (10–50), on accuracy of prevalence estimates. Sampling fewer children in more schools maximized accuracy of prevalence at the sub-district and district level. Surveying three schools per sub-district or 15 schools per district gave precise prevalence estimates. Increasing the number of SAC beyond 30 per school led to negligible improvements in reliably detecting schistosomiasis. Failure to detect schistosomiasis occurred more frequently in low (1–10%) prevalence and larger districts/sub-districts.

Conclusion

This study provides guidelines for evaluating sub-district schistosomiasis in a range of transmission settings. Among two-stage cluster surveys for schistosomiasis, our simulations show surveying three schools per sub-district and 20-30 SAC per school optimized cost-efficiency and minimized risk of mistreatment. Population size and endemicity influenced survey estimates, with the probability of misclassification being greater as populations increased or prevalence decreased.
背景:血吸虫病控制计划通常从地区一级的学校预防性化疗(PC)开始。世界卫生组织最近建议,在血吸虫病流行率大于 10% 的地方,应转向全社区治疗。与此同时,人们也在推动向分区预防性化疗转变,以优先考虑需要治疗的社区,减轻全球吡喹酮需求的压力,但很少有国家拥有分区流行率数据,也没有关于如何收集这些信息的指南:在六个国家(布基纳法索、加纳、马里、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥)收集了 57 161 名学龄儿童(SAC)的数据,以生成符合空间实际情况的黄金标准数据集,用于评估每个分区(1-10 个)和地区(5-30 个)的不同学校数量、每所学校采样的 SAC 数量(10-50 个)对流行率估计准确性的影响。在更多学校抽样调查更少的儿童,可最大限度地提高分区和地区一级流行率的准确性。对每个分区的 3 所学校或每个地区的 15 所学校进行调查,可得出精确的流行率估计值。将每所学校的 SAC 数量增加到 30 个以上,在可靠检测血吸虫病方面的改进微乎其微。在低流行率(1%-10%)和较大的地区/分区,血吸虫病检测失败的情况更为常见:这项研究为在各种传播环境中评估分区血吸虫病提供了指导。在两阶段血吸虫病分组调查中,我们的模拟结果表明,每个分区调查三所学校,每所学校调查 20-30 名 SAC 可优化成本效益,最大限度地降低误治风险。人口规模和流行程度会影响调查估计值,随着人口增加或流行程度降低,错误分类的概率也会增加。
{"title":"Optimizing the survey design for assessing schistosomiasis at the sub-district for treatment decision making","authors":"AE Phillips ,&nbsp;L Klein ,&nbsp;M Dorkenoo ,&nbsp;J Opare ,&nbsp;P Gnossike ,&nbsp;SCL Knowles ,&nbsp;DM Stukel ,&nbsp;Y Zhang ,&nbsp;A Kabore ,&nbsp;C Bougouma ,&nbsp;I Kargbo-Labor ,&nbsp;NM Kane ,&nbsp;M Traoré ,&nbsp;J Shott ,&nbsp;DS Evans","doi":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Schistosomiasis control programs typically launch with district-level, school-based preventive chemotherapy (PC). Recent World Health Organization recommendations are to shift to community-wide treatment where schistosomiasis prevalence is &gt;10%. Simultaneously there is a push to move to sub-district PC to prioritize communities in need of treatment and alleviate the pressure on global praziquantel need, but few countries have sub-district prevalence data and no guidelines on how to collect this information.</div></div><div><h3>Methods/Principal findings</h3><div>Data collected from 57,161 school-aged children (SAC) across six countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo) to generate spatially realistic gold standard datasets that were used to evaluate different numbers of schools per sub-district (1-10) and district (5–30), number of SAC sampled per school (10–50), on accuracy of prevalence estimates. Sampling fewer children in more schools maximized accuracy of prevalence at the sub-district and district level. Surveying three schools per sub-district or 15 schools per district gave precise prevalence estimates. Increasing the number of SAC beyond 30 per school led to negligible improvements in reliably detecting schistosomiasis. Failure to detect schistosomiasis occurred more frequently in low (1–10%) prevalence and larger districts/sub-districts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides guidelines for evaluating sub-district schistosomiasis in a range of transmission settings. Among two-stage cluster surveys for schistosomiasis, our simulations show surveying three schools per sub-district and 20-30 SAC per school optimized cost-efficiency and minimized risk of mistreatment. Population size and endemicity influenced survey estimates, with the probability of misclassification being greater as populations increased or prevalence decreased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7240,"journal":{"name":"Acta tropica","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epidemiology characterization and risk factors of brucellosis among older rural populations in northwest China 中国西北地区农村老年人布鲁氏菌病的流行病学特征和风险因素。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107437
Yiwen Liu , Li Ye , Juqin Wen , Manling Bai , Zhongshu Pu
Brucellosis causes significant economic damage and public health problems in northwest China. The older rural population is considered a high-risk group. However, the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for brucellosis in this population remain unclear. This study investigated these factors within this high-risk group by performing a cross-sectional study in five townships of Wuwei City, Gansu Province. Cases were screened via rose Bengal and serum plate agglutination tests. Risk factors were evaluated using a standard questionnaire form. This study included 1074 participants aged >50 years. Among them, 15 (1.4%) tested positive for Brucella. The most common symptoms were arthralgia/myalgia (n=5, 33.3%), and 10 (66.7%) cases were asymptomatic. Raising lambs artificially (odds ratio, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.3–17.0; P=0.02) increased the risk of brucellosis. The results indicated a high proportion of asymptomatic brucellosis in this group. Raising lambs artificially is a risk factor for brucellosis. The surveillance and health education of brucellosis for older rural populations in endemic areas of northwest China should been attention.
布鲁氏菌病在中国西北地区造成了严重的经济损失和公共卫生问题。农村老年人群被视为高危人群。然而,该人群的流行病学特征和布鲁氏菌病的风险因素仍不清楚。本研究通过在甘肃省武威市的五个乡镇进行横断面研究,调查了这一高危人群中的这些因素。病例通过玫瑰红和血清平板凝集试验进行筛查。使用标准问卷对危险因素进行评估。本研究共纳入 1074 名 50 岁以上的参与者。其中,15人(1.4%)的布鲁氏杆菌检测呈阳性。最常见的症状是关节痛/肌痛(5例,33.3%),10例(66.7%)无症状。人工饲养羔羊(几率比,4.7;95% CI,1.3-17.0;P=0.02)增加了布鲁氏菌病的风险。结果表明,该组无症状布鲁氏菌病的比例很高。人工饲养羔羊是布鲁氏菌病的一个风险因素。中国西北地区布鲁氏菌病流行区的老年农村人口应重视布鲁氏菌病的监测和健康教育。
{"title":"Epidemiology characterization and risk factors of brucellosis among older rural populations in northwest China","authors":"Yiwen Liu ,&nbsp;Li Ye ,&nbsp;Juqin Wen ,&nbsp;Manling Bai ,&nbsp;Zhongshu Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brucellosis causes significant economic damage and public health problems in northwest China. The older rural population is considered a high-risk group. However, the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for brucellosis in this population remain unclear. This study investigated these factors within this high-risk group by performing a cross-sectional study in five townships of Wuwei City, Gansu Province. Cases were screened via rose Bengal and serum plate agglutination tests. Risk factors were evaluated using a standard questionnaire form. This study included 1074 participants aged &gt;50 years. Among them, 15 (1.4%) tested positive for <em>Brucella</em>. The most common symptoms were arthralgia/myalgia (n=5, 33.3%), and 10 (66.7%) cases were asymptomatic. Raising lambs artificially (odds ratio, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.3–17.0; <em>P</em>=0.02) increased the risk of brucellosis. The results indicated a high proportion of asymptomatic brucellosis in this group. Raising lambs artificially is a risk factor for brucellosis. The surveillance and health education of brucellosis for older rural populations in endemic areas of northwest China should been attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7240,"journal":{"name":"Acta tropica","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
West Nile virus in adults and larvae of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex hortensis (Diptera: Culicidae) captured in Hamedan, western Iran 伊朗西部哈马丹捕获的 Culiseta longiareolata 和 Culex hortensis(双翅目:库蚊科)成虫和幼虫体内的西尼罗河病毒
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107434
Mehran Khaledian , Iman Owliaee , Alireza Sazmand , Behroz Davari , Amir Hossein Zahirnia , Farid Azizi Jalilian
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Although it is considered the most widespread mosquito-borne arbovirus in Iran, vectors of this zoonotic pathogen remain unknown in many regions. This study aimed to assess the presence of WNV in mosquitoes collected in the western city of Hamedan in 2022. Adult mosquitoes were captured using light traps, and mosquito larvae were collected by dipping technique from 45 diverse habitats, including urban, suburban, and rural sites. Specimens were identified and pooled into 69 batches based on their species for viral RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR. In total, 3243 mosquitoes (2209 larvae and 1034 adults) were captured and identified as Culiseta longiareolata, Culex hortensis, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Culex theileri, Culex pipiens, Anopheles claviger, and Anopheles superpictus s.l. in decreasing order. Molecular screening revealed seven WNV-positive pools of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex hortensis in rural (n = 5) and urban areas (n = 2). Detection of WNV RNA indicates active circulation in mosquitoes and risk of transmission to humans and animals in Hamadan. These findings identify putative vectors in Hamadan, though vectors likely vary regionally in Iran. Further surveillance is needed to elucidate local WNV epidemiology and transmission dynamics fully. Nonetheless, this study provides important baseline evidence of WNV activity to guide prevention strategies in this area.
西尼罗河病毒(WNV)是一种通过蚊子传播的新兴虫媒病毒。尽管西尼罗河病毒被认为是伊朗最广泛传播的蚊媒虫媒病毒,但在许多地区,这种人畜共患病原体的传播媒介仍不为人知。本研究旨在评估 2022 年在西部城市哈马丹收集的蚊子中是否存在 WNV。研究人员使用灯光诱捕器捕获成蚊,并通过浸渍技术从 45 个不同的栖息地(包括城市、郊区和农村地区)收集蚊子幼虫。对标本进行了鉴定,并根据其种类分成 69 个批次,用于提取病毒 RNA 和实时 PCR。总共捕获了 3243 只蚊子(2209 只幼虫和 1034 只成蚊),并依次鉴定为 Culiseta longiareolata、Culex hortensis、Anopheles maculipennis s.l.、Culex theileri、Culex pipiens、Anopheles claviger 和 Anopheles superpictus s.l.。分子筛选显示,在农村地区(n = 5)和城市地区(n = 2),Culiseta longiareolata 和 Culex hortensis 有 7 个 WNV 阳性库。WNV RNA 的检测表明,哈马丹的蚊子中存在活跃的病毒循环,存在向人类和动物传播的风险。这些发现确定了哈马丹的潜在病媒,尽管病媒在伊朗可能因地区而异。要全面阐明当地的 WNV 流行病学和传播动态,还需要进一步的监测。尽管如此,这项研究还是提供了重要的 WNV 活动基线证据,以指导该地区的预防策略。
{"title":"West Nile virus in adults and larvae of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex hortensis (Diptera: Culicidae) captured in Hamedan, western Iran","authors":"Mehran Khaledian ,&nbsp;Iman Owliaee ,&nbsp;Alireza Sazmand ,&nbsp;Behroz Davari ,&nbsp;Amir Hossein Zahirnia ,&nbsp;Farid Azizi Jalilian","doi":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Although it is considered the most widespread mosquito-borne arbovirus in Iran, vectors of this zoonotic pathogen remain unknown in many regions. This study aimed to assess the presence of WNV in mosquitoes collected in the western city of Hamedan in 2022. Adult mosquitoes were captured using light traps, and mosquito larvae were collected by dipping technique from 45 diverse habitats, including urban, suburban, and rural sites. Specimens were identified and pooled into 69 batches based on their species for viral RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR. In total, 3243 mosquitoes (2209 larvae and 1034 adults) were captured and identified as <em>Culiseta longiareolata, Culex hortensis, Anopheles maculipennis</em> s.l., <em>Culex theileri, Culex pipiens, Anopheles claviger</em>, and <em>Anopheles superpictus</em> s.l. in decreasing order. Molecular screening revealed seven WNV-positive pools of <em>Culiseta longiareolata</em> and <em>Culex hortensis</em> in rural (<em>n</em> = 5) and urban areas (<em>n</em> = 2). Detection of WNV RNA indicates active circulation in mosquitoes and risk of transmission to humans and animals in Hamadan. These findings identify putative vectors in Hamadan, though vectors likely vary regionally in Iran. Further surveillance is needed to elucidate local WNV epidemiology and transmission dynamics fully. Nonetheless, this study provides important baseline evidence of WNV activity to guide prevention strategies in this area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7240,"journal":{"name":"Acta tropica","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Frequency of chloroquine-resistant haplotype of Plasmodium falciparum (CVIET) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria 17 years post-chloroquine withdrawal 尼日利亚西南部伊巴丹地区停用氯喹 17 年后恶性疟原虫耐氯喹单倍型 (CVIET) 的频率。
IF 2.1 3区 医学 Q2 PARASITOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107435
Abiodun Amusan , Olugbenga Akinola , Kazeem Akano , María Hernández-Castañeda , Jenna K. Dick , Akintunde Sowunmi , Geoffrey Hart , Grace Gbotosho
The replacement of chloroquine with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for over a decade has had varying impacts on the ability of the malaria parasite to sustain its chloroquine resistance prowess in different malaria-endemic regions. We evaluated the frequency of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) mutations in Ibadan, Nigeria 17 years after the replacement of chloroquine with ACTs for malaria treatment. Fragments of PfCRT gene from genomic DNA of microscopically confirmed P. falciparum-infected patients were amplified and sequenced. There were 19% CVIET mutant and 81% CVMNK wild-type haplotypes on residues 72–76. A220S change were found in 16.7% of samples occurring concurrently with the CVIET haplotype, while a Q271E mutation occurred in a PfCRT wild-type isolate. The reduced prevalence of the PfCRT mutant alleles in this study compared to previous reports suggests a gradual disappearance of chloroquine-resistant malaria parasites following reduced drug pressure. It may also be a result of fitness demand on the parasites in attempts to evolve resistance against the current first-line regimen. However, evaluating the prevalence of other chloroquine resistance markers such as Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 gene mutations in this population, and a more robust sample size will help to consolidate these findings.
十多年来,青蒿素类复方疗法(ACTs)取代了氯喹,这对不同疟疾流行地区的疟原虫维持氯喹抗药性的能力产生了不同的影响。我们对尼日利亚伊巴丹地区恶性疟原虫氯喹抗性转运体(PfCRT)变异的频率进行了评估。对经显微镜确诊的恶性疟原虫感染者基因组 DNA 中的 PfCRT 基因片段进行了扩增和测序。残基 72-76 上有 19% 的 CVIET 突变型和 81% 的 CVMNK 野生型单倍型。在 16.7% 的样本中发现了与 CVIET 单倍型同时出现的 A220S 变化,而在一个 PfCRT 野生型分离株中出现了 Q271E 突变。与之前的报告相比,本研究中 PfCRT 突变等位基因的流行率有所降低,这表明抗氯喹疟原虫在药物压力降低后逐渐消失。这也可能是寄生虫在试图进化出对当前一线治疗方案的抗药性过程中的适应性需求所致。不过,对这一人群中其他氯喹抗药性标记(如恶性疟原虫多药抗药性 1 基因突变)的流行情况进行评估,以及对样本量进行更充分的研究,将有助于巩固这些发现。
{"title":"Frequency of chloroquine-resistant haplotype of Plasmodium falciparum (CVIET) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria 17 years post-chloroquine withdrawal","authors":"Abiodun Amusan ,&nbsp;Olugbenga Akinola ,&nbsp;Kazeem Akano ,&nbsp;María Hernández-Castañeda ,&nbsp;Jenna K. Dick ,&nbsp;Akintunde Sowunmi ,&nbsp;Geoffrey Hart ,&nbsp;Grace Gbotosho","doi":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The replacement of chloroquine with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for over a decade has had varying impacts on the ability of the malaria parasite to sustain its chloroquine resistance prowess in different malaria-endemic regions. We evaluated the frequency of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> chloroquine resistance transporter (<em>Pf</em>CRT) mutations in Ibadan, Nigeria 17 years after the replacement of chloroquine with ACTs for malaria treatment. Fragments of <em>Pf</em>CRT gene from genomic DNA of microscopically confirmed <em>P. falciparum</em>-infected patients were amplified and sequenced. There were 19% CVIET mutant and 81% CVMNK wild-type haplotypes on residues 72–76. A220S change were found in 16.7% of samples occurring concurrently with the CVIET haplotype, while a Q271E mutation occurred in a <em>Pf</em>CRT wild-type isolate. The reduced prevalence of the <em>Pf</em>CRT mutant alleles in this study compared to previous reports suggests a gradual disappearance of chloroquine-resistant malaria parasites following reduced drug pressure. It may also be a result of fitness demand on the parasites in attempts to evolve resistance against the current first-line regimen. However, evaluating the prevalence of other chloroquine resistance markers such as <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> multidrug resistance 1 gene mutations in this population, and a more robust sample size will help to consolidate these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7240,"journal":{"name":"Acta tropica","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 107435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Acta tropica
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