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Low-temperature direct electrochemical splitting of H2S H2S的低温直接电化学裂解
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1087435
Martin Velazquez-Rizo, Adrian Cavazos Sepulveda
Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising decarbonized fuels. However, its applicability is limited due to the ecological constraints of its production. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is widely available in oil and gas reservoirs and has the potential of becoming an energetically favorable source of hydrogen. Nevertheless, its electrochemical separation into H2 and elemental sulfur has not been successfully achieved at the industrial scale, due to sulfur poisoning of the electrodes at the sulfur oxidation half-reaction. This review highlights the progress of the direct electrolytic separation of H2S below the sulfur dew point, where the sulfur poisoning effect becomes more prominent. The article discusses the different technologies and approaches explored to improve the energy efficiency and stability of H2S electrolytic systems, including the recent use of nanostructured electrodes and novel sulfur solvents as electrolytes.
氢被认为是最有前途的脱碳燃料之一。然而,由于其生产的生态约束,其适用性受到限制。硫化氢(H2S)广泛存在于油气储层中,有潜力成为一种有利的氢源。然而,由于硫氧化半反应中电极的硫中毒,其电化学分离为H2和单质硫尚未成功实现工业规模。本文综述了硫露点以下直接电解分离H2S的研究进展,硫露点以下的硫中毒效应更加突出。本文讨论了用于提高H2S电解系统能效和稳定性的不同技术和方法,包括最近使用的纳米结构电极和新型硫溶剂作为电解质。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable production of biofuels and bioderivatives from aquaculture and marine waste 从水产养殖和海洋废弃物中可持续生产生物燃料和生物杀菌剂
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1072761
Lynette Alvarado-Ramírez, Berenice Santiesteban-Romero, Guillaume Poss, J. E. Sosa-Hernández, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, R. Parra-Saldívar, A. D. Bonaccorso, Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
The annual global fish production reached a record 178 million tonnes in 2020, which continues to increase. Today, 49% of the total fish is harvested from aquaculture, which is forecasted to reach 60% of the total fish produced by 2030. Considering that the wastes of fishing industries represent up to 75% of the whole organisms, the fish industry is generating a large amount of waste which is being neglected in most parts of the world. This negligence can be traced to the ridicule of the value of this resource as well as the many difficulties related to its valorisation. In addition, the massive expansion of the aquaculture industry is generating significant environmental consequences, including chemical and biological pollution, disease outbreaks that increase the fish mortality rate, unsustainable feeds, competition for coastal space, and an increase in the macroalgal blooms due to anthropogenic stressors, leading to a negative socio-economic and environmental impact. The establishment of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has received increasing attention due to the environmental benefits of using waste products and transforming them into valuable products. There is a need to integrate and implement new technologies able to valorise the waste generated from the fish and aquaculture industry making the aquaculture sector and the fish industry more sustainable through the development of a circular economy scheme. This review wants to provide an overview of several approaches to valorise marine waste (e.g., dead fish, algae waste from marine and aquaculture, fish waste), by their transformation into biofuels (biomethane, biohydrogen, biodiesel, green diesel, bioethanol, or biomethanol) and recovering biomolecules such as proteins (collagen, fish hydrolysate protein), polysaccharides (chitosan, chitin, carrageenan, ulvan, alginate, fucoidan, and laminarin) and biosurfactants. Graphical Abstract
2020年,全球鱼类年产量达到创纪录的1.78亿吨,而且还在继续增长。如今,49%的鱼类来自水产养殖,预计到2030年将达到总产量的60%。考虑到渔业的废物占整个生物体的75%,渔业产生了大量的废物,而这些废物在世界大多数地区都被忽视了。这种疏忽可以追溯到对这种资源价值的嘲笑,以及与其定价相关的许多困难。此外,水产养殖业的大规模扩张正在产生重大的环境后果,包括化学和生物污染、增加鱼类死亡率的疾病爆发、不可持续的饲料、对沿海空间的竞争,以及人为压力导致的大型藻类水华增加,导致负面的社会经济和环境影响。由于利用废物并将其转化为有价值的产品的环境效益,综合多营养水产养殖(IMTA)的建立受到了越来越多的关注。需要整合和实施能够对鱼类和水产养殖业产生的废物进行估价的新技术,通过制定循环经济计划,使水产养殖业和鱼类行业更加可持续。这篇综述旨在概述几种将海洋废物(如死鱼、海洋和水产养殖产生的藻类废物、鱼类废物)转化为生物燃料(生物甲烷、生物氢、生物柴油、绿色柴油、生物乙醇或生物甲醇)和回收生物分子如蛋白质(胶原蛋白、鱼类水解蛋白)的方法,多糖(壳聚糖、几丁质、卡拉胶、尺骨、海藻酸盐、褐藻糖胶和昆布胶)和生物表面活性剂。图形摘要
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引用次数: 2
Boost dynamic protocols for producing mammalian biopharmaceuticals with intensified DoE—a practical guide to analyses with OLS and hybrid modeling 增强动态协议生产哺乳动物生物制药强化doe -一个实用指南,分析与OLS和混合建模
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2023-01-04 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1044245
V. Nold, L. Junghans, B. Bayer, L. Bisgen, M. Duerkop, R. Drerup, B. Presser, T. Schwab, E. Bluhmki, S. Wieschalka, B. Knapp
Introduction: For the implementation of robust bioprocesses, understanding of temporal cell behavior with respect to relevant inputs is crucial. Intensified Design of Experiments (iDoE) is an efficient tool to assess the joint influence of input parameters by including intra-experimental changes. Methods: We applied iDoE to the production phase of a monoclonal antibody in a mammalian bioprocess. The multidimensional design space spanned by temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), timing of change, and growth category was investigated in 12 cultivations. We built ordinary least squares (OLS) and hybrid models (HM) on the iDoE-data, validated them with classical DoE (cDoE)-derived data, and used the models as in silico representation for process optimization. Results: If the complexity of interactions between changing setpoints of inputs is sufficiently captured during planning and modeling, iDoE proved to be valid for characterizing the mammalian biopharmaceutical production phase. For local behavior and flexible composition of optimization goals, OLS regressions can easily be implemented. To predict global and interconnected dynamics while incorporating mass balances, HM holds potential. Discussion: iDoE will boost protocols that optimize inputs for different bioprocess phases. The described key aspects of OLS- and HM-based analyses of iDoE-data shall guide future applications during manufacturing.
为了实现健壮的生物过程,了解时间细胞的行为与相关输入是至关重要的。强化实验设计(iDoE)是一种评估输入参数联合影响的有效工具,它包含了实验内部的变化。方法:我们将iDoE应用于哺乳动物生物过程中单克隆抗体的生产阶段。研究了温度、溶解氧(DO)、变化时间和生长类别所跨越的多维设计空间。在idoe数据上建立了普通最小二乘(OLS)和混合模型(HM),并用经典DoE (cDoE)衍生数据进行验证,并将模型作为工艺优化的计算机表示。结果:如果在规划和建模过程中充分捕捉到输入的变化设定值之间相互作用的复杂性,则iDoE被证明是有效的,可用于表征哺乳动物生物制药生产阶段。对于局部行为和优化目标的灵活组合,OLS回归可以很容易地实现。在结合质量平衡的同时预测全球和相互关联的动态,HM具有潜力。讨论:iDoE将促进优化不同生物过程阶段投入的协议。所描述的基于OLS和hm的idoe数据分析的关键方面将指导未来在制造过程中的应用。
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引用次数: 2
Functionalization of graphene nanostructures with inorganic nanoparticles and their use for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants in water 石墨烯纳米结构与无机纳米粒子的功能化及其在水中药物污染物去除中的应用
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-20 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1084035
J. Oliveras, L. Marcon, N. Bastús, V. Puntes
Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals are of special concern because despite their low environmental concentration, their biological activity can be intense, and they should be prevented to reach uncontrolledly to the environment. A graphene-based hybrid material decorated with Fe3O4 and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) has been prepared to effectively remove emerging pollutants as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Ibuprofen and Diclofenac present in water at low environmental concentrations by a one-step functionalization process following a novel gentle and scalable surfactant depletion approach. Following this methodology, nanoparticles are progressively deprived of their original surfactant in the presence of graphene, leading to the formation of hybrid nanostructures composed of two different types of nanoparticles well dispersed over the graphene nanosheets. Ibuprofen and Diclofenac adsorption kinetics on the composites was investigated via UV-Vis spectroscopy. The as prepared hybrid material possesses high adsorption capacity, superparamagnetic properties, photocatalytic behavior, and good water dispersibility. Thanks to incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles as in situ catalysts, the adsorption performance of composites is restored after use, which could be a promising recycling pathway for the adsorbents in wastewater treatments.
药物等新出现的污染物值得特别关注,因为尽管它们的环境浓度很低,但它们的生物活性可能很强,应防止它们不受控制地进入环境。制备了一种以Fe3O4和TiO2纳米颗粒(NPs)修饰的石墨烯基杂化材料,该材料采用一种新型的温和可扩展的表面活性剂耗损方法,通过一步功能化工艺,有效去除水中低环境浓度的非甾体抗炎药(nsaid)布洛芬和双氯芬酸等新兴污染物。按照这种方法,纳米颗粒在石墨烯的存在下逐渐失去其原始表面活性剂,从而形成由两种不同类型的纳米颗粒组成的混合纳米结构,这些纳米颗粒很好地分散在石墨烯纳米片上。紫外可见光谱法研究了布洛芬和双氯芬酸在复合材料上的吸附动力学。所制备的杂化材料具有较高的吸附能力、超顺磁性能、光催化性能和良好的水分散性。通过将TiO2纳米颗粒作为原位催化剂,复合材料的吸附性能在使用后得到恢复,这可能是一种很有前途的吸附剂在废水处理中的回收途径。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of wax deposit thickness in waxy crude oil pipelines using improved GM(1,1) model 基于改进GM(1,1)模型的含蜡原油管道蜡层厚度预测
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1024259
Shiqi Xu, C. Fan, Peijian Song, Chuanyou Liu
In this paper, the GM(1,1) model with function arccos x transformation and GM(1,1) model with function transformation are established by using arccosine function transformation method and a arccos x function transformation method, and the GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 transformation is established by using function transformation theory, and GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation is established by using translational transformation theory on the basis of this model. The prediction accuracy of GM(1,1) model, GM(1,1) model with function arccos x transformation, GM(1,1) model with function a arccos x transformation, GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 transformation, and GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation are compared by modeling with the field pipeline data and the indoor loop data. The influence of a value in GM(1,1) model with function a arccos x transformation on prediction accuracy is discussed, and the influence of c value in GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation on prediction accuracy is discussed. With the increase of a and c values, the average relative error show a trend of decreasing and then increasing, by comparing the average relative errors under different a and c values, the optimal a value and c value and the optimal prediction accuracy are obtained. The results show that the GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation in the indoor loop has an average relative error of 0.6490% when c = 0.114 , which is the minimum average relative error compared to other models and achieves the highest prediction accuracy. The GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation in the field pipeline has an average relative error of 1.94156% when c = − 0.555 , which is the minimum average relative error compared to other models and achieves the highest prediction accuracy. Among the five models, only the GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation has fitted and predicted values that are closer to the actual thickness values in the indoor loop experimental data and the field pipeline data, and the predicted values are more consistent with the actual conditions in the field pipeline. This paper verifies the feasibility of using the GM(1,1) model with function cos x 2 + c transformation to predict the wax deposition thickness of the pipe wall, and provides a reference for subsequent research on accurate prediction of wax deposition thickness.
摘要GM(1, 1)模型和x arccos函数转换和GM(1, 1)模型和函数变换建立了利用余弦函数变换方法和arccos x函数转换方法,和GM(1, 1)模型函数cos x 2转换使用函数转换理论,建立了GM(1, 1)模型和函数因为x 2 + c变换建立了利用平移变换理论的基础上,这个模型。通过与现场管道数据和室内回路数据建模,比较了GM(1,1)模型、GM(1,1)函数arccos x变换模型、GM(1,1)函数arccos x变换模型、GM(1,1)函数cos x2变换模型、GM(1,1)函数cos x2 + c变换模型的预测精度。讨论了函数为arccosx变换的GM(1,1)模型中一个值对预测精度的影响,以及函数为cosx2 + c变换的GM(1,1)模型中c值对预测精度的影响。随着a、c值的增大,平均相对误差呈现先减小后增大的趋势,通过比较不同a、c值下的平均相对误差,得到最优a、c值和最优预测精度。结果表明,当c = 0.114时,室内回路中cos x 2 + c变换的GM(1,1)模型的平均相对误差为0.6490%,是其他模型中平均相对误差最小的模型,预测精度最高。在现场管道中进行cos x 2 + c变换的GM(1,1)模型在c =−0.555时的平均相对误差为1.94156%,与其他模型相比,平均相对误差最小,预测精度最高。在这5个模型中,只有函数cos x 2 + c变换的GM(1,1)模型的拟合预测值更接近室内环实验数据和现场管道数据的实际厚度值,预测值更符合现场管道的实际情况。验证了用函数cos x 2 + c变换的GM(1,1)模型预测管壁蜡沉积厚度的可行性,为后续准确预测蜡沉积厚度的研究提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
NyctiDB: A non-relational bioprocesses modeling database supported by an ontology NyctiDB:一个由本体支持的非关系型生物过程建模数据库
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-14 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1036867
Simoneta Caño de las Heras, Carina L. Gargalo, Fiammetta Caccavale, K. Gernaey, U. Krühne
Strategies to exploit and enable the digitalization of industrial processes are on course to become game-changers in optimizing (bio)chemical facilities. To achieve this, these industries face an increasing need for process models and, as importantly, an efficient way to store the models and data/information. Therefore, this work proposes developing an online information storage system that can facilitate the reuse and expansion of process models and make them available to the digitalization cycle. This system is named NyctiDB, and it is a novel non-relational database coupled with a bioprocess ontology. The ontology supports the selection and classification of bioprocess models focused information, while the database is in charge of the online storage of said information. Through a series of online collections, NyctiDB contains essential knowledge for the design, monitoring, control, and optimization of a bioprocess based on its mathematical model. Once NyctiDB has been implemented, its applicability and usefulness are demonstrated through two applications. Application A shows how NyctiDB is integrated inside the software architecture of an online educational bioprocess simulator. This implies that NyctiDB provides the information for the visualization of different bioprocess behaviours and the modifications of the models in the software. Moreover, the information related to the parameters and conditions of each model is used to support the users’ understanding of the process. Additionally, application B illustrates that NyctiDB can be used as AI enabler to further the research in this field through open-source and reliable data. This can, in fact, be used as the information source for the AI frameworks when developing, for example, hybrid models or smart expert systems for bioprocesses. Henceforth, this work aims to provide a blueprint on how to collect bioprocess modeling information and connect it to facilitate and empower the Internet-of-Things paradigm and the digitalization of the biomanufacturing industries. Graphical Abstract
开发和实现工业流程数字化的战略正在成为优化(生物)化工设施的游戏规则改变者。为了实现这一点,这些行业面临着对流程模型的日益增长的需求,同样重要的是,对存储模型和数据/信息的有效方式的需求。因此,本工作建议开发一个在线信息存储系统,该系统可以促进流程模型的重用和扩展,并使其可用于数字化周期。该系统名为NyctiDB,是一个与生物过程本体相结合的新型非关系数据库。本体支持以生物过程模型为中心的信息的选择和分类,而数据库负责所述信息的在线存储。通过一系列在线收集,NyctiDB包含了基于数学模型的生物过程设计、监测、控制和优化的基本知识。一旦实现了NyctiDB,它的适用性和有用性将通过两个应用程序得到证明。应用程序A展示了NyctiDB是如何集成在在线教育生物过程模拟器的软件架构中的。这意味着NyctiDB为不同生物过程行为的可视化和软件中模型的修改提供了信息。此外,与每个模型的参数和条件相关的信息用于支持用户对过程的理解。此外,应用程序B表明,NyctiDB可以作为人工智能的推动者,通过开源和可靠的数据来推进该领域的研究。事实上,在开发例如生物过程的混合模型或智能专家系统时,这可以用作人工智能框架的信息源。今后,这项工作旨在提供一个蓝图,说明如何收集生物过程建模信息并将其连接起来,以促进物联网范式和生物制造行业的数字化。图形摘要
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of the enzymatic depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate and AkestraTM using Humicola insolens cutinase Humicola鞋垫角质酶催化聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和AkestraTM解聚的比较
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1048744
Lucía Aristizábal-Lanza, Smita V. Mankar, Cecilia Tullberg, Baozhong Zhang, Javier A. Linares-Pastén
The enzymatic depolymerization of synthetic polyesters has become of great interest in recycling plastics. Most of the research in this area focuses on the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) due to its widespread use in various applications. However, the enzymatic activity on other commercial polyesters is less frequently investigated. Therefore, AkestraTM attracted our attention, which is a copolymer derived from PET with a partially biobased spirocyclic acetal structure. In this study, the activity of Humicola insolens cutinase (HiCut) on PET and AkestraTM films and powder was investigated. HiCut showed higher depolymerization activity on amorphous PET films than on Akestra™ films. However, an outstanding performance was achieved on AkestraTM powder, reaching 38% depolymerization in 235h, while only 12% for PET powder. These results are consistent with the dependence of the enzymes on the crystallinity of the polymer since Akestra™ is amorphous while the PET powder has 14% crystallinity. On the other hand, HiCut docking studies and molecular dynamic simulations (MD) suggested that the PET-derived mono (hydroxyethyl)terephthalate dimer (MHET)2 is a hydrolyzable ligand, producing terephthalic acid (TPA), while the Akestra™-derived TPA-spiroglycol ester is not, which is consistent with the depolymerization products determined experimentally. MD studies also suggest ligand-induced local conformational changes in the active site.
合成聚酯的酶解聚合已成为塑料回收研究的热点。由于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的广泛应用,该领域的大部分研究都集中在其解聚上。然而,对其他商业聚酯的酶活性研究较少。因此,AkestraTM引起了我们的注意,这是一种由PET衍生的具有部分生物基螺旋环缩醛结构的共聚物。本研究研究了葎草枯皮酶(HiCut)在PET和AkestraTM薄膜和粉末上的活性。HiCut在非晶PET薄膜上的解聚活性高于在Akestra™薄膜上的解聚活性。然而,AkestraTM粉体在235h内解聚率达到38%,而PET粉体的解聚率仅为12%。这些结果与酶对聚合物结晶度的依赖性一致,因为Akestra™是无定形的,而PET粉末的结晶度为14%。另一方面,HiCut对接研究和分子动力学模拟(MD)表明pet衍生的单(羟乙基)对苯二甲酸二聚体(MHET)2是一种可水解的配体,产生对苯二甲酸(TPA),而Akestra™衍生的TPA-螺二醇酯不是,这与实验确定的解聚产物一致。MD研究也提示配体诱导活性部位局部构象改变。
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引用次数: 3
COVID-19 repellent cloth 新冠肺炎驱虫布
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1066184
S. Pandit, P. Chauhan, A. Sinhamahapatra, Y. Parekh, M. Ghalib Enayathullah, K. Bokara, Aditya Kumar
In this research work, for the first time, we have developed and demonstrated a COVID-19 repellent coating on cotton cloth that not only repels the virus but also most of the human body fluids (superhemophobic). The coating was tested in the BSL3 lab. The controlled experiments revealed no significant increase in the log viral particles on coated fabric compared to the uncoated surface, evidence that the coated fabric resisted the SARS-CoV-2 inoculum. Further, the coated cloth exhibited excellent dust-free nature and stain resistance against body fluids (blood, urine, bovine serum, water, and saliva aerosol). It also shows sufficient robustness for repetitive usage. The fabrication process for the developed COVID-19 repellent cloth is simple and affordable and can be easily scaled up for mass production. Such coating could be applied on various surfaces, including daily clothes, masks, medical clothes, curtains, etc. The present finding could be a mammoth step towards controlling infection spread, including COVID-19. Graphical Abstract
在这项研究工作中,我们首次在棉布上开发并展示了一种新冠肺炎疏水涂层,该涂层不仅能抵御病毒,还能抵御大多数人体体液(超疏水)。涂层在BSL3实验室中进行了测试。对照实验显示,与未涂层表面相比,涂层织物上的对数病毒颗粒没有显著增加,这表明涂层织物能抵抗严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型接种物。此外,涂层布表现出优异的无尘性和对体液(血液、尿液、牛血清、水和唾液气溶胶)的防污性。对于重复使用,它也显示出足够的健壮性。开发的新冠肺炎驱虫布的制造工艺简单且价格合理,可以轻松扩大规模进行大规模生产。这种涂层可以应用于各种表面,包括日常衣物、口罩、医用衣物、窗帘等。目前的发现可能是控制包括新冠肺炎在内的感染传播的巨大一步。图形摘要
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引用次数: 0
Optimal planting density of Agave for maximising aboveground biomass: A systematic literature review 龙舌兰的最佳种植密度使地上生物量最大化:系统的文献综述
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-12-02 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1039675
W. Crawford, D. Tan, F. V. van Ogtrop
There are hundreds of species of Agaves found globally in natural and anthropogenic systems. Agaves are used to produce fibres, alcoholic beverages like tequila, and in biofuel production. The objectives of this study were to assess the research available into Agave planting density and to use PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) to suggest an optimum planting density for the highest dry aboveground productivity. Background research into Agave planting densities found little data on the effect of planting density on biomass production, with most studies focusing on other independent variables affecting productivity. There were 13 data points included in the analysis. The meta-analysis suggested that the optimal planting density of Agave is approximately 2,600 plants ha−1, which provides optimal dry aboveground biomass of 28.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1. These findings provide a framework for further experimentation in Australian conditions using a Nelder design density experiment to ground-truth the meta-analysis.
在全球自然和人类活动系统中发现了数百种龙舌兰。龙舌兰用于生产纤维、龙舌兰酒等酒精饮料以及生物燃料生产。本研究的目的是评估对龙舌兰种植密度的研究,并使用PRISMA(系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目)来建议最高干地生产力的最佳种植密度。对龙舌兰种植密度的背景研究发现,关于种植密度对生物量生产的影响的数据很少,大多数研究都集中在影响生产力的其他自变量上。分析中包括13个数据点。荟萃分析表明,龙舌兰的最佳种植密度约为2600株ha−1,这提供了28.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1的最佳地上干生物量。这些发现为在澳大利亚条件下使用Nelder设计密度实验进行进一步实验提供了一个框架,以证实荟萃分析的真实性。
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引用次数: 0
A review of technologies for direct lithium extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions 从低浓度Li+水溶液中直接提取锂的技术综述
Q4 Chemical Engineering Pub Date : 2022-11-30 DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1008680
Olivia Murphy, M. Haji
Under the Paris Agreement, established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, many countries have agreed to transition their energy sources and technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to levels concordant with the 1.5°C warming goal. Lithium (Li) is critical to this transition due to its use in nuclear fusion as well as in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries used for energy storage for electric vehicles and renewable energy harvesting systems. As a result, the global demand for Li is expected to reach 5.11 Mt by 2050. At this consumption rate, the Li reserves on land are expected to be depleted by 2080. In addition to spodumene and lepidolite ores, Li is present in seawater, and salt-lake brines as dissolved Li+ ions. Li recovery from aqueous solutions such as these are a potential solution to limited terrestrial reserves. The present work reviews the advantages and challenges of a variety of technologies for Li recovery from aqueous solutions, including precipitants, solvent extractants, Li-ion sieves, Li-ion-imprinted membranes, battery-based electrochemical systems, and electro-membrane-based electrochemical systems. The techno-economic feasibility and key performance parameters of each technology, such as the Li+ capacity, selectivity, separation efficiency, recovery, regeneration, cyclical stability, thermal stability, environmental durability, product quality, extraction time, and energy consumption are highlighted when available. Excluding precipitation and solvent extraction, these technologies demonstrate a high potential for sustainable Li+ extraction from low Li+ concentration aqueous solutions or seawater. However, further research and development will be required to scale these technologies from benchtop experiments to industrial applications. The development of optimized materials and synthesis methods that improve the Li+ selectivity, separation efficiency, chemical stability, lifetime, and Li+ recovery should be prioritized. Additionally, techno-economic and life cycle analyses are needed for a more critical evaluation of these extraction technologies for large-scale Li production. Such assessments will further elucidate the climate impact, energy demand, capital costs, operational costs, productivity, potential return on investment, and other key feasibility factors. It is anticipated that this review will provide a solid foundation for future research commercialization efforts to sustainably meet the growing demand for Li as the world transitions to clean energy.
根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》制定的《巴黎协定》,许多国家已同意将其能源和技术转型,以将温室气体排放量降至与升温1.5°C目标一致的水平。锂(Li)对这一转变至关重要,因为它用于核聚变以及用于电动汽车储能和可再生能源收集系统的可充电锂离子电池。因此,到2050年,全球对锂的需求预计将达到511万吨。按照这个消耗速度,预计到2080年,李在土地上的储量将耗尽。除了锂辉石和锂云母矿石外,海水中还含有锂,盐湖卤水中也含有溶解的锂离子。从这样的水溶液中回收Li是有限陆地储量的潜在解决方案。本工作综述了从水溶液中回收锂的各种技术的优势和挑战,包括沉淀剂、溶剂萃取剂、锂离子筛、锂离子印迹膜、基于电池的电化学系统和基于电膜的电化学系统。每种技术的技术经济可行性和关键性能参数,如Li+容量、选择性、分离效率、回收、再生、循环稳定性、热稳定性、环境耐久性、产品质量、提取时间和能耗,在可用的情况下都会得到强调。不包括沉淀和溶剂提取,这些技术显示出从低Li+浓度的水溶液或海水中可持续提取Li+的高潜力。然而,要将这些技术从台式实验扩展到工业应用,还需要进一步的研究和开发。应优先开发可提高Li+选择性、分离效率、化学稳定性、寿命和Li+回收率的优化材料和合成方法。此外,还需要进行技术经济和生命周期分析,以便对大规模锂生产的这些提取技术进行更关键的评估。这些评估将进一步阐明气候影响、能源需求、资本成本、运营成本、生产力、潜在投资回报和其他关键可行性因素。预计这篇综述将为未来的研究商业化努力提供坚实的基础,以可持续地满足随着世界向清洁能源转型对李日益增长的需求。
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引用次数: 6
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Frontiers in chemical engineering
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