Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382505
Emuobosan Enakerakpo;Ashraf Umar;Mohammed Alhendi;Riadh Al-Haidari;Dylan J. Richmond;Udara Sandakelum Somarathna;Stephen Gonya;Mark D. Poliks;Tom Rovere;Matthew Beckford;Jonathan Nichols
The development of innovative, miniaturized, and low-cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags for application in asset monitoring, counterfeit prevention, or personnel tracking requires advancements in materials, fabrication processes, and packaging. Typical RFID tags can be circumvented by tampering, cloning, or spoofing; however, by adding security features to the tag, nefarious actions such as these can be mitigated. Toward this objective, this paper presents the design and fabrication of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID tag through flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) materials and processes for authentication and anti-tamper /anti-counterfeit applications. The presented UHF RFID tag consists of a passive RF chip and dipole antenna with embedded hardware and software security features. The tag was fabricated using a hybrid of manufacturing techniques including, conventional photolithography and additive aerosol jet printing. The design, materials selection, processing, and tailored FHE fabrication processes, led to achieving a system-level functional RFID tag with a read distance of up to 15 in (0.381 m). The dependency of the read distance on the host surface was studied by attaching tags to different materials including surfaces with various dielectric constants and thicknesses. The performance of the tags was evaluated under realistic use conditions by performing thermal cycling, bending, and wearability tests. The RFID tag’s resistance to different tamper attack vectors (vulnerability assessment) is demonstrated. Overall, the demonstrated UHF RFID tag opens new opportunities for the development of flexible, lightweight, and low-cost RFID tags that leverage FHE fabrication techniques and materials for authentication and anti-tamper applications.
要开发创新型、小型化和低成本的射频识别（RFID）标签，用于资产监控、防伪或人员追踪，就必须在材料、制造工艺和包装方面取得进步。典型的 RFID 标签可以通过篡改、克隆或伪造来规避；但是，通过在标签中添加安全功能，可以减少此类不法行为。为实现这一目标，本文介绍了通过柔性混合电子（FHE）材料和工艺设计和制造的超高频（UHF）射频识别（RFID）标签，用于身份验证和防篡改/防伪造应用。该超高频射频识别（UHF RFID）标签由无源射频芯片和偶极子天线组成，具有嵌入式硬件和软件安全功能。该标签采用混合制造技术制造，包括传统的光刻技术和增材气溶胶喷射打印技术。通过设计、材料选择、加工和量身定制的 FHE 制造工艺，实现了读取距离达 15 英寸（0.381 米）的系统级功能 RFID 标签。通过在不同材料（包括具有不同介电常数和厚度的表面）上安装标签，研究了读取距离与主机表面的关系。通过热循环、弯曲和耐磨测试，评估了标签在实际使用条件下的性能。此外，还展示了 RFID 标签对不同篡改攻击向量的抵抗能力（脆弱性评估）。总之，所展示的超高频 RFID 标签为开发灵活、轻质、低成本的 RFID 标签提供了新的机遇，这些标签利用了用于身份验证和防篡改应用的超高频电子元件制造技术和材料。
{"title":"Passive UHF-RFID Tag With Printed Security Features for Authentication and Tamper Resistance","authors":"Emuobosan Enakerakpo;Ashraf Umar;Mohammed Alhendi;Riadh Al-Haidari;Dylan J. Richmond;Udara Sandakelum Somarathna;Stephen Gonya;Mark D. Poliks;Tom Rovere;Matthew Beckford;Jonathan Nichols","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3382505","url":null,"abstract":"The development of innovative, miniaturized, and low-cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags for application in asset monitoring, counterfeit prevention, or personnel tracking requires advancements in materials, fabrication processes, and packaging. Typical RFID tags can be circumvented by tampering, cloning, or spoofing; however, by adding security features to the tag, nefarious actions such as these can be mitigated. Toward this objective, this paper presents the design and fabrication of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID tag through flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) materials and processes for authentication and anti-tamper /anti-counterfeit applications. The presented UHF RFID tag consists of a passive RF chip and dipole antenna with embedded hardware and software security features. The tag was fabricated using a hybrid of manufacturing techniques including, conventional photolithography and additive aerosol jet printing. The design, materials selection, processing, and tailored FHE fabrication processes, led to achieving a system-level functional RFID tag with a read distance of up to 15 in (0.381 m). The dependency of the read distance on the host surface was studied by attaching tags to different materials including surfaces with various dielectric constants and thicknesses. The performance of the tags was evaluated under realistic use conditions by performing thermal cycling, bending, and wearability tests. The RFID tag’s resistance to different tamper attack vectors (vulnerability assessment) is demonstrated. Overall, the demonstrated UHF RFID tag opens new opportunities for the development of flexible, lightweight, and low-cost RFID tags that leverage FHE fabrication techniques and materials for authentication and anti-tamper applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140633568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aiming at the deficiencies of the existing intersection adaptive control methods in terms of the control scheme initiative and the interaction level between simulation and the actual system, this paper proposes a traffic signal active control method based on the parallel control theory. The method constructs a set of artificial systems parallel to the actual traffic signal control system, designs a traffic flow prediction and simulation module on the artificial system. At the same time, a linear optimization model of traffic signal is constructed in the actual system. Through the two sets of parallel systems, the evaluation of the operation effect and the generation of comprehensive optimization direction of the signal scheme under the predicted traffic state and historical traffic state are realized. The application of the parallel control system in traffic signal control is finally realized, and the experimental results show that this method can effectively reduce the trip delay, especially in the time when the traffic flow fluctuation is obvious.
{"title":"Active Control Method of Traffic Signal Based on Parallel Control Theory","authors":"Yulin Tian;Shuqing Liu;Xuedong Yan;Tao Zhu;Yuchen Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3381029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3381029","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the deficiencies of the existing intersection adaptive control methods in terms of the control scheme initiative and the interaction level between simulation and the actual system, this paper proposes a traffic signal active control method based on the parallel control theory. The method constructs a set of artificial systems parallel to the actual traffic signal control system, designs a traffic flow prediction and simulation module on the artificial system. At the same time, a linear optimization model of traffic signal is constructed in the actual system. Through the two sets of parallel systems, the evaluation of the operation effect and the generation of comprehensive optimization direction of the signal scheme under the predicted traffic state and historical traffic state are realized. The application of the parallel control system in traffic signal control is finally realized, and the experimental results show that this method can effectively reduce the trip delay, especially in the time when the traffic flow fluctuation is obvious.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"334-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ground-based assets traditionally aid space vehicle navigation, but the need for autonomy is steadily growing to meet the demands of future deep-space exploration. This paper proposes a customized Trajectory-Aware Extended Kalman Filter (TA-EKF) architecture, which conforms to the kinematic approach for Orbit Determination (OD) based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Challenges at high altitudes, such as reduced GNSS signal availability and poor geometry, necessitate advanced filtering architectures leveraging external aiding data. When the receiver is not expected to interface with on-board guidance and control subsystems, aiding observations—in the form of a pre-mission planned spacecraft trajectory—allow to pursue precise and accurate OD only relying on GNSS measurements. Two alternative OAEKF designs are formulated, which foresee observation-domain and state-domain integration of aiding observations, respectively. While the former design acts directly on the filter posterior, the latter aims to overcome deficiencies in the state prediction owing to misspecified process dynamics. The feasibility of using terrestrial GNSS signals in Earth-Moon transfer orbits (MTOs) is thus demonstrated against aiding observation errors and mismodeling. The developed OAEKF models are thoroughly assessed via extensive Monte Carlo (MC) analyses, comparing their OD performance against a standalone EKF solution in a dedicated constellation simulator and mission planner.
地基资产传统上用于辅助太空飞行器导航，但为了满足未来深空探索的需求，对自主性的需求正在稳步增长。本文提出了一种定制的轨迹感知扩展卡尔曼滤波器（TA-EKF）架构，它符合基于全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）的轨道确定（OD）运动学方法。高海拔地区面临的挑战，如全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）信号可用性降低和几何形状不佳，需要利用外部辅助数据建立先进的滤波架构。当接收器预计不会与机载制导和控制子系统连接时，辅助观测--任务前计划航天器轨迹的形式--允许仅依靠全球导航卫星系统的测量来追求精确和准确的定向。本文提出了两种可供选择的 OAEKF 设计，分别设想了观测域和状态域的辅助观测整合。前一种设计直接作用于滤波器后验，而后一种设计则旨在克服由于过程动态的不确定而导致的状态预测缺陷。因此，在地月转移轨道（MTOs）上使用地面全球导航卫星系统信号的可行性得到了验证，从而避免了辅助观测误差和错误建模。通过广泛的蒙特卡罗（MC）分析，对所开发的 OAEKF 模型进行了全面评估，并在专用星座模拟器和飞行任务规划器中将其 OD 性能与独立的 EKF 解决方案进行了比较。
{"title":"Aided Kalman Filter Models for GNSS-Based Space Navigation","authors":"Oliviero Vouch;Andrea Nardin;Alex Minetto;Simone Zocca;Matteo Valvano;Fabio Dovis","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3403914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3403914","url":null,"abstract":"Ground-based assets traditionally aid space vehicle navigation, but the need for autonomy is steadily growing to meet the demands of future deep-space exploration. This paper proposes a customized Trajectory-Aware Extended Kalman Filter (TA-EKF) architecture, which conforms to the kinematic approach for Orbit Determination (OD) based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Challenges at high altitudes, such as reduced GNSS signal availability and poor geometry, necessitate advanced filtering architectures leveraging external aiding data. When the receiver is not expected to interface with on-board guidance and control subsystems, aiding observations—in the form of a pre-mission planned spacecraft trajectory—allow to pursue precise and accurate OD only relying on GNSS measurements. Two alternative OAEKF designs are formulated, which foresee observation-domain and state-domain integration of aiding observations, respectively. While the former design acts directly on the filter posterior, the latter aims to overcome deficiencies in the state prediction owing to misspecified process dynamics. The feasibility of using terrestrial GNSS signals in Earth-Moon transfer orbits (MTOs) is thus demonstrated against aiding observation errors and mismodeling. The developed OAEKF models are thoroughly assessed via extensive Monte Carlo (MC) analyses, comparing their OD performance against a standalone EKF solution in a dedicated constellation simulator and mission planner.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"535-546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10536015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141333982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379189
Shanti Garman;Ali Saffari;Daisuke Kobuchi;Dara Stotland;Joshua R. Smith;Zerina Kapetanovic
In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to read UHF RFID tags without a carrier. Specifically, we introduce an alternative reader design that does not emit a carrier and allows reading RFID tags intended for conventional carrier-based systems. While traditional RFID tags modulate a carrier, it is important to note that a modulation circuit used for backscatter also modulates the inherent noise of the tag circuitry, including the Johnson noise, irrespective of whether a carrier is present or not. Our Modulated Noise Communication (MNC) approach leverages recent work on Modulated Johnson Noise (MJN) and can be read by an alternative RFID reader design that enables simpler, more accessible RFID readings than a conventional backscatter reader by eliminating self-jamming obstructions. MNC is shown to support wireless transmission of data packets between 2 cm to 10 cm of separation between a standard UHF RFID tag and the proposed alternative reader for data rates of 1 bps and 2 bps.
在这项工作中，我们证明了在没有载波的情况下读取超高频 RFID 标签是可能的。具体来说，我们引入了一种不发射载波的替代读取器设计，可以读取传统载波系统使用的 RFID 标签。传统的 RFID 标签会对载波进行调制，但值得注意的是，用于反向散射的调制电路也会对标签电路的固有噪声（包括约翰逊噪声）进行调制，而与载波存在与否无关。我们的调制噪声通信（MNC）方法利用了最近在调制约翰逊噪声（MJN）方面的研究成果，可通过另一种射频识别（RFID）读取器设计进行读取，与传统的反向散射读取器相比，这种读取器消除了自干扰障碍，读取起来更简单、更方便。MNC 支持在标准 UHF RFID 标签和拟议的替代读取器之间 2 厘米至 10 厘米的距离内无线传输数据包，数据传输速率为 1 bps 和 2 bps。
{"title":"Carrier-Free RFID: Using Modulated Noise Communication to Read UHF RFID Tags","authors":"Shanti Garman;Ali Saffari;Daisuke Kobuchi;Dara Stotland;Joshua R. Smith;Zerina Kapetanovic","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379189","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we demonstrate that it is possible to read UHF RFID tags without a carrier. Specifically, we introduce an alternative reader design that does not emit a carrier and allows reading RFID tags intended for conventional carrier-based systems. While traditional RFID tags modulate a carrier, it is important to note that a modulation circuit used for backscatter also modulates the inherent noise of the tag circuitry, including the Johnson noise, irrespective of whether a carrier is present or not. Our Modulated Noise Communication (MNC) approach leverages recent work on Modulated Johnson Noise (MJN) and can be read by an alternative RFID reader design that enables simpler, more accessible RFID readings than a conventional backscatter reader by eliminating self-jamming obstructions. MNC is shown to support wireless transmission of data packets between 2 cm to 10 cm of separation between a standard UHF RFID tag and the proposed alternative reader for data rates of 1 bps and 2 bps.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"196-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379561
Pengcheng Zhang;Zhaokun Deng;Xilong Hou;Shuangyi Wang
In recent years, the combination of ultrasound imaging and robotics has opened up new possibilities, and a flexible and efficient robotic wrist is the key to achieving the implementation of this technology. Equipped with an ultrasound probe, a robotic wrist with remote center of motion (RCM) control can effectively assist physicians in performing ultrasound examinations. In this paper, we present the development of a parallel mechanism-based robotic wrist and illustrate the kinematic solution of the control, which can effectively set different RCM points. For validation, we tested the control accuracy of the prototype using an optical tracking system and the results show that the average absolute translational error is 0.51mm, rotational error is 0.41° and the constraint point error along the axis is 0.57mm. Furthermore, to simulate a realistic environment, an ultrasound image acquisition experiment is designed based on an ultrasound abdominal phantom. The results effectively demonstrate the effectiveness of RCM control for adjusting actual ultrasound images through real image acquisition, demonstrating the usefulness of the method in assisting physicians to perform ultrasound sweeps as well as providing new ways of acquiring diagnostic information.
{"title":"Development of a Parallel-Mechanism-Based Robotic Wrist With Remote Center of Motion Capability to Assist Ultrasound Scanning","authors":"Pengcheng Zhang;Zhaokun Deng;Xilong Hou;Shuangyi Wang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379561","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the combination of ultrasound imaging and robotics has opened up new possibilities, and a flexible and efficient robotic wrist is the key to achieving the implementation of this technology. Equipped with an ultrasound probe, a robotic wrist with remote center of motion (RCM) control can effectively assist physicians in performing ultrasound examinations. In this paper, we present the development of a parallel mechanism-based robotic wrist and illustrate the kinematic solution of the control, which can effectively set different RCM points. For validation, we tested the control accuracy of the prototype using an optical tracking system and the results show that the average absolute translational error is 0.51mm, rotational error is 0.41° and the constraint point error along the axis is 0.57mm. Furthermore, to simulate a realistic environment, an ultrasound image acquisition experiment is designed based on an ultrasound abdominal phantom. The results effectively demonstrate the effectiveness of RCM control for adjusting actual ultrasound images through real image acquisition, demonstrating the usefulness of the method in assisting physicians to perform ultrasound sweeps as well as providing new ways of acquiring diagnostic information.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"341-347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379875
Da Yi;Ren-Long Zhang;Ming-Chun Tang;Jing-Feng Fu;Yao Li;Xing-Xing Li;Huapeng Zhao;Richard W. Ziolkowski
A low-cost, pattern-reconfigurable, circularly polarized, high-gain, radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna array is presented. It is a $2times2$ array whose elements are based on an innovative Archimedean spiral design. A 4-way power divider feed network with switchable delay lines is designed that enables reconfiguring the radiation patterns of the array. Because of its high realized gain and nine reconfigurable states, the developed reader antenna can be applied in long-distance, wide-coverage RFID inventorying. The fabricated prototype, with dimensions $1.15times 1.15times 0.07~lambda _{L}^{3}$ at 920 MHz, achieves a measured axial-ratio (AR) fractional bandwidth of 4.6%, and a peak realized gain (RG) of 10.5 dBic (12 dBic without the feed network). The RG of its reconfigurable patterns is greater than 6 dBic within $theta $ = $0^{circ }pm 45^{circ }$ for all azimuth angles. It was also tested in an outdoor range as the reader antenna for a practical RFID system. The maximum read distance was 22.3 m.
{"title":"Pattern-Reconfigurable, Circularly Polarized, High-Gain, Archimedean Spiral Antenna Array for Long-Distance, Wide-Coverage RFID Inventorying","authors":"Da Yi;Ren-Long Zhang;Ming-Chun Tang;Jing-Feng Fu;Yao Li;Xing-Xing Li;Huapeng Zhao;Richard W. Ziolkowski","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379875","url":null,"abstract":"A low-cost, pattern-reconfigurable, circularly polarized, high-gain, radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader antenna array is presented. It is a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 array whose elements are based on an innovative Archimedean spiral design. A 4-way power divider feed network with switchable delay lines is designed that enables reconfiguring the radiation patterns of the array. Because of its high realized gain and nine reconfigurable states, the developed reader antenna can be applied in long-distance, wide-coverage RFID inventorying. The fabricated prototype, with dimensions \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.15times 1.15times 0.07~lambda _{L}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 at 920 MHz, achieves a measured axial-ratio (AR) fractional bandwidth of 4.6%, and a peak realized gain (RG) of 10.5 dBic (12 dBic without the feed network). The RG of its reconfigurable patterns is greater than 6 dBic within \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 = \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0^{circ }pm 45^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for all azimuth angles. It was also tested in an outdoor range as the reader antenna for a practical RFID system. The maximum read distance was 22.3 m.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"441-447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379225
Min Zhou;Hairong Dong;Juanjuan Li;Runmei Li;Xuan Liu;Hongwei Wang
In order to tackle the intricate challenges of train dispatching and command within China’s extensive high-speed railways (HSRs) network, this paper presents a novel parallel dispatching approach founded on the ACP (Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution) methodology. We provide a comprehensive overview of the framework and technical architecture of the parallel dispatching system (PDS), offering detailed insights into each fundamental module. It initiates by establishing the PDS for HSRs, emphasizing the deep integration of the actual and artificial systems. The methods for train operation situation deduction, rapid dispatching strategy generation, and comprehensive evaluation of parallel dispatching are then expounded, each tailored to different scales. Subsequently, the paper proposes the creation of a parallel dispatching platform for HSRs, utilizing a real line’s dispatching system as a prototype. Two typical scenarios are considered to validate the effectiveness of the PDS. The computational experiments are designed and executed in the artificial dispatching system to facilitate accurate deduction of operational scenarios and swift generation of dispatching solutions within defined computational constraints. The adjustment effects are assessed and iteratively optimized through parallel execution. The research outcomes of this paper can serve as a theoretical foundation and technical resource for the design, implementation, and validation of PDS in China’s high-speed railway network.
{"title":"Parallel Dispatching: A New Paradigm for High-Speed Train Operation Management and Optimization","authors":"Min Zhou;Hairong Dong;Juanjuan Li;Runmei Li;Xuan Liu;Hongwei Wang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3379225","url":null,"abstract":"In order to tackle the intricate challenges of train dispatching and command within China’s extensive high-speed railways (HSRs) network, this paper presents a novel parallel dispatching approach founded on the ACP (Artificial systems, Computational experiments, and Parallel execution) methodology. We provide a comprehensive overview of the framework and technical architecture of the parallel dispatching system (PDS), offering detailed insights into each fundamental module. It initiates by establishing the PDS for HSRs, emphasizing the deep integration of the actual and artificial systems. The methods for train operation situation deduction, rapid dispatching strategy generation, and comprehensive evaluation of parallel dispatching are then expounded, each tailored to different scales. Subsequently, the paper proposes the creation of a parallel dispatching platform for HSRs, utilizing a real line’s dispatching system as a prototype. Two typical scenarios are considered to validate the effectiveness of the PDS. The computational experiments are designed and executed in the artificial dispatching system to facilitate accurate deduction of operational scenarios and swift generation of dispatching solutions within defined computational constraints. The adjustment effects are assessed and iteratively optimized through parallel execution. The research outcomes of this paper can serve as a theoretical foundation and technical resource for the design, implementation, and validation of PDS in China’s high-speed railway network.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"392-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140924706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3396948
Daniele Inserra;Andrea Michel
The RFID community is enjoying new impetus coming from the revolutionary Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm and its integration with new application scenarios like Industry 4.0. RFID technology, in fact, enables reliable communication at low cost and with lightweight apparatus, desirable features for pervasive devices employment as desired by the IoT. Nonetheless, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions cannot be always employed in some of emerging application scenarios, requiring customized reader and/or tag antenna design. In order to collect the most recent developments in the antenna design research for both legacy and novel RFID application contexts, the IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification proposed the special issue “Advanced Antennas for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems”. A RFID system and its performance clearly depend on the antenna ability, both on reader and tag sides, to make the system accessible from short or long distances, and on different environments. The latter is particularly important in the new RFID tag application contexts, e.g., industrial manufacturing processes, vehicular environments, etc., where tags are indifferently applied on heterogeneous materials, many times on metal surfaces, and for this reason the antenna design requires particular care. Moreover, the pervasive diffusion of RFID-IoT devices poses new challenges in inventory assessment, requiring even longer read ranges and wide coverage ability, which clearly translates in new reader/tag antenna requirements. The purpose of this special issue was therefore to encourage the research on novel RFID antenna design solutions for both reader and tag devices to face these new application scenarios and cope with the new challenging requirements. Starting from magnetic coupling resonant high-frequency (HF) RFID systems, Mukherjee et al. consider the annoying problem of HF RFID reading performance deterioration in the presence of metallic conductors in the close vicinity [A1]. This problem arises because of the eddy currents induced on the metal surface by a varying magnetic field generated by the reader coil, which in turn generate an opposite magnetic field that reduces the intensity of the original field, deteriorating the reader-tag communication performance. Authors study the possibility to employ an auxiliary coil in the proximity of the metal surface, and how this mitigates the deleterious surface current effect. Tag coils co-located with the auxiliary coil are fabricated and placed on the cap of a plastic container (where the cap contains an aluminum foil) and on a credit card size metal sheet to benchmark the read range capabilities, showing an almost doubled read range and an improvement of more than 44% if compared with the case no auxiliary coil, respectively.
革命性的物联网（IoT）模式及其与工业 4.0 等新应用场景的整合为 RFID 业界带来了新的动力。事实上，射频识别（RFID）技术能以低成本和轻便的设备实现可靠的通信，这是物联网所需的普及型设备的理想功能。然而，商业现货（COTS）解决方案并不能始终应用于某些新兴应用场景，这就需要定制化的读取器和/或标签天线设计。为了收集传统和新型 RFID 应用背景下天线设计研究的最新进展，《电气和电子工程师学会射频识别学报》（IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification）提议出版 "射频识别（RFID）系统的先进天线 "特刊。射频识别（RFID）系统及其性能显然取决于读取器和标签两侧天线的能力，以实现系统在不同环境下的长距离或短距离访问。后者在新的 RFID 标签应用环境中尤为重要，如工业生产过程、车辆环境等，标签被随意地贴在不同的材料上，很多时候是贴在金属表面上，因此天线的设计需要特别小心。此外，RFID-IoT 设备的普及为库存评估带来了新的挑战，需要更远的读取距离和更广的覆盖能力，这显然需要新的读取器/标签天线。因此，本特刊旨在鼓励针对读写器和标签设备的新型 RFID 天线设计方案的研究，以应对这些新的应用场景和新的挑战性要求。Mukherjee 等人从磁耦合谐振高频 (HF) RFID 系统入手，研究了在金属导体近距离存在的情况下 HF RFID 读取性能下降的恼人问题[A1]。出现这一问题的原因是读取器线圈产生的变化磁场在金属表面诱发了涡流，涡流反过来又产生了相反的磁场，从而降低了原始磁场的强度，恶化了读取器与标签之间的通信性能。作者研究了在金属表面附近使用辅助线圈的可能性，以及如何减轻有害的表面电流效应。作者制作了与辅助线圈同位的标签线圈，并将其放置在塑料容器的盖子上（盖子上有铝箔）和信用卡大小的金属片上，对读取范围能力进行了基准测试，结果显示，与没有辅助线圈的情况相比，读取范围几乎增加了一倍，读取性能提高了 44% 以上。
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A new double-layered serpentine antenna is proposed for designing an anti-metal tag with an omnidirectional radiation pattern on metallic surfaces using the concept of electric and magnetic loop currents. The zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) structure here is made up of two closely stacked serpentine lines for providing the strong capacitive reactance and parasitic elements that are required for supporting the zeroth-order resonance. Also, the geometrical parameters of the double-layered serpentine structure can control the capacitive reactance for tuning the tag resonant frequency effectively. Due to the successful excitation of the ZOR mode, our tag antenna can generate a reasonably good omnidirectional radiation pattern with a consistent read range of 7.9 m– 8.9 m (at EIRP of 4 W) on metal in all directions in the azimuth plane. It has a uniform spatial coverage ( $>$ 8 m) in the entire azimuth plane. Additionally, the antenna’s good impedance matching allows for an excellent power transmission of $sim 99$ %. The tag resonant frequency is found to be very stable and not affected much by any changes in the backing object and the maximum measured read range is $sim 9$ meters in $theta ,,{=},,pm $ 50 o at 915 MHz. It has a footprint of 50 mm $times50$ mm ( $0.153lambda times 0.153lambda$ ) with a low profile of 3.38 mm ( $0.010lambda$ ). Furthermore, the antenna configuration is a simple folded structure around the foam substrate, without comprising any complex structures.
{"title":"Zeroth-Order Serpentine Antenna With Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern for Anti-Metal Tag Antenna Design","authors":"Muthukannan Murugesh;Eng-Hock Lim;Pei-Song Chee;Fwee-Leong Bong","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3376333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3376333","url":null,"abstract":"A new double-layered serpentine antenna is proposed for designing an anti-metal tag with an omnidirectional radiation pattern on metallic surfaces using the concept of electric and magnetic loop currents. The zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) structure here is made up of two closely stacked serpentine lines for providing the strong capacitive reactance and parasitic elements that are required for supporting the zeroth-order resonance. Also, the geometrical parameters of the double-layered serpentine structure can control the capacitive reactance for tuning the tag resonant frequency effectively. Due to the successful excitation of the ZOR mode, our tag antenna can generate a reasonably good omnidirectional radiation pattern with a consistent read range of 7.9 m– 8.9 m (at EIRP of 4 W) on metal in all directions in the azimuth plane. It has a uniform spatial coverage (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$>$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 8 m) in the entire azimuth plane. Additionally, the antenna’s good impedance matching allows for an excellent power transmission of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 99$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000%. The tag resonant frequency is found to be very stable and not affected much by any changes in the backing object and the maximum measured read range is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 9$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 meters in \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta ,,{=},,pm $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u000050 o at 915 MHz. It has a footprint of 50 mm \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$times50$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.153lambda times 0.153lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) with a low profile of 3.38 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.010lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). Furthermore, the antenna configuration is a simple folded structure around the foam substrate, without comprising any complex structures.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"431-440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141073582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3375795
Lorenzo Bianchi;Emidio Di Giampaolo;Francesco Martinelli;Fabrizio Romanelli
We consider the close relative motion of two UHF RFID tags and the problem is the estimation of the distance between the two tags, by measuring the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and the phase of the RFID signal backscattered by one of the two tags. Due to the short distance considered, and hence to the electromagnetic coupling between the antennas, the measured RSSI and phase present a complex and ambiguous dependence on the distance between the tags. The problem is solved through two approaches, based respectively on a Multi-Hypothesis Extended and a Multi-Hypothesis Unscented Kalman Filter (MHEKF and MHUKF). The availability of phase and RSSI allows to mitigate the ambiguity in the problem and to estimate the distance without any information on its initial value. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach, with the MHUKF presenting slightly better performances compared to the MHEKF. The proposed setup can be applied in manufacturing, robotics, safety and in any context where the variable distance between two close objects should be monitored.
我们考虑了两个超高频 RFID 标签的近距离相对运动，问题是通过测量接收信号强度指示器（RSSI）和两个标签之一反向散射的 RFID 信号的相位来估计两个标签之间的距离。由于所考虑的距离很短，因此天线之间存在电磁耦合，测量到的 RSSI 和相位与标签之间的距离有着复杂而模糊的关系。该问题通过两种方法来解决，分别基于多假设扩展卡尔曼滤波器（MHEKF）和多假设无标点卡尔曼滤波器（MHUKF）。有了相位和 RSSI，就可以减少问题的模糊性，并在没有任何初始值信息的情况下估计距离。仿真和实验结果表明了该方法的有效性，其中 MHUKF 的性能略优于 MHEKF。建议的设置可应用于制造、机器人、安全以及任何需要监控两个近距离物体之间可变距离的场合。
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