Pub Date : 2025-06-23DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581539
Christine P. Chen;Sabino Piazzolla;W. Thomas Roberts;Michael Cheng;William Buehlman;Thang Trinh;Danny Luong;Arvid Croonquist;Vachik Garkanian;Emilio Vazquez;Joseph Kovalik
The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) mission is the first NASA end-to-end optical relay. The project has been operating since the Space Test Program Satellite-6 (STPSat-6) spacecraft launch in December, 2021. The aim of this project is to show the feasibility of optical communications as a high-bandwidth service provider for NASA from geo-synchronous orbit to ground. This capability has been demonstrated through a long-term study of performance over time and varying channel conditions. Optical Ground Station 1 (OGS-1), located at Table Mountain Facility near Wrightwood, CA, has supported first-light and commissioning, and the current experiment phase, covering the recent three-year period on a largely daily operational cadence. Configured links include relays with Optical Ground Station 2 (OGS-2) in Haleakalā, Hawaii and ground-to-satellite loopbacks. This paper discusses the considerations behind OGS-1 data management and its development over the course of operations. An experimental scenario is described wherein this embedded system is demonstrated.
{"title":"Data Management and Data Products of a Daily Optical Communications Ground Station for Laser Communications Relay Demonstration","authors":"Christine P. Chen;Sabino Piazzolla;W. Thomas Roberts;Michael Cheng;William Buehlman;Thang Trinh;Danny Luong;Arvid Croonquist;Vachik Garkanian;Emilio Vazquez;Joseph Kovalik","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581539","url":null,"abstract":"The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) mission is the first NASA end-to-end optical relay. The project has been operating since the Space Test Program Satellite-6 (STPSat-6) spacecraft launch in December, 2021. The aim of this project is to show the feasibility of optical communications as a high-bandwidth service provider for NASA from geo-synchronous orbit to ground. This capability has been demonstrated through a long-term study of performance over time and varying channel conditions. Optical Ground Station 1 (OGS-1), located at Table Mountain Facility near Wrightwood, CA, has supported first-light and commissioning, and the current experiment phase, covering the recent three-year period on a largely daily operational cadence. Configured links include relays with Optical Ground Station 2 (OGS-2) in Haleakalā, Hawaii and ground-to-satellite loopbacks. This paper discusses the considerations behind OGS-1 data management and its development over the course of operations. An experimental scenario is described wherein this embedded system is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"439-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11048451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581789
Muthukannan Murugesh;Muhammad Firdaus Akbar
A low-profile, compact symmetric dipole planar tag antenna with a single-layer structure is developed for UHF RFID applications on metal surfaces. It incorporates a patch-loaded interconnected arm configuration to enable a wide frequency tuning range. The antenna can be fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate without shorting stubs or metallic vias. It has dimensions of 40 mm $times $ 38 mm $times 1$ .57 mm ($0.122lambda times 0.116lambda times 0.004{lambda }$ ). The design features four interconnected arms with individual loading patches, which contribute to maintaining a broader bandwidth while enabling wide-range frequency tuning from 860 MHz to 960 MHz, the entire UHF RFID passband. By adjusting the width of the shorting patches between the arms and the loading patches, the antenna’s capacitive coupling is modified, which in turn alters the input reactance and enables precise tuning of the tag’s resonant frequency. This tuning approach enables resonance adjustment across the UHF range without additional lumped components. The antenna is designed to maintain an optimal impedance matching with the microchip throughout the entire wideband tuning range. When operating at an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 4 W, the proposed tag antenna achieves a maximum reading distance of approximately 9 meters. Moreover, this design offers a compact, tunable, and cost-effective solution to improve RFID reliability in metal-mount environments.
{"title":"A Low-Profile Symmetric Dipole UHF RFID Tag Design With Wide Tuning Range for Metallic Platforms","authors":"Muthukannan Murugesh;Muhammad Firdaus Akbar","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3581789","url":null,"abstract":"A low-profile, compact symmetric dipole planar tag antenna with a single-layer structure is developed for UHF RFID applications on metal surfaces. It incorporates a patch-loaded interconnected arm configuration to enable a wide frequency tuning range. The antenna can be fabricated on a cost-effective FR4 substrate without shorting stubs or metallic vias. It has dimensions of 40 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 38 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.57 mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.122lambda times 0.116lambda times 0.004{lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The design features four interconnected arms with individual loading patches, which contribute to maintaining a broader bandwidth while enabling wide-range frequency tuning from 860 MHz to 960 MHz, the entire UHF RFID passband. By adjusting the width of the shorting patches between the arms and the loading patches, the antenna’s capacitive coupling is modified, which in turn alters the input reactance and enables precise tuning of the tag’s resonant frequency. This tuning approach enables resonance adjustment across the UHF range without additional lumped components. The antenna is designed to maintain an optimal impedance matching with the microchip throughout the entire wideband tuning range. When operating at an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 4 W, the proposed tag antenna achieves a maximum reading distance of approximately 9 meters. Moreover, this design offers a compact, tunable, and cost-effective solution to improve RFID reliability in metal-mount environments.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"415-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real-time sensing and perception of the radio spectrum based on artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial for emerging intelligent wireless and electronic warfare systems. However, sensing can be greatly impacted by harmful radio frequency interference (RFI). Emerging drone warfare allows many RFI sources/jammers to be distributed across a wide field-of-view which necessitates real-time measurement, adaptation and aperture nulling to remove the RFI before AI-based sensing and perception of sources of interest can occur. This work explores algorithmic innovations that improve the computational complexity of classical Howells-Applebaum adaptive nulling algorithm to enable fast, real-time adaptive operation at significantly lower arithmetic complexity. Design examples for AI-enabled sensing and perception across a 32-element antenna receiver with 32 independent channels and a Xilinx Virtex-6 Sx475 FPGA backend are discussed. Examples show computer architecture for digital signal processing and AI algorithms operating on the FPGA, with real-time measurements for spectrum sensing and modulation recognition on the RadioML2018.a dataset with and without the proposed adaptive nullforming system. A general adversarial AI-based spectrum perception architecture that allows both jamming of opponents while simultaneously nulling out RFI and conducting AI-based radio intelligence applications is examined and demonstrated in the 5.7-5.8 GHz band using a 32 element real-time FPGA realization. Modulation recognition is demonstrated for 16/32-QAM signals under heavy RFI conditions with additional “in the wild” RFI sources present.
{"title":"RF Anti-Jamming via Multi-Level Howells-Applebaum Null-Forming: 32-Channels, 5.8 GHz/ 100 MHz/ Beam on Xilinx Sx475T FPGA","authors":"Umesha Kumarasiri;Sivakumar Sivasankar;Hasitha Weerasooriya;Hiruni Silva;Chamira Edussooriya;Viduneth Ariyarathna;Francesco Restuccia;Arjuna Madanayake","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580492","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time sensing and perception of the radio spectrum based on artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial for emerging intelligent wireless and electronic warfare systems. However, sensing can be greatly impacted by harmful radio frequency interference (RFI). Emerging drone warfare allows many RFI sources/jammers to be distributed across a wide field-of-view which necessitates real-time measurement, adaptation and aperture nulling to remove the RFI before AI-based sensing and perception of sources of interest can occur. This work explores algorithmic innovations that improve the computational complexity of classical Howells-Applebaum adaptive nulling algorithm to enable fast, real-time adaptive operation at significantly lower arithmetic complexity. Design examples for AI-enabled sensing and perception across a 32-element antenna receiver with 32 independent channels and a Xilinx Virtex-6 Sx475 FPGA backend are discussed. Examples show computer architecture for digital signal processing and AI algorithms operating on the FPGA, with real-time measurements for spectrum sensing and modulation recognition on the RadioML2018.a dataset with and without the proposed adaptive nullforming system. A general adversarial AI-based spectrum perception architecture that allows both jamming of opponents while simultaneously nulling out RFI and conducting AI-based radio intelligence applications is examined and demonstrated in the 5.7-5.8 GHz band using a 32 element real-time FPGA realization. Modulation recognition is demonstrated for 16/32-QAM signals under heavy RFI conditions with additional “in the wild” RFI sources present.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"426-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580012
Srabana Maiti;Shuvashis Dey
This work presents the design, analysis and experimental validation of a novel chip-based Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) sensing system designed for soil moisture measurement. The presented sensing resonator is integrated with Alien Higgs-3 IC having an impedance of 27.40-j$200.9Omega $ and operates at 915 MHz. The resonator is superimposed with a Kapton Polyimide sheet that acts as the smart sensing material for moisture detection. The proposed design is fabricated and tested in sandy soil with varying moisture levels. Variation of moisture content leads to changes in dielectric properties of the soil which is indicated by a consistent reduction in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. The change in RSSI further correlates to a consistent change in the impedance value of the sensor. Calibration curves establishing a relationship between RSSI levels and impedance are plotted against the known volumetric soil moisture content. This curve will be utilized to determine unknown soil moisture content in practical scenarios.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a Novel UHF RFID Soil Moisture Sensor for Smart Farming","authors":"Srabana Maiti;Shuvashis Dey","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3580012","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the design, analysis and experimental validation of a novel chip-based Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) sensing system designed for soil moisture measurement. The presented sensing resonator is integrated with Alien Higgs-3 IC having an impedance of 27.40-j<inline-formula> <tex-math>$200.9Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and operates at 915 MHz. The resonator is superimposed with a Kapton Polyimide sheet that acts as the smart sensing material for moisture detection. The proposed design is fabricated and tested in sandy soil with varying moisture levels. Variation of moisture content leads to changes in dielectric properties of the soil which is indicated by a consistent reduction in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. The change in RSSI further correlates to a consistent change in the impedance value of the sensor. Calibration curves establishing a relationship between RSSI levels and impedance are plotted against the known volumetric soil moisture content. This curve will be utilized to determine unknown soil moisture content in practical scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"407-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current RFID circuits, designed primarily for basic low-power communication and data storage, are not suitable to meet the computational needs of future AI-based IoT applications. While effective for simple identification tasks, these systems fall short in supporting advanced data processing and on-chip intelligence. Next-generation neuromorphic RFID circuits are expected to dynamically adapt based on external inputs and emulate biological neuron activity, paving the way for intelligent, low-power, and autonomous devices. This paper explores the potential of neuromorphic RFID systems driven by memristor-based architectures, leveraging ReRAM technology and crossbar arrays. ReRAM offers key advantages, including reduced energy consumption, essential for enabling local processing and real-time decision-making in intelligent RFID nodes. To demonstrate this potential, a $2times 2$ crossbar circuit was designed and simulated in LTspice using Biolek’s memristor model. The analysis examined the circuit’s response to read and EPC-like inputs, state variable dynamics, and digital output behavior. Operating at microwatt-level power consumption and capable of processing sensor signals, the proposed architecture shows promise as a foundational building block for future low-power, intelligent, and autonomous RFID systems.
{"title":"Memristor-Based Circuits and Architectures Enabling Next-Generation Neuromorphic RFID Systems","authors":"Riccardo Colella;Alberto Arciello;Giuseppe Grassi;Massimo Merenda","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3579260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3579260","url":null,"abstract":"Current RFID circuits, designed primarily for basic low-power communication and data storage, are not suitable to meet the computational needs of future AI-based IoT applications. While effective for simple identification tasks, these systems fall short in supporting advanced data processing and on-chip intelligence. Next-generation neuromorphic RFID circuits are expected to dynamically adapt based on external inputs and emulate biological neuron activity, paving the way for intelligent, low-power, and autonomous devices. This paper explores the potential of neuromorphic RFID systems driven by memristor-based architectures, leveraging ReRAM technology and crossbar arrays. ReRAM offers key advantages, including reduced energy consumption, essential for enabling local processing and real-time decision-making in intelligent RFID nodes. To demonstrate this potential, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> crossbar circuit was designed and simulated in LTspice using Biolek’s memristor model. The analysis examined the circuit’s response to read and EPC-like inputs, state variable dynamics, and digital output behavior. Operating at microwatt-level power consumption and capable of processing sensor signals, the proposed architecture shows promise as a foundational building block for future low-power, intelligent, and autonomous RFID systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"384-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3576481
Weitung Chen;Tara Boroushaki;Isaac Perper;John Carrick;Fadel Adib
We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Ceilbot, a ceiling-mounted robot for efficient and accurate RFID localization. Unlike previous robotic RFID localization systems, which focused primarily on localization accuracy, Ceilbot learns to jointly optimize both the accuracy and speed of localization. To achieve this, we introduce a reinforcement-learning-based (RL) trajectory optimization network that determines the most effective trajectory for a robot-mounted reader antenna. Our algorithm integrates aperture length, estimated tag locations, and location confidence (using a wideband synthetic-aperture-radar formulation) into the state observations to learn the optimal trajectory. We developed an end-to-end prototype of Ceilbot and evaluated it in a practical stockroom-like environment. The prototype includes a standard RFID reader with our custom hardware extension (to enable wideband localization of off-the-shelf RFIDs) and a ceiling robot that moves on a 2D track. In our evaluation, Ceilbot demonstrated a median 3D localization accuracy of 0.17 meters and located over 50 RFID tags $12.5times $ faster than the state-of-the-art baseline. Our results highlight the potential for RL-based RFID localization to significantly enhance the efficiency of RFID inventory processes across sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and logistics.
{"title":"Ceilbot: A Ceiling-Mounted Robot for Fast and Accurate Localization of Off-the-Shelf RFIDs via Wideband SAR-Based Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Weitung Chen;Tara Boroushaki;Isaac Perper;John Carrick;Fadel Adib","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3576481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3576481","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Ceilbot, a ceiling-mounted robot for efficient and accurate RFID localization. Unlike previous robotic RFID localization systems, which focused primarily on localization accuracy, Ceilbot learns to jointly optimize both the accuracy and speed of localization. To achieve this, we introduce a reinforcement-learning-based (RL) trajectory optimization network that determines the most effective trajectory for a robot-mounted reader antenna. Our algorithm integrates aperture length, estimated tag locations, and location confidence (using a wideband synthetic-aperture-radar formulation) into the state observations to learn the optimal trajectory. We developed an end-to-end prototype of Ceilbot and evaluated it in a practical stockroom-like environment. The prototype includes a standard RFID reader with our custom hardware extension (to enable wideband localization of off-the-shelf RFIDs) and a ceiling robot that moves on a 2D track. In our evaluation, Ceilbot demonstrated a median 3D localization accuracy of 0.17 meters and located over 50 RFID tags <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12.5times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> faster than the state-of-the-art baseline. Our results highlight the potential for RL-based RFID localization to significantly enhance the efficiency of RFID inventory processes across sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and logistics.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"361-376"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575468
Y. Duroc
In a planetary context where natural resources, such as water, minerals, fossil fuels, and raw materials used for food and manufacturing, are increasingly overexploited to satisfy human needs, with increasingly worrying consequences for the environment and for future generations, new paradigms are emerging such as the circular economy. The aim is to identify new solutions for optimizing the use of resources and minimizing waste. In this context, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology appears to be a relevant tool for many industrial sectors, as it can potentially track and identify an object throughout its life cycle. This article aims to reflect on the use and impact of RFID in the circular economy, highlighting key issues at stake. To provide a broader perspective, this discussion incorporates ethical and philosophical concepts.
{"title":"RFID and the Circular Economy: A Cross View Between Technical Aspects and Philosophical Perspectives","authors":"Y. Duroc","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575468","url":null,"abstract":"In a planetary context where natural resources, such as water, minerals, fossil fuels, and raw materials used for food and manufacturing, are increasingly overexploited to satisfy human needs, with increasingly worrying consequences for the environment and for future generations, new paradigms are emerging such as the circular economy. The aim is to identify new solutions for optimizing the use of resources and minimizing waste. In this context, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology appears to be a relevant tool for many industrial sectors, as it can potentially track and identify an object throughout its life cycle. This article aims to reflect on the use and impact of RFID in the circular economy, highlighting key issues at stake. To provide a broader perspective, this discussion incorporates ethical and philosophical concepts.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"350-360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575348
Sepideh Ghasemi;Longyu Guo;Jimmy G. D. Hester;Aline Eid
Pavement markers play a critical role in ensuring the road safety and the guiding of drivers, particularly in adverse weather conditions where visibility is compromised. However, traditional detection methods using cameras and LiDARs often struggle to accurately detect road markings in such conditions, especially when factors like rain, fog, dust, and snow are considered. By contrast, radar technology offers a promising potential in recognizing these markers even in severe weather conditions and at long ranges, provided they are engineered to reflect the radar signals effectively. In this work, a low-cost, low-profile mmWave retrodirective surface capable of retrodirecting the signals emanating from an automotive radar was designed and tested. First, the design and test of a planar Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide (SIW) vertically-polarized horn antenna forming the basis of the electromagnetic marker is described, demonstrating a gain of 13 dBi and an 3-dB azimuth beamwidth of 21. Then, the arraying of this horn antenna using a Van Atta scheme for 1 to 3 pairs and the stacking of these arrays up to 5 layers is shown and the performance of these assemblies is characterized, displaying a maximum Radar-Cross-Section (RCS) of -16 dBsm and an azimuth coverage of 30. Finally, the pavement markers are tested in road-like conditions, displaying the ability to be detected and imaged at distances up to 25 m on different pavement surfaces and with the interference of snow, mud, ice, and rain. This low-cost electromagnetic pavement marker design—similar in dimensions and cost to conventional raised reflective optical markers—could set the foundation for the widespread deployment of safety and autonomy-enhancing electromagnetic road infrastructure for use by the now ubiquitous automotive radars that equip modern vehicles.
{"title":"Retrodirective Electromagnetic Pavement Markers for Enhanced Automotive Radar Vision","authors":"Sepideh Ghasemi;Longyu Guo;Jimmy G. D. Hester;Aline Eid","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3575348","url":null,"abstract":"Pavement markers play a critical role in ensuring the road safety and the guiding of drivers, particularly in adverse weather conditions where visibility is compromised. However, traditional detection methods using cameras and LiDARs often struggle to accurately detect road markings in such conditions, especially when factors like rain, fog, dust, and snow are considered. By contrast, radar technology offers a promising potential in recognizing these markers even in severe weather conditions and at long ranges, provided they are engineered to reflect the radar signals effectively. In this work, a low-cost, low-profile mmWave retrodirective surface capable of retrodirecting the signals emanating from an automotive radar was designed and tested. First, the design and test of a planar Substrate-Integrated-Waveguide (SIW) vertically-polarized horn antenna forming the basis of the electromagnetic marker is described, demonstrating a gain of 13 dBi and an 3-dB azimuth beamwidth of 21. Then, the arraying of this horn antenna using a Van Atta scheme for 1 to 3 pairs and the stacking of these arrays up to 5 layers is shown and the performance of these assemblies is characterized, displaying a maximum Radar-Cross-Section (RCS) of -16 dBsm and an azimuth coverage of 30. Finally, the pavement markers are tested in road-like conditions, displaying the ability to be detected and imaged at distances up to 25 m on different pavement surfaces and with the interference of snow, mud, ice, and rain. This low-cost electromagnetic pavement marker design—similar in dimensions and cost to conventional raised reflective optical markers—could set the foundation for the widespread deployment of safety and autonomy-enhancing electromagnetic road infrastructure for use by the now ubiquitous automotive radars that equip modern vehicles.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"395-406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3562719
Chitturi Suneel Kumar;Situ Rani Patre
This review paper presents comprehensive literature on passive chipless Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) humidity sensor tags, including working principle, performance measures, and use cases. The RFID humidity sensor tag comprises of RF resonators for identification and separate resonators along with smart material for humidity sensing. The humidity sensor tags are effective permittivity-based sensors, where the smart material’s effective permittivity changes with humidity. The change is recorded with different coding methods, whereas the sensitivity depends on both tag configuration and sensing material. Therefore, this paper emphasizes state-of-the-art tag configurations, approaches to designing RFID humidity sensor tags, and the properties of the humidity-sensitive material. Most of the RFID humidity sensors are designed based on the frequency coding method where coding capacity depends on the number of resonators, hence the overall size of the tag. Therefore, a variety of resonators like patch- and slot-types, along with their orientation with respect to linearly polarized reader antenna are discussed. The advantages of slot-type tags coated with humidity-sensitive material are highlighted in terms of dual-side readability, polarization-independent nature, higher data coding capacity, and better sensitivity. RFID humidity sensors will be beneficial for future Internet-of-things (IoT) applications.
{"title":"Passive Chipless RFID Tags for Humidity Sensing: A Review","authors":"Chitturi Suneel Kumar;Situ Rani Patre","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3562719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3562719","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper presents comprehensive literature on passive chipless Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) humidity sensor tags, including working principle, performance measures, and use cases. The RFID humidity sensor tag comprises of RF resonators for identification and separate resonators along with smart material for humidity sensing. The humidity sensor tags are effective permittivity-based sensors, where the smart material’s effective permittivity changes with humidity. The change is recorded with different coding methods, whereas the sensitivity depends on both tag configuration and sensing material. Therefore, this paper emphasizes state-of-the-art tag configurations, approaches to designing RFID humidity sensor tags, and the properties of the humidity-sensitive material. Most of the RFID humidity sensors are designed based on the frequency coding method where coding capacity depends on the number of resonators, hence the overall size of the tag. Therefore, a variety of resonators like patch- and slot-types, along with their orientation with respect to linearly polarized reader antenna are discussed. The advantages of slot-type tags coated with humidity-sensitive material are highlighted in terms of dual-side readability, polarization-independent nature, higher data coding capacity, and better sensitivity. RFID humidity sensors will be beneficial for future Internet-of-things (IoT) applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"200-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3561345
Ria Kanjilal;Muhammed Furkan Kucuk;Ismail Uysal
Human activity recognition (HAR) has garnered significant attention across diverse domains such as fitness enhancement, safety, elderly care, clinical monitoring, and smart environments. However, despite its potential, HAR faces challenges like handling noisy and diverse data, ensuring real-time performance, maintaining user privacy, and achieving high accuracy across varying contexts and activities. A primary challenge of HAR lies in maintaining consistency and accuracy during data collection amidst varied activities and environments. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in AI-enhanced HAR methods, with a focus on radio frequency identification system, wearable devices, and smartphone sensor technologies. We delve into the frameworks of these technologies, detailing processes like data collection, preprocessing, and the application of machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Additionally, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques and provide a brief comparison between them.
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