Pub Date : 2024-02-19DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3366563
Le Quang Hieu Nguyen;Etienne Perret
A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed to evaluate the environmental impact of chipless RFID using the standardized LCA method. This allows for a comparison of these impacts with those of UHF RFID and barcode technologies. Identification technologies such as RFID (UHF, HF) are intended to be disseminated worldwide to the greatest number of people and therefore to generate the use of a very large number of tags. Thus, several billion UHF and HF labels are produced per year. Insofar as the lifespan of these labels is short and therefore can be considered disposable components, it is vital to measure their impact on the environment. This is not only due to the growing concerns about global warming but also to explore alternatives to RFID tags that can help conserve resources and reduce pollution. This study allows us to evaluate the environmental impact and carbon footprint. The results of this research will provide new insights and suggest ways to reduce the environmental impact of the electronics industry.
采用标准化的生命周期评估（LCA）方法，对无芯片 RFID 对环境的影响进行评估。这样就可以将这些影响与超高频 RFID 和条形码技术的影响进行比较。射频识别（UHF、HF）等识别技术的目的是在全球范围内传播给最多的人，因此需要使用大量的标签。因此，每年要生产几十亿个超高频和高频标签。由于这些标签的使用寿命很短，因此可被视为一次性部件，衡量其对环境的影响至关重要。这不仅是因为人们越来越关注全球变暖问题，也是为了探索 RFID 标签的替代品，以帮助节约资源和减少污染。通过这项研究，我们可以对环境影响和碳足迹进行评估。这项研究的结果将为我们提供新的见解，并提出减少电子行业对环境影响的方法。
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Hybrid time/phase/frequency domain linear electromagnetic encoders are presented in this paper for the first time. The encoders consist of a linear chain of electric-LC (ELC) resonators etched in a dielectric substrate. Encoding is achieved by phase and frequency modulation simultaneously, namely, by considering different transverse positions and dimensions of the ELC resonators in the chain. The reader is a simple matched microstrip transmission line terminated with a matched load, and encoder reading proceeds by displacing the encoder over the reader line, at short distance, in the direction orthogonal to the line axis. When an ELC resonator lies on top of the line, the phase of the reflection coefficient at resonance depends on the distance to the input port and hence on the transverse position of the resonator in the chain (phase modulation). Moreover, the size of the resonator determines its resonance frequency (frequency modulation). This means that the reader line should be fed by as many harmonic signals as ELC resonator sizes considered, to identify the phase and the resonance frequency of the inclusion (ELC) on top of the line. In this paper, we consider 16 different transverse positions and 4 different sizes of the ELC resonators, which are read sequentially, in a time-division multiplexing scheme. Thus, 6 bits per encoder position (or row) in the chain are achieved. These encoders, with a per-unit-length density of bits of DPL = 6 bit/cm, can be applied to the implementation of synchronous near-field chipless-RFID systems with high data capacity, as well as long-range displacement sensors. In the latter case, the number of bits per encoder row can be doubled (i.e., 12 bits) by considering two chains and two readers, allowing for the discrimination of 212 (= 4096) absolute positions.
{"title":"Hybrid Time/Phase/Frequency Domain Linear Electromagnetic Encoders for Displacement Sensing and Near-Field Chipless-RFID","authors":"Amirhossein Karami-Horestani;Ferran Paredes;Ferran Martín","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3366309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3366309","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid time/phase/frequency domain linear electromagnetic encoders are presented in this paper for the first time. The encoders consist of a linear chain of electric-LC (ELC) resonators etched in a dielectric substrate. Encoding is achieved by phase and frequency modulation simultaneously, namely, by considering different transverse positions and dimensions of the ELC resonators in the chain. The reader is a simple matched microstrip transmission line terminated with a matched load, and encoder reading proceeds by displacing the encoder over the reader line, at short distance, in the direction orthogonal to the line axis. When an ELC resonator lies on top of the line, the phase of the reflection coefficient at resonance depends on the distance to the input port and hence on the transverse position of the resonator in the chain (phase modulation). Moreover, the size of the resonator determines its resonance frequency (frequency modulation). This means that the reader line should be fed by as many harmonic signals as ELC resonator sizes considered, to identify the phase and the resonance frequency of the inclusion (ELC) on top of the line. In this paper, we consider 16 different transverse positions and 4 different sizes of the ELC resonators, which are read sequentially, in a time-division multiplexing scheme. Thus, 6 bits per encoder position (or row) in the chain are achieved. These encoders, with a per-unit-length density of bits of DPL = 6 bit/cm, can be applied to the implementation of synchronous near-field chipless-RFID systems with high data capacity, as well as long-range displacement sensors. In the latter case, the number of bits per encoder row can be doubled (i.e., 12 bits) by considering two chains and two readers, allowing for the discrimination of 212 (= 4096) absolute positions.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"134-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution is focused on the performance evaluation of a long-range patch-type antenna for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radiofrequency identification (RFID) wristband tags. The antenna design was presented in the IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA), held on September 4-6, 2023, Aveiro, Portugal, under the title “A durable and flexible, low-cost tag antenna design for UHF RFID wearable applications”. First, the theoretical and practical evaluation of the wristband tag antenna is conducted in four different scenarios. Next, the studied solution is benchmarked against a selection of the current commercial solutions. The proposed antenna design is mounted on a flexible and low-cost Teflon (PTFE) substrate, and it consists of a disconnected metal-substrate-metal layered structure. To produce a light and comfortable wearable device, the wristband design constraints limit the thickness to 1 mm and the width to 3 cm. The design is intended to be used in human identification and tracking applications while providing enough durability to endure for a prolonged period without significant antenna de-tuning. The proposed wristband is designed to operate in the FCC band (902-928 MHz) and it can reach distances over 3–5 meters, depending on the microchip sensitivity. The results of the experiments show that the performance of the proposed wristband design is comparable to current commercial solutions, while offering a different set of features. A discussion on the comparison between the current solutions and the proposed wristband antenna is provided in the text.
{"title":"UHF RFID Wristbands: A Long-Range, Durable, Flexible, and Low-Cost Tag Antenna Design","authors":"Sergio López-Soriano;Joan Melià-Seguí;Josep Parrón Granados","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3365796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3365796","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution is focused on the performance evaluation of a long-range patch-type antenna for ultra-high frequency (UHF) radiofrequency identification (RFID) wristband tags. The antenna design was presented in the IEEE International Conference on RFID Technology and Applications (RFID-TA), held on September 4-6, 2023, Aveiro, Portugal, under the title “A durable and flexible, low-cost tag antenna design for UHF RFID wearable applications”. First, the theoretical and practical evaluation of the wristband tag antenna is conducted in four different scenarios. Next, the studied solution is benchmarked against a selection of the current commercial solutions. The proposed antenna design is mounted on a flexible and low-cost Teflon (PTFE) substrate, and it consists of a disconnected metal-substrate-metal layered structure. To produce a light and comfortable wearable device, the wristband design constraints limit the thickness to 1 mm and the width to 3 cm. The design is intended to be used in human identification and tracking applications while providing enough durability to endure for a prolonged period without significant antenna de-tuning. The proposed wristband is designed to operate in the FCC band (902-928 MHz) and it can reach distances over 3–5 meters, depending on the microchip sensitivity. The results of the experiments show that the performance of the proposed wristband design is comparable to current commercial solutions, while offering a different set of features. A discussion on the comparison between the current solutions and the proposed wristband antenna is provided in the text.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10436413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3363643
Spyros Megalou;Konstantinos Tsiakoumis;Aristidis Raptopoulos Chatzistefanou;Stavroula Siachalou;Traianos V. Yioultsis;Antonis G. Dimitriou
In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using RFID technology for navigation and guidance within lanes. The lanes consist of RFID tags, placed on the floor. The tags represent unique spatial identifiers. By processing phase-measurements from such tags, a user, carrying an RFID reader, can be ${i}$ ) kept within the lane, ii) guided to the desired destination and iii) tracked in real time. Two properties are exploited for lane-keeping: the measured Rate-Of-Change (ROC) of the phase measurements per tag and the number of readings per tag within given time-periods. Thanks to these properties, an indicator function estimates the pose of the agent within the lane and gives auditory and visual feedback when one approaches the boundaries of the lane. Localization and tracking is accomplished separately by feeding phase-ROC measurements in a particle filter. Robustness of the proposed method is verified by measurements presented herein.
在本文中，我们研究了在车道内使用 RFID 技术进行导航和引导的可能性。车道由放置在地面上的 RFID 标签组成。标签代表唯一的空间标识符。通过处理来自这些标签的相位测量值，携带 RFID 阅读器的用户可以 ${i}$ ) 保持在车道内，ii) 被引导至所需目的地，iii) 被实时跟踪。车道保持利用了两个特性：每个标签相位测量的测量变化率（ROC）和每个标签在给定时间段内的读数数量。得益于这些特性，一个指示函数可以估算出车道内驾驶员的姿态，并在驾驶员接近车道边界时提供听觉和视觉反馈。通过在粒子滤波器中输入相位-ROC 测量值，可分别完成定位和跟踪。本文介绍的测量结果验证了所建议方法的鲁棒性。
{"title":"Lane Keeping and Tracking Through RFID Technology","authors":"Spyros Megalou;Konstantinos Tsiakoumis;Aristidis Raptopoulos Chatzistefanou;Stavroula Siachalou;Traianos V. Yioultsis;Antonis G. Dimitriou","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3363643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3363643","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using RFID technology for navigation and guidance within lanes. The lanes consist of RFID tags, placed on the floor. The tags represent unique spatial identifiers. By processing phase-measurements from such tags, a user, carrying an RFID reader, can be \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${i}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) kept within the lane, ii) guided to the desired destination and iii) tracked in real time. Two properties are exploited for lane-keeping: the measured Rate-Of-Change (ROC) of the phase measurements per tag and the number of readings per tag within given time-periods. Thanks to these properties, an indicator function estimates the pose of the agent within the lane and gives auditory and visual feedback when one approaches the boundaries of the lane. Localization and tracking is accomplished separately by feeding phase-ROC measurements in a particle filter. Robustness of the proposed method is verified by measurements presented herein.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"114-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet of Things (IoT) framework has transformed sensor data utilization, ushering in a new era of sensors integrated into various aspects of modern environment. A pressing concern in the realm of wearable technology is efficient power management, encompassing low power consumption and reducing battery recharging times. This study introduces an electronic device equipped with a Bluetooth 5.1 Low Energy (BLE) module, capable of detecting, collecting, aggregating and transmitting the Root Sum of Squares Method (RSS) of acceleration readings at consistent time intervals. This multi-frequency wireless controller functions at both sub-1 and 2.4 GHz bandwidths, endorsing the Bluetooth® 5.1 low energy standard and diverse wireless modalities via a Dynamic MultiProtocol Manager (DMM) interface. For demonstration purposes, the BMI160 is has been programmed to internally manage acceleration analyses across three axes, reducing data transmission, and minimizing connection times. This device, integrated with other physiological parameter monitoring systems of an individual/patient, can help correlate any variation in these parameters with the amount of motion. The integration of additional sensors can refine the precision of physiological metric evaluation, broadening the potential applications of such systems in sectors like healthcare and well-being.
{"title":"Circuit Design, Realization, and Test of a Bluetooth Low Energy Wireless Sensor With On-Board Computation for Remote Healthcare Monitoring","authors":"Petar Šolic;Riccardo Colella;Giuseppe Grassi;Toni Perković;Carlo Giacomo Leo;Ana Čulić;Vladimir Pleština;Saverio Sabina;Luca Catarinucci","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3363074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3363074","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) framework has transformed sensor data utilization, ushering in a new era of sensors integrated into various aspects of modern environment. A pressing concern in the realm of wearable technology is efficient power management, encompassing low power consumption and reducing battery recharging times. This study introduces an electronic device equipped with a Bluetooth 5.1 Low Energy (BLE) module, capable of detecting, collecting, aggregating and transmitting the Root Sum of Squares Method (RSS) of acceleration readings at consistent time intervals. This multi-frequency wireless controller functions at both sub-1 and 2.4 GHz bandwidths, endorsing the Bluetooth® 5.1 low energy standard and diverse wireless modalities via a Dynamic MultiProtocol Manager (DMM) interface. For demonstration purposes, the BMI160 is has been programmed to internally manage acceleration analyses across three axes, reducing data transmission, and minimizing connection times. This device, integrated with other physiological parameter monitoring systems of an individual/patient, can help correlate any variation in these parameters with the amount of motion. The integration of additional sensors can refine the precision of physiological metric evaluation, broadening the potential applications of such systems in sectors like healthcare and well-being.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2023.3339074
{"title":"IEEE Council on RFID","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2023.3339074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2023.3339074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10416936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139654673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-30DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2023.3339072
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2023.3339072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2023.3339072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10416937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139654672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3359705
V. R. Vijaykumar;S. Raja Sekar;R. Jothin;V. C. Diniesh;S. Elango;S. Ramakrishnan
Recently, a great deal of physical equipment has been linked to the Internet of Things (IoT) by use of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Moreover, security is the primary concern for RFID-enabled IoT devices. In order to prevent security risks, mutual authentication is a vital step. The majority of authentication protocols are resource-intensive and computationally expensive to implement. Hence, a low power and lightweight hardware implementable security protocol is well suited for RFID enabled resource constrained IoT devices. This paper designed a novel light weight mutual authentication protocol using multifunction digital logic based encoder architecture for RFID based IoT systems. The proposed multifunction logic circuit generates different logical outputs for every random selection of control inputs, which improves security drastically. The protocol is narrated in Verilog Hardware descriptive language and realized in Altera DE2 Cyclone II (EP2C35F672C6) FPGA board and synthesized in 180 nm and 90 nm technology ASIC platform. Experimental results are compared with the state-of-the-art protocols, which demonstrate that the proposed protocol is much more suitable for lightweight applications. In addition, the security of the protocol is also formally verified using the standard BAN logic algorithm. Finally, the proposed protocol is real-time implemented and verified in Jennic JN5168 Test Bed using Contiki OS for resource-constrained IoT applications.
最近，大量物理设备通过使用射频识别（RFID）技术与物联网（IoT）相连接。此外，安全也是 RFID 物联网设备的首要问题。为了防止安全风险，相互验证是至关重要的一步。大多数认证协议都是资源密集型的，实施起来计算成本高昂。因此，一种低功耗、轻量级、可通过硬件实现的安全协议非常适合支持 RFID 的资源有限的物联网设备。本文利用基于多功能数字逻辑的编码器架构，为基于 RFID 的物联网系统设计了一种新型轻量级相互验证协议。所提出的多功能逻辑电路为每一个随机选择的控制输入生成不同的逻辑输出，从而大大提高了安全性。该协议采用 Verilog 硬件描述语言编写，在 Altera DE2 Cyclone II (EP2C35F672C6) FPGA 板上实现，并在 180 纳米和 90 纳米技术 ASIC 平台上合成。实验结果与最先进的协议进行了比较，证明所提出的协议更适合轻量级应用。此外，还使用标准 BAN 逻辑算法正式验证了协议的安全性。最后，在 Jennic JN5168 测试平台上使用 Contiki 操作系统实时实现和验证了所提出的协议，以用于资源受限的物联网应用。
{"title":"Novel Light Weight Hardware Authentication Protocol for Resource Constrained IoT Based Devices","authors":"V. R. Vijaykumar;S. Raja Sekar;R. Jothin;V. C. Diniesh;S. Elango;S. Ramakrishnan","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3359705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3359705","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a great deal of physical equipment has been linked to the Internet of Things (IoT) by use of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Moreover, security is the primary concern for RFID-enabled IoT devices. In order to prevent security risks, mutual authentication is a vital step. The majority of authentication protocols are resource-intensive and computationally expensive to implement. Hence, a low power and lightweight hardware implementable security protocol is well suited for RFID enabled resource constrained IoT devices. This paper designed a novel light weight mutual authentication protocol using multifunction digital logic based encoder architecture for RFID based IoT systems. The proposed multifunction logic circuit generates different logical outputs for every random selection of control inputs, which improves security drastically. The protocol is narrated in Verilog Hardware descriptive language and realized in Altera DE2 Cyclone II (EP2C35F672C6) FPGA board and synthesized in 180 nm and 90 nm technology ASIC platform. Experimental results are compared with the state-of-the-art protocols, which demonstrate that the proposed protocol is much more suitable for lightweight applications. In addition, the security of the protocol is also formally verified using the standard BAN logic algorithm. Finally, the proposed protocol is real-time implemented and verified in Jennic JN5168 Test Bed using Contiki OS for resource-constrained IoT applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"31-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139916567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3358189
Francesca Maria Chiara Nanni;Gaetano Marrocco
The dense distribution of wireless sensors based on Ultra-High-Frequency (UHF) Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, in the food market or drug cold chains, raises issues regarding the effects of mutual electromagnetic coupling on sensing. In the case of stacked items, in fact, inter-antenna coupling can cause disturbance to sensor measurements, thus affecting the specificity and reliability of the collected data. This paper experimentally investigates the effects of coupling for some configurations of antenna size and alignments by exploiting capacitive sensing based on the emerging auto-tuning integrated circuit (IC) architectures. The results revealed that electromagnetic coupling typically induces cross-sensitivity and instability so that the variation of any sensor’s output will also be indirectly captured by adjacent devices. However, this disturbing effect vanishes after a threshold decoupling distance of the order of 4 mm for a small-footprint loop (15mm $ times 15$ mm), and 15 mm in the case of a card-like footprint (C-dipole, 54mm $ times 16$ mm). Moreover, experiments revealed that the above distances can be halved by resorting to a 180° rotation of the adjacent items.
{"title":"Experimental Evaluation and Upper-Bounds of Cross-Sensitivity in Stacked RFID Sensors","authors":"Francesca Maria Chiara Nanni;Gaetano Marrocco","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3358189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3358189","url":null,"abstract":"The dense distribution of wireless sensors based on Ultra-High-Frequency (UHF) Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, in the food market or drug cold chains, raises issues regarding the effects of mutual electromagnetic coupling on sensing. In the case of stacked items, in fact, inter-antenna coupling can cause disturbance to sensor measurements, thus affecting the specificity and reliability of the collected data. This paper experimentally investigates the effects of coupling for some configurations of antenna size and alignments by exploiting capacitive sensing based on the emerging auto-tuning integrated circuit (IC) architectures. The results revealed that electromagnetic coupling typically induces cross-sensitivity and instability so that the variation of any sensor’s output will also be indirectly captured by adjacent devices. However, this disturbing effect vanishes after a threshold decoupling distance of the order of 4 mm for a small-footprint loop (15mm\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ times 15$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000mm), and 15 mm in the case of a card-like footprint (C-dipole, 54mm\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000mm). Moreover, experiments revealed that the above distances can be halved by resorting to a 180° rotation of the adjacent items.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"98-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3358012
Carlo Caini;Lorenzo Persampieri
Challenged networks, including space networks, require the Delay-/ Disruption-Tolerant Networking architecture (DTN), which is based on the introduction of a new layer and a new associate protocol, the Bundle Protocol (BP). The recent release of RFC 9171, which standardizes version 7 (BPv7), has led the University of Bologna to develop its own implementation, Unibo-BP. The aim of this paper is to provide the reader with a comprehensive description of its design principles and innovative features. Unibo-BP is written in C+, is fully compliant with RFC 9171, is research-driven, and space-oriented, thus matching the main research interests of the authors. Unibo-BP is not a stand-alone application, but the core of a wide ecosystem that includes DTNsuite applications, LTP and TCPCLv3 convergence layers, and CGR/SABR routing. Unibo-BP interfaces to these additional components are thoroughly analyzed in the paper, as they present a number of advanced features. Unibo-BP supports one or multiple nodes on the same machine and a few template scripts to facilitate the user are described here. The paper also provides a section devoted to interoperability tests and first research applications An appendix, with an overview of Unibo-BP commands, completes this work. Unibo-BP is released as Open Source Software under GPLv3 license.
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