Pub Date : 2025-03-27DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3574233
Noor Mohammed;Robert W. Jackson;Sunghoon Ivan Lee;Jeremy Gummeson
In this paper, we present a new intra-body communication technology that uses capacitive backscatter. The main goal of this technology is to allow for the transmission of binary IDs between a skin-coupled transceiver and a batteryless tag by utilizing finite conductivity of skin and air coupling capacitance. The intra-body identification (IBID) hardware system consists of two pairs of skin-coupled 50 ohm galvanically isolated electrodes: the interrogator(fixed size: 30 cm $times $ 40 cm) and the tag (arbitrary shape and size). The flexibility of electrode shape enables the IBID tag to be easily deployed on various everyday objects. The interrogator is connected to a battery-powered wearable transceiver. The study investigated the capacitive backscatter phenomenon using two everyday object models: a remote control model and a rectangular single switch panel. The experimental results demonstrate the hardware system’s ability to interrogate binary IDs seamlessly using 40 MHz pulsed radio frequency (RF) carrier with 33% duty cycle. However, the variable dimensions of the tag electrode lead to varying path gain within a short body channel, resulting in low available power for the tag. To address this challenge, we developed an ultra-low powered IBID tag that can sustain its operation at $-11~dBm$ peak RF power and transmit multiple bursts of 16-bit binary packets.
本文提出了一种利用电容性后向散射的新型体内通信技术。该技术的主要目标是通过利用蒙皮和空气耦合电容的有限电导率，允许在蒙皮耦合收发器和无电池标签之间传输二进制id。体内识别（IBID）硬件系统由两对皮肤耦合的50欧姆电隔离电极组成：询问器（固定尺寸：30 cm × 40 cm）和标签（任意形状和大小）。电极形状的灵活性使IBID标签可以很容易地部署在各种日常物品上。询问器连接到电池供电的可穿戴收发器。该研究使用两个日常对象模型：遥控器模型和矩形单开关面板来研究电容性后向散射现象。实验结果表明，该硬件系统能够在占空比为33%的40 MHz脉冲射频（RF）载波上无缝查询二进制id。然而，标签电极的可变尺寸导致短体通道内的路径增益变化，从而导致标签的可用功率低。为了解决这一挑战，我们开发了一种超低功耗的IBID标签，可以在-11~dBm的峰值射频功率下维持其运行，并传输多个16位二进制数据包。
{"title":"A Capacitive Backscatter System for Intra-Body Identification","authors":"Noor Mohammed;Robert W. Jackson;Sunghoon Ivan Lee;Jeremy Gummeson","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3574233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3574233","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a new intra-body communication technology that uses capacitive backscatter. The main goal of this technology is to allow for the transmission of binary IDs between a skin-coupled transceiver and a batteryless tag by utilizing finite conductivity of skin and air coupling capacitance. The intra-body identification (IBID) hardware system consists of two pairs of skin-coupled 50 ohm galvanically isolated electrodes: the interrogator(fixed size: 30 cm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 40 cm) and the tag (arbitrary shape and size). The flexibility of electrode shape enables the IBID tag to be easily deployed on various everyday objects. The interrogator is connected to a battery-powered wearable transceiver. The study investigated the capacitive backscatter phenomenon using two everyday object models: a remote control model and a rectangular single switch panel. The experimental results demonstrate the hardware system’s ability to interrogate binary IDs seamlessly using 40 MHz pulsed radio frequency (RF) carrier with 33% duty cycle. However, the variable dimensions of the tag electrode lead to varying path gain within a short body channel, resulting in low available power for the tag. To address this challenge, we developed an ultra-low powered IBID tag that can sustain its operation at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$-11~dBm$ </tex-math></inline-formula> peak RF power and transmit multiple bursts of 16-bit binary packets.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"308-319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existing BLE-based cattle health and activity monitoring solutions rely primarily on parametric power optimization. However, a cattle health and activity monitoring system may require non-optimized parameters. Further, existing solutions transmit raw data, which is usually generated frequently, consequently increasing total transmission and causing high power consumption. Besides, BLE-based solutions are prone to data loss as the number of devices in the network increases, necessitating multiple transmissions to overcome data loss. However, the lack of an analytical framework to determine the optimal number of retransmissions results in redundant transmissions. This highlights the need for analytical expressions to precisely calculate the required number of retransmissions to overcome data loss. Owing to this issue and the emergence of BLE-related solutions, we have first examined the root cause of higher power consumption. Secondly, to reduce the number of transmissions causing major power consumption, we have proposed a threshold mode that reduces the total number of transmissions and saves a significant amount of power by only transmitting parametric data over raw data, which is usually sensed and transmitted very frequently. Thirdly, we have derived analytical close-form expression for the average number of transmissions required for successful data reception, which was the critical bottleneck in existing works. As a result, we have achieved significant improvement in battery life over the existing works; in particular, we achieved a maximum battery life of 10 years in mode A (raw data transmission) and 21 years in mode B (thresholding mode).
{"title":"BLE-Driven Power-Efficient Integrated Sensing and Communication Framework for Livestock Monitoring","authors":"Lalit Kumar Baghel;Radhika Raina;Suman Kumar;Riccardo Colella;Luca Catarinucci","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3554569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3554569","url":null,"abstract":"The existing BLE-based cattle health and activity monitoring solutions rely primarily on parametric power optimization. However, a cattle health and activity monitoring system may require non-optimized parameters. Further, existing solutions transmit raw data, which is usually generated frequently, consequently increasing total transmission and causing high power consumption. Besides, BLE-based solutions are prone to data loss as the number of devices in the network increases, necessitating multiple transmissions to overcome data loss. However, the lack of an analytical framework to determine the optimal number of retransmissions results in redundant transmissions. This highlights the need for analytical expressions to precisely calculate the required number of retransmissions to overcome data loss. Owing to this issue and the emergence of BLE-related solutions, we have first examined the root cause of higher power consumption. Secondly, to reduce the number of transmissions causing major power consumption, we have proposed a threshold mode that reduces the total number of transmissions and saves a significant amount of power by only transmitting parametric data over raw data, which is usually sensed and transmitted very frequently. Thirdly, we have derived analytical close-form expression for the average number of transmissions required for successful data reception, which was the critical bottleneck in existing works. As a result, we have achieved significant improvement in battery life over the existing works; in particular, we achieved a maximum battery life of 10 years in mode A (raw data transmission) and 21 years in mode B (thresholding mode).","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"135-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-26DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3573941
Antonio Lazaro;Marco Rodrigo Cujilema;Ramon Villarino;Marc Lazaro;David Girbau
This work presents non-cloneable RFID tags to protect products like wine, liquor, and oil from counterfeiting. The tags have a unique spectral response created by combining their shape and sheet resistance, using layers of conductive material. A laser-induced graphene (LIG) layer is formed on a cork substrate and then is electroplated to improve conductivity. Two prototype scanners that read the tags’ electromagnetic signatures are presented, which are compatible with wine bottles and cork stoppers of different sizes. The first prototype relies on rotating the object during measurements, whereas the second uses four switched microstrip transmission lines as probes. Initial tests with complex logo images show the feasibility of this technology.
{"title":"Anti-Counterfeiting Near-Field Chipless RIFD Tags Based on Laser-Induced Graphene on Cork","authors":"Antonio Lazaro;Marco Rodrigo Cujilema;Ramon Villarino;Marc Lazaro;David Girbau","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3573941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3573941","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents non-cloneable RFID tags to protect products like wine, liquor, and oil from counterfeiting. The tags have a unique spectral response created by combining their shape and sheet resistance, using layers of conductive material. A laser-induced graphene (LIG) layer is formed on a cork substrate and then is electroplated to improve conductivity. Two prototype scanners that read the tags’ electromagnetic signatures are presented, which are compatible with wine bottles and cork stoppers of different sizes. The first prototype relies on rotating the object during measurements, whereas the second uses four switched microstrip transmission lines as probes. Initial tests with complex logo images show the feasibility of this technology.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"295-307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3572843
Mohammed A. Alsultan;Joan Melià-Seguí;Josep Parrón-Granados;Sergio López-Soriano
Soil moisture monitoring is essential for optimizing irrigation strategies, enhancing crop yields, and conserving water resources in precision agriculture. Traditional sensing methods often rely on battery-powered devices, which require maintenance and periodic replacement. This work introduces a batteryless ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) soil moisture sensor that leverages RFID technology and an interdigitated capacitor (IDC) for capacitive sensing. The proposed sensor integrates a meandered dipole antenna and an EM4152 RFID chip, enabling wireless monitoring of soil Volumetric Water Content (VWC) without the need for an external power source. The sensor’s performance is validated through controlled soil moisture experiments, where capacitance readings are correlated with reference measurements from the commercial TEROS 10 soil moisture sensor. The sensor was tested and calibrated using three different soil types: sandy, clay, and a commercial combo substrate. The results demonstrate strong linear correlations with TEROS 10 measurements across all soil types, with coefficients of determination of R2 = 0.9648 (sandy), R2 = 0.9512 (clay), and R2 = 0.9444 (combo). Furthermore, tests conducted at varying water contents and a read range of up to 3.5 meters validate the sensor’s robustness across different soil conditions. The findings highlight the potential of battery-less RFID-based sensing for sustainable and maintenance-free soil moisture monitoring in agricultural applications.
{"title":"A Battery-Less UHF RFID Sensor for Soil Moisture Monitoring","authors":"Mohammed A. Alsultan;Joan Melià-Seguí;Josep Parrón-Granados;Sergio López-Soriano","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3572843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3572843","url":null,"abstract":"Soil moisture monitoring is essential for optimizing irrigation strategies, enhancing crop yields, and conserving water resources in precision agriculture. Traditional sensing methods often rely on battery-powered devices, which require maintenance and periodic replacement. This work introduces a batteryless ultrahigh frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) soil moisture sensor that leverages RFID technology and an interdigitated capacitor (IDC) for capacitive sensing. The proposed sensor integrates a meandered dipole antenna and an EM4152 RFID chip, enabling wireless monitoring of soil Volumetric Water Content (VWC) without the need for an external power source. The sensor’s performance is validated through controlled soil moisture experiments, where capacitance readings are correlated with reference measurements from the commercial TEROS 10 soil moisture sensor. The sensor was tested and calibrated using three different soil types: sandy, clay, and a commercial combo substrate. The results demonstrate strong linear correlations with TEROS 10 measurements across all soil types, with coefficients of determination of R2 = 0.9648 (sandy), R2 = 0.9512 (clay), and R2 = 0.9444 (combo). Furthermore, tests conducted at varying water contents and a read range of up to 3.5 meters validate the sensor’s robustness across different soil conditions. The findings highlight the potential of battery-less RFID-based sensing for sustainable and maintenance-free soil moisture monitoring in agricultural applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"286-294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11009146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3553151
Aijaz Ahmed
This work presents a novel methodology of an RFID system for peer-to-peer surveillance of products in warehouses. The methodology also uses a novel antenna sensor that continuously senses the tags/ products within its radiating field region. This designed antenna sensor works in a dual frequency range of 865–867 MHz and 902–928 MHz with a peak gain and typical VSWR of 3.9 dBi and 1.05 respectively. To demonstrate the proof of concept of the methodology, 4-identical antennas are fabricated and stacked on the racks where the products along with tags are used to be placed. These tags are being monitored by the server that compares the ordered products with the collected products from the shelves and raises the warning or an alarm when any unwanted tags is moved or missing from the locations on the shelves. Multiple measurements are performed to check the accuracy and repeatability of the system with random positions of the tags. The outcome validates that the proposed antenna, along with the developed methodology, can be used in warehouses for monitoring the positions of the products as well as in the peer-to-peer surveillance of products if they have any unauthorized movements from the shelves.
{"title":"An IoT-Based RFID Solution for Peer-to-Peer Surveillance of Warehouse Using a Novel Antenna Sensor","authors":"Aijaz Ahmed","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3553151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3553151","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a novel methodology of an RFID system for peer-to-peer surveillance of products in warehouses. The methodology also uses a novel antenna sensor that continuously senses the tags/ products within its radiating field region. This designed antenna sensor works in a dual frequency range of 865–867 MHz and 902–928 MHz with a peak gain and typical VSWR of 3.9 dBi and 1.05 respectively. To demonstrate the proof of concept of the methodology, 4-identical antennas are fabricated and stacked on the racks where the products along with tags are used to be placed. These tags are being monitored by the server that compares the ordered products with the collected products from the shelves and raises the warning or an alarm when any unwanted tags is moved or missing from the locations on the shelves. Multiple measurements are performed to check the accuracy and repeatability of the system with random positions of the tags. The outcome validates that the proposed antenna, along with the developed methodology, can be used in warehouses for monitoring the positions of the products as well as in the peer-to-peer surveillance of products if they have any unauthorized movements from the shelves.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"117-122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3571762
Abhishek Choudhary;Deepak Sood
A compact flippable tag antenna of size ($36times 30times 3.15$ ) $mm^{3}$ has been developed using double folded technique, for effective operation on metallic surfaces in ETSI/FCC bands. The antenna features a distinctive three-layered structure with serrations incorporated into the top, middle, and bottom layers. The top layer is connected to the bottom layer through inductive stub. The RFID chip connected between the bottom and middle layers. The tag is designed for dual band operation (ETSI and FCC) through the introduction of a flipping technique in combination with double-folded configuration used for effective impedance matching between the tag antenna and chip in both the bands. The tag works for ETSI band when the top layer act as a radiator while the bottom layer is attached to the metal plate. Further, when tag is flipped, it works for FCC band. In measurement scenarios, the fabricated tag achieves a maximum read range of 12.25 m in ETSI band and 9.9 m in FCC band when mounted on a metallic plate of size $20times 20$ cm2. The proposed tag’s performance is compared with already reported design through the evaluation of the figure of merit (FoM). With its dual band functionality and, metal-compatible design, the proposed tag eliminates the need for multiple tags or change in electronic product code (EPC) across intercontinental routes, making it highly suitable for tracking metal packages or containers in global logistics applications.
{"title":"Long Range, Compact, Flippable UHF RFID Tag for Metallic Base Environments, Compliant With ETSI / FCC Bands","authors":"Abhishek Choudhary;Deepak Sood","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3571762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3571762","url":null,"abstract":"A compact flippable tag antenna of size (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$36times 30times 3.15$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mm^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has been developed using double folded technique, for effective operation on metallic surfaces in ETSI/FCC bands. The antenna features a distinctive three-layered structure with serrations incorporated into the top, middle, and bottom layers. The top layer is connected to the bottom layer through inductive stub. The RFID chip connected between the bottom and middle layers. The tag is designed for dual band operation (ETSI and FCC) through the introduction of a flipping technique in combination with double-folded configuration used for effective impedance matching between the tag antenna and chip in both the bands. The tag works for ETSI band when the top layer act as a radiator while the bottom layer is attached to the metal plate. Further, when tag is flipped, it works for FCC band. In measurement scenarios, the fabricated tag achieves a maximum read range of 12.25 m in ETSI band and 9.9 m in FCC band when mounted on a metallic plate of size <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm2. The proposed tag’s performance is compared with already reported design through the evaluation of the figure of merit (FoM). With its dual band functionality and, metal-compatible design, the proposed tag eliminates the need for multiple tags or change in electronic product code (EPC) across intercontinental routes, making it highly suitable for tracking metal packages or containers in global logistics applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"274-285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-16DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570909
Jie Sun;Antoine Diet;Yann Le Bihan;Michel Police
Near Field Communication (NFC) technology has been explored in the application field of biomedical sciences. NFC’s inherent capabilities, such as battery-less short-range communication and secure data transfer, make it an ideal candidate for various biomedical monitoring applications. In healthcare, NFC facilitates patient identification, access control, and secure data transmission between medical devices. Additionally, NFC-enabled smart wearable devices enhance real-time health sensors data collection. A novel NFC 3D cylinder reader coil structure applied in the realm of biomedical sciences is introduced in this paper. The newly designed coil structure generates a planar rotating magnetic field, significantly improving the likelihood of successful tag identification. This enhancement in the coils’ magnetic field distribution facilitates efficient communication between NFC tags and the reader. CST simulation for the generated magnetic field has been done for design optimization. A tube with overlapped copper tape is built for experimental tag detection validation. The 3D cylinder reader coil structure enhances communication in healthcare systems.
{"title":"A 3-D RFID/NFC Cylindrical Magnetic Reader Coils Structure, 3DCCS, for Orientation-Free Detection of HF Tags, for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Jie Sun;Antoine Diet;Yann Le Bihan;Michel Police","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570909","url":null,"abstract":"Near Field Communication (NFC) technology has been explored in the application field of biomedical sciences. NFC’s inherent capabilities, such as battery-less short-range communication and secure data transfer, make it an ideal candidate for various biomedical monitoring applications. In healthcare, NFC facilitates patient identification, access control, and secure data transmission between medical devices. Additionally, NFC-enabled smart wearable devices enhance real-time health sensors data collection. A novel NFC 3D cylinder reader coil structure applied in the realm of biomedical sciences is introduced in this paper. The newly designed coil structure generates a planar rotating magnetic field, significantly improving the likelihood of successful tag identification. This enhancement in the coils’ magnetic field distribution facilitates efficient communication between NFC tags and the reader. CST simulation for the generated magnetic field has been done for design optimization. A tube with overlapped copper tape is built for experimental tag detection validation. The 3D cylinder reader coil structure enhances communication in healthcare systems.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"236-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570617
Michael A. Varner;Serhat Tadik;Cheng Qi;Rajib Bhattacharjea;Christopher Saetia;Kaitlyn M. Graves;Gregory D. Durgin
Ambient scatter communication systems have long been a novelty form of radio communications, with most reported ranges limited to several meters or less and very low data rates. This work presents, implements, and analyzes the ReMoRa (Reflection of Modulated Radio) architecture for extending ambient scatter communication systems to long ranges and/or high data rates. ReMoRa comprises of a unique way to encode, down-convert, and detect signals scattered from mote to reader using ambient RF carriers that already contain information. Our ReMoRa implementation using GNURadio demonstrates read ranges of up to 20 meters between a low-powered sensor mote and an ambient reader that uses an existing FM radio signal at 91.1 MHz in Atlanta, GA with a data rate of 300.7 kbits/s, and demonstrate through simulation how these links can be extended to hundreds of meters.
{"title":"Reflection of Modulated Radio: System-Level Design, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation for Ambient Scatter Communication Systems","authors":"Michael A. Varner;Serhat Tadik;Cheng Qi;Rajib Bhattacharjea;Christopher Saetia;Kaitlyn M. Graves;Gregory D. Durgin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570617","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient scatter communication systems have long been a novelty form of radio communications, with most reported ranges limited to several meters or less and very low data rates. This work presents, implements, and analyzes the ReMoRa (Reflection of Modulated Radio) architecture for extending ambient scatter communication systems to long ranges and/or high data rates. ReMoRa comprises of a unique way to encode, down-convert, and detect signals scattered from mote to reader using ambient RF carriers that already contain information. Our ReMoRa implementation using GNURadio demonstrates read ranges of up to 20 meters between a low-powered sensor mote and an ambient reader that uses an existing FM radio signal at 91.1 MHz in Atlanta, GA with a data rate of 300.7 kbits/s, and demonstrate through simulation how these links can be extended to hundreds of meters.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"261-273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570441
Tauseef Hussain;Ignacio Gil;Raúl Fernández-García
This paper presents a biomechanics sensing system based on an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tag coupled with a meander resonator for motion tracking and displacement sensing. The variations in their relative position alter the strength of mutual coupling, leading to impedance changes in the RFID tag antenna. These impedance variations modulate the power reflection coefficient, which in turn affects both the backscattered signal strength (RSSI) and the turn-on threshold power of the RFID tag. The performance of the system was evaluated through simulations and experimental validation, demonstrating a 14 dB reduction in RSSI and a 5 dBm increase in threshold power over a displacement range of 30 mm. The system was further validated for wearable movement sensing in knee flexion tracking, where results indicated an RSSI variation of around 12 dB as the knee angle changed from 115° to 175°. Additionally, the turn-on threshold power ($ P_{text {th}} $ ) exhibited a strong correlation with knee flexion angles, achieving a coefficient of determination ($ R^{2} = 0.973 $ ) based on curve-fitted data. These results validate the feasibility of the proposed system for wearable body motion monitoring in healthcare applications.
{"title":"Meander Resonator Coupled UHF RFID System for Biomechanics Sensing Applications","authors":"Tauseef Hussain;Ignacio Gil;Raúl Fernández-García","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3570441","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a biomechanics sensing system based on an ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tag coupled with a meander resonator for motion tracking and displacement sensing. The variations in their relative position alter the strength of mutual coupling, leading to impedance changes in the RFID tag antenna. These impedance variations modulate the power reflection coefficient, which in turn affects both the backscattered signal strength (RSSI) and the turn-on threshold power of the RFID tag. The performance of the system was evaluated through simulations and experimental validation, demonstrating a 14 dB reduction in RSSI and a 5 dBm increase in threshold power over a displacement range of 30 mm. The system was further validated for wearable movement sensing in knee flexion tracking, where results indicated an RSSI variation of around 12 dB as the knee angle changed from 115° to 175°. Additionally, the turn-on threshold power (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ P_{text {th}} $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) exhibited a strong correlation with knee flexion angles, achieving a coefficient of determination (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ R^{2} = 0.973 $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) based on curve-fitted data. These results validate the feasibility of the proposed system for wearable body motion monitoring in healthcare applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"227-235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11004834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3548897
Giovanni Andrea Casula;Antonello Mascia;Enrico Mattana;Giacomo Muntoni;Giuseppe Sforazzini;Piero Cosseddu;Paolo Maxia;Giorgio Montisci
This paper explores the integration of Poly(3,4)-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), a conductive polymer, into high-frequency (HF) RFID tags for real-time sensing applications. By modeling PEDOT as a material with variable conductivity, the study investigates three deposition strategies: partial replacement of metallic traces, selective application to specific regions, and full tag coating. The impact of PEDOT molecular organization and deposition technique on sensor performance is analyzed to optimize functionality. The proposed sensor is cost-effective, scalable, and fully compatible with existing 13.56 MHz RFID infrastructure. Experimental evaluations and numerical simulations confirm its ability to precisely modulate the tag frequency response based on environmental stimuli. Key applications include logistics, healthcare, IoT systems, and environmental monitoring, enabling advanced tracking, temperature integrity control, and sustainability. Building on preliminary simulations, this work advances to rigorous experimental validation, demonstrating the potential of organic semiconductor-based RFID sensors as a transformative solution for high-sensitivity, real-time monitoring in industrial and commercial settings.
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