Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525893
{"title":"IEEE Council on RFID","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525893","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10852536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525891
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10852365","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3533676
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification Vol. 8","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3533676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3533676","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"865-886"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10851446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143105724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3529343
Yichong Ren;Chia-Heng Sun;Chien-Hao Liu;Chung-Tse Michael Wu;Pai-Yen Chen
We propose here a lightweight, reconfigurable graphene-based physical unclonable function (PUF) for wireless identification and authentication applications. Specifically, the PUF-based anti-counterfeiting label consists of a micro-coil antenna and a graphene quantum capacitor, forming an LC oscillator. Natural fluctuations in the Dirac point and residue charge density of graphene enable each graphene oscillator to have a unique radio-frequency (RF) response (i.e., electromagnetic fingerprint), whose uniqueness and entropy can be further enhanced by exploiting the exceptional point (EP)-based (near-field) wireless interrogation system. These randomized and irreproducible RF responses can be properly discretized and digitized to form a binary bitmap of cryptographic keys. Our simulation results show that PUF keys generated by graphene oscillators can exhibit high uniqueness and randomness, large encoding capacity, as well as reconfigurability enabled by electrostatically or chemically tuning the graphene’s Fermi energy. The proposed PUF-based wireless anti-counterfeiting labels may open a new pathway for the development of lightweight security protocol for radio-frequency identification (RFID), near-field communications (NFC), wireless access control, and Internet-of-things (IoTs), among other wireless applications.
{"title":"Wireless Anti-Counterfeiting Labels Using RF Oscillators With Graphene Quantum Capacitors","authors":"Yichong Ren;Chia-Heng Sun;Chien-Hao Liu;Chung-Tse Michael Wu;Pai-Yen Chen","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3529343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3529343","url":null,"abstract":"We propose here a lightweight, reconfigurable graphene-based physical unclonable function (PUF) for wireless identification and authentication applications. Specifically, the PUF-based anti-counterfeiting label consists of a micro-coil antenna and a graphene quantum capacitor, forming an LC oscillator. Natural fluctuations in the Dirac point and residue charge density of graphene enable each graphene oscillator to have a unique radio-frequency (RF) response (i.e., electromagnetic fingerprint), whose uniqueness and entropy can be further enhanced by exploiting the exceptional point (EP)-based (near-field) wireless interrogation system. These randomized and irreproducible RF responses can be properly discretized and digitized to form a binary bitmap of cryptographic keys. Our simulation results show that PUF keys generated by graphene oscillators can exhibit high uniqueness and randomness, large encoding capacity, as well as reconfigurability enabled by electrostatically or chemically tuning the graphene’s Fermi energy. The proposed PUF-based wireless anti-counterfeiting labels may open a new pathway for the development of lightweight security protocol for radio-frequency identification (RFID), near-field communications (NFC), wireless access control, and Internet-of-things (IoTs), among other wireless applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525543
Álvaro Jaque;Gerard Zamora;Jordi Bonache
In this paper, a slotted waveguide structure based on SIW technology is presented as a near-field RFID reader antenna. The structure enables the control of electromagnetic field decay with distance. A prototype that operates within the EPC Gen2 protocol was implemented. The imposed decay factor was achieved as 1 dB/cm at 867 MHz and 2 dB/cm at 915 MHz. The structure was fabricated using a Rogers RO3010 substrate, with silver ink applied to the edges of the SIW. A comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental electric field decay in the broadside direction is presented, demonstrating a high degree of agreement between them. Additionally, S-parameters are provided, illustrating excellent impedance matching across the entire bandwidth. The system’s functionality was verified by connecting the device to a Motorola FX7500 RFID reader and testing the read range with a commercial tag oriented and placed in various positions along the structure.
{"title":"Novel Electromagnetic Field Confinement Device Based on SIW Technology for RFID Near-Field Applications","authors":"Álvaro Jaque;Gerard Zamora;Jordi Bonache","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3525543","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a slotted waveguide structure based on SIW technology is presented as a near-field RFID reader antenna. The structure enables the control of electromagnetic field decay with distance. A prototype that operates within the EPC Gen2 protocol was implemented. The imposed decay factor was achieved as 1 dB/cm at 867 MHz and 2 dB/cm at 915 MHz. The structure was fabricated using a Rogers RO3010 substrate, with silver ink applied to the edges of the SIW. A comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental electric field decay in the broadside direction is presented, demonstrating a high degree of agreement between them. Additionally, S-parameters are provided, illustrating excellent impedance matching across the entire bandwidth. The system’s functionality was verified by connecting the device to a Motorola FX7500 RFID reader and testing the read range with a commercial tag oriented and placed in various positions along the structure.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"32-37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10820536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3524125
Josip Šabić;Ivan Marasović;Mattia Ragnoli;Petar Šolić
Currently, monitoring systems in various fields rely on commercial technologies that can be costly and, more critically, lack integration with remote management solutions. These systems often present accessibility challenges for researchers and professionals who require data collection for in-depth analysis. In addition, the deployment of sensing devices within more complex networks can be difficult, hindering the scalability and effectiveness of these technologies. This work presents a flexible smart multitechnological datalogger based on an Internet of Things (IoT) structure that utilizes numerous Low Power Wide Area Network solutions, allowing remote analysis of the phenomenon and reducing the installation and management complexity. The designed system was developed at a lower cost than state-of-the-art dataloggers and tested in the hydric monitoring scenario. The results indicate that the system can sustain remote monitoring operations for a significant duration without frequent battery replacements, making it suitable for applications that require extended autonomous deployments.
{"title":"Design and Evaluation of a Universal IoT Datalogger","authors":"Josip Šabić;Ivan Marasović;Mattia Ragnoli;Petar Šolić","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3524125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3524125","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, monitoring systems in various fields rely on commercial technologies that can be costly and, more critically, lack integration with remote management solutions. These systems often present accessibility challenges for researchers and professionals who require data collection for in-depth analysis. In addition, the deployment of sensing devices within more complex networks can be difficult, hindering the scalability and effectiveness of these technologies. This work presents a flexible smart multitechnological datalogger based on an Internet of Things (IoT) structure that utilizes numerous Low Power Wide Area Network solutions, allowing remote analysis of the phenomenon and reducing the installation and management complexity. The designed system was developed at a lower cost than state-of-the-art dataloggers and tested in the hydric monitoring scenario. The results indicate that the system can sustain remote monitoring operations for a significant duration without frequent battery replacements, making it suitable for applications that require extended autonomous deployments.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"54-64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LoRa technology, widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain, faces challenges with traditional cryptographic authentication methods due to power constraints and computing overhead. Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFFI) emerges as a low-cost, low-power solution. In this paper, we propose a novel RFFI method for authenticating LoRa devices, which combines deep learning (DL) features and supervised machine learning (ML) for classification. We examine authentication performance across multiple LoRa Spreading Factors (SFs) and assess the hybrid DL/ML approach. Moreover, we introduce a novel IQ sample transformation method by utilizing the histogram of the IQ samples and the 3D image channels. Among the DL models explored, the SwinTransformer (ST) and Few Shots Learning (FSL) models stand out. Experimental results show that our system achieves 97.5% accuracy with reduced complexity compared to the baseline schemes.
{"title":"Authentication by Intelligent Learning: A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning/Machine-Learning Radio Frequency Fingerprinting Scheme","authors":"Tasnim Nizar Al-Qabbani;Gabriele Oligeri;Marwa Qaraqe","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3523234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3523234","url":null,"abstract":"LoRa technology, widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain, faces challenges with traditional cryptographic authentication methods due to power constraints and computing overhead. Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFFI) emerges as a low-cost, low-power solution. In this paper, we propose a novel RFFI method for authenticating LoRa devices, which combines deep learning (DL) features and supervised machine learning (ML) for classification. We examine authentication performance across multiple LoRa Spreading Factors (SFs) and assess the hybrid DL/ML approach. Moreover, we introduce a novel IQ sample transformation method by utilizing the histogram of the IQ samples and the 3D image channels. Among the DL models explored, the SwinTransformer (ST) and Few Shots Learning (FSL) models stand out. Experimental results show that our system achieves 97.5% accuracy with reduced complexity compared to the baseline schemes.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"17-31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-19DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3515612
Yutong Wang;Xiao Wang;Gisele Bennett;Fei-Yue Wang
{"title":"Guest Editorial of the Special Issue on the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Twins and Parallel Intelligence (IEEE DTPI 2023)","authors":"Yutong Wang;Xiao Wang;Gisele Bennett;Fei-Yue Wang","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3515612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3515612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"8 ","pages":"860-864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10807749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-11DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3514454
Kartik Patel;Junbo Zhang;John Kimionis;Lefteris Kampianakis;Michael S. Eggleston;Jinfeng Du
Backscatter radio is a promising technology for low-cost and low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. The conventional monostatic backscatter radio is constrained by its limited communication range, which restricts its utility in wide-area applications. An alternative bi-static backscatter radio architecture, characterized by a dis-aggregated illuminator and receiver, can provide enhanced coverage and, thus, can support wide-area applications. In this paper, we analyze the scalability of the bi-static backscatter radio for large-scale wide-area IoT networks consisting of a large number of unsynchronized, receiver-less tags. We introduce the Tag Drop Rate (TDR) as a measure of reliability and develop a theoretical framework to estimate TDR in terms of the network parameters. We show that under certain approximations, a small-scale prototype can emulate a large-scale network. We then use the measurements from experimental prototypes of bi-static backscatter networks (BNs) to refine the theoretical model. Finally, based on the insights derived from the theoretical model and the experimental measurements, we describe a systematic methodology for tuning the network parameters and identifying the physical layer design requirements for the reliable operation of large-scale bi-static BNs. Our analysis shows that even with a modest physical layer requirement of bit error rate (BER) 0.2, 1000 receiver-less tags can be supported with 99.9% reliability. This demonstrates the feasibility of bi-static BNs for large-scale wide-area IoT applications.
{"title":"Analyzing the Scalability of Bi-Static Backscatter Networks for Large Scale Applications","authors":"Kartik Patel;Junbo Zhang;John Kimionis;Lefteris Kampianakis;Michael S. Eggleston;Jinfeng Du","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3514454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3514454","url":null,"abstract":"Backscatter radio is a promising technology for low-cost and low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. The conventional monostatic backscatter radio is constrained by its limited communication range, which restricts its utility in wide-area applications. An alternative bi-static backscatter radio architecture, characterized by a dis-aggregated illuminator and receiver, can provide enhanced coverage and, thus, can support wide-area applications. In this paper, we analyze the scalability of the bi-static backscatter radio for large-scale wide-area IoT networks consisting of a large number of unsynchronized, receiver-less tags. We introduce the Tag Drop Rate (TDR) as a measure of reliability and develop a theoretical framework to estimate TDR in terms of the network parameters. We show that under certain approximations, a small-scale prototype can emulate a large-scale network. We then use the measurements from experimental prototypes of bi-static backscatter networks (BNs) to refine the theoretical model. Finally, based on the insights derived from the theoretical model and the experimental measurements, we describe a systematic methodology for tuning the network parameters and identifying the physical layer design requirements for the reliable operation of large-scale bi-static BNs. Our analysis shows that even with a modest physical layer requirement of bit error rate (BER) 0.2, 1000 receiver-less tags can be supported with 99.9% reliability. This demonstrates the feasibility of bi-static BNs for large-scale wide-area IoT applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"6-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1109/JRFID.2024.3514534
Santosh Nagaraj
This letter aims to significantly improve the communication performance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags that transmit to Bluetooth devices. Such tags are increasingly being researched in order to provide the benefits of RFID without the need for expensive stand-alone readers. Strictly speaking, these tags do not generate Bluetooth standards-specified waveforms, but are nevertheless compatible with standards-compliant receivers. Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) transmission is replaced by simpler FSK transmission from the tag. This letter analyzes the mismatch effects when FSK signals are demodulated by GFSK receivers. This letter also describes a new tag signaling technique that generates waveforms better matched to Bluetooth receivers than FSK waveforms. The novel technique can be implemented with tag hardware that can generate classical FSK waveforms. Bit error rate improvement of about 5 dB were observed in simulations. Tag coverage area is nearly doubled.
{"title":"On Mitigating the Mismatch Between FSK Tags and GFSK Receivers in BLE Backscatter","authors":"Santosh Nagaraj","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2024.3514534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2024.3514534","url":null,"abstract":"This letter aims to significantly improve the communication performance of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags that transmit to Bluetooth devices. Such tags are increasingly being researched in order to provide the benefits of RFID without the need for expensive stand-alone readers. Strictly speaking, these tags do not generate Bluetooth standards-specified waveforms, but are nevertheless compatible with standards-compliant receivers. Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) transmission is replaced by simpler FSK transmission from the tag. This letter analyzes the mismatch effects when FSK signals are demodulated by GFSK receivers. This letter also describes a new tag signaling technique that generates waveforms better matched to Bluetooth receivers than FSK waveforms. The novel technique can be implemented with tag hardware that can generate classical FSK waveforms. Bit error rate improvement of about 5 dB were observed in simulations. Tag coverage area is nearly doubled.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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