Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_134_21
A. Ajileye, F. Akinbo
Introduction: Cigarette smoke contains thousands of identified chemicals, among which sixty-nine (69) of these chemicals are known to be poisonous to humans and are capable of causing cancer in any part of the body. This study was conducted to evaluate the cytology of urinary cells among active and passive cigarette smokers in South-Western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 250 active cigarette smokers and 200 passive cigarette smokers who live in South-Western, Nigeria. The urine specimen was collected from participants and processed using the standard technique for microscopic examination. Smears were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Papanicolaou stain. Results: The urinary smears of passive cigarette smokers revealed normal superficial squamous cells, transitional cells, cast, necrotic debris and mild inflammatory cells, while that of active cigarette smokers revealed high cellular turnover, protein casts, dysplastic epithelial cells and atypical urothelial cells with degenerative features. Conclusion: On the basis of this study, the cytomorphological analysis of urinary smears among active cigarette smokers revealed cytopathological features which connote the harmful effects of the chemical constituents present in cigarette smoke.
{"title":"Cytomorphological analysis of urinary cells among active and passive cigarette smokers in South-West, Nigeria","authors":"A. Ajileye, F. Akinbo","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_134_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_134_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cigarette smoke contains thousands of identified chemicals, among which sixty-nine (69) of these chemicals are known to be poisonous to humans and are capable of causing cancer in any part of the body. This study was conducted to evaluate the cytology of urinary cells among active and passive cigarette smokers in South-Western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 250 active cigarette smokers and 200 passive cigarette smokers who live in South-Western, Nigeria. The urine specimen was collected from participants and processed using the standard technique for microscopic examination. Smears were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Papanicolaou stain. Results: The urinary smears of passive cigarette smokers revealed normal superficial squamous cells, transitional cells, cast, necrotic debris and mild inflammatory cells, while that of active cigarette smokers revealed high cellular turnover, protein casts, dysplastic epithelial cells and atypical urothelial cells with degenerative features. Conclusion: On the basis of this study, the cytomorphological analysis of urinary smears among active cigarette smokers revealed cytopathological features which connote the harmful effects of the chemical constituents present in cigarette smoke.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"239 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41633929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_139_20
Lokesh Thakur, Sunny Dua, S. Raina, B. Awasthi
Introduction: Proximal femoral nailing (PFN) compares favourably with dynamic hip screw in terms of surgical time, intra-operative blood loss and lag screw cut out in unstable inter-trochanteric fracture. However, data on difficulties faced during the fixation process are lacking. Therefore, the study was planned with the aim to identify difficulties encountered during fixation of trochanteric fractures with PFN in the patients. Materials and Methods: Two hundred patients with trochanteric fractures aimed for the operative procedure with PFN were included in the study. Patients with associated fracture of neck of femur, the shaft of the femur of the same side, with polytrauma, with multiple fractures, with pathological fractures and/or unwilling to participate in the study were excluded. Bone mineral density was evaluated using Singh's index. Fixation of trochanteric fractures was done using PFN. Results: More than 70% of the study participants were elderly, 53% of the participants were males, while 91% of the total participants belonged to a rural region. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity in 21% of the patients, followed by anaemia (14.5%) and diabetes (9%). 73% of the patients had grade 3 Singh's index. 53.5% of the patients had intra-trochanteric left femur while the remaining 46.5% of the patients had intra-trochanteric right femur. The reduction was the most common difficulty (26%) followed by entry point difficulty (21%) and guidewire passage (12.5%). No difficulty was observed in 29% of the patients. Conclusion: Achievement of good reduction between two main fragments without varus malalignment and placement of hip screw in a correct position are two important technical aspects that prevent most of the complications associated with these procedures.
{"title":"Difficulties encountered during fixation of trochanteric fractures with proximal femoral nailing: A prospective analysis of 200 cases at a tertiary care centre in North-West India","authors":"Lokesh Thakur, Sunny Dua, S. Raina, B. Awasthi","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_139_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_139_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Proximal femoral nailing (PFN) compares favourably with dynamic hip screw in terms of surgical time, intra-operative blood loss and lag screw cut out in unstable inter-trochanteric fracture. However, data on difficulties faced during the fixation process are lacking. Therefore, the study was planned with the aim to identify difficulties encountered during fixation of trochanteric fractures with PFN in the patients. Materials and Methods: Two hundred patients with trochanteric fractures aimed for the operative procedure with PFN were included in the study. Patients with associated fracture of neck of femur, the shaft of the femur of the same side, with polytrauma, with multiple fractures, with pathological fractures and/or unwilling to participate in the study were excluded. Bone mineral density was evaluated using Singh's index. Fixation of trochanteric fractures was done using PFN. Results: More than 70% of the study participants were elderly, 53% of the participants were males, while 91% of the total participants belonged to a rural region. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity in 21% of the patients, followed by anaemia (14.5%) and diabetes (9%). 73% of the patients had grade 3 Singh's index. 53.5% of the patients had intra-trochanteric left femur while the remaining 46.5% of the patients had intra-trochanteric right femur. The reduction was the most common difficulty (26%) followed by entry point difficulty (21%) and guidewire passage (12.5%). No difficulty was observed in 29% of the patients. Conclusion: Achievement of good reduction between two main fragments without varus malalignment and placement of hip screw in a correct position are two important technical aspects that prevent most of the complications associated with these procedures.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"245 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49583592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_155_21
A. Alshammari, F. Alrashid, A. Fathuldeen, E. Khalifah, Abdalla M. Elamin, Abubaker Elhaj, S. Idris
Introduction: Ilioinguinal nerve (IIN) is repeatedly damaged during surgeries as well as through the application of local anaesthesia to the lower abdominal wall. This study aimed to identify the variations of the IIN during its course in the anterior abdominal wall. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on formalin-preserved cadavers was carried out after approval by the ethical committee, Alzaeim Alazhari University (January 2018–May 2020). Cadavers satisfied the inclusion criteria were dissected bilaterally to expose and map the IINs from their lateral emergence on the anterior abdominal wall to their termination in the midline in reference to the internal and external inguinal rings as well as the fixed bony landmarks. The collected data were compared on both sides using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Fifty-four IINs were identified (77 cadavers). Double nerve was observed in 8.44%. IINs derived from L1, L1-3 and L3 in 98.1%, 1.3% and 0.6%, respectively. On the right side, in 3 corpses, the nerves aberrantly ascend from L3 or L1-3, whereas this deviant was not seen on the left side. The mean distance from the umbilicus was 9.2 cm ± 1.1 cm (equal on both sides). The mean distance from the deep ring was 1.5 cm ± 0.4 cm, it was closed on the right compared to the left (P = 0.87). It emerges 0.9 cm–6 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine, this was closed on the right than the left (P = 0.9). It was not attached to the external oblique muscle on the right side, whereas it did in 3.2% on the left (P = 0.03). The mean distance from the superficial ring was 1.9 cm ± 0.8 cm, almost the same on both sides. The mean distance from the inguinal ligament was 2.4 cm ± 0.5 cm, it was closed on the right than on the left (P = 0.98). Its mean thickness was 1.97 mm ± 0.44 mm and 1.88 mm ± 0.43 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. Conclusion: IIN demarcates variants not generally quoted in anatomical manuals.
{"title":"Anatomic pattern and variations of the ilioinguinal nerve as it travels throughout the anterior abdominal wall: Cadaveric study","authors":"A. Alshammari, F. Alrashid, A. Fathuldeen, E. Khalifah, Abdalla M. Elamin, Abubaker Elhaj, S. Idris","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_155_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_155_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Ilioinguinal nerve (IIN) is repeatedly damaged during surgeries as well as through the application of local anaesthesia to the lower abdominal wall. This study aimed to identify the variations of the IIN during its course in the anterior abdominal wall. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study on formalin-preserved cadavers was carried out after approval by the ethical committee, Alzaeim Alazhari University (January 2018–May 2020). Cadavers satisfied the inclusion criteria were dissected bilaterally to expose and map the IINs from their lateral emergence on the anterior abdominal wall to their termination in the midline in reference to the internal and external inguinal rings as well as the fixed bony landmarks. The collected data were compared on both sides using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Fifty-four IINs were identified (77 cadavers). Double nerve was observed in 8.44%. IINs derived from L1, L1-3 and L3 in 98.1%, 1.3% and 0.6%, respectively. On the right side, in 3 corpses, the nerves aberrantly ascend from L3 or L1-3, whereas this deviant was not seen on the left side. The mean distance from the umbilicus was 9.2 cm ± 1.1 cm (equal on both sides). The mean distance from the deep ring was 1.5 cm ± 0.4 cm, it was closed on the right compared to the left (P = 0.87). It emerges 0.9 cm–6 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine, this was closed on the right than the left (P = 0.9). It was not attached to the external oblique muscle on the right side, whereas it did in 3.2% on the left (P = 0.03). The mean distance from the superficial ring was 1.9 cm ± 0.8 cm, almost the same on both sides. The mean distance from the inguinal ligament was 2.4 cm ± 0.5 cm, it was closed on the right than on the left (P = 0.98). Its mean thickness was 1.97 mm ± 0.44 mm and 1.88 mm ± 0.43 mm on the right and left sides, respectively. Conclusion: IIN demarcates variants not generally quoted in anatomical manuals.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"260 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46957724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Maritska, fitrialrasi fitri, B. Prananjaya, Raden Mulya Liansari, Nita Parisa, Mgs Saleh Hasani
Introduction: Schizophrenia remains one of the most common mental health disorders, affecting people worldwide. Its causes comprise environmental risk factors to genetic risk factors. One of the candidate genes for schizophrenia is the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene. There are several single-nucleotide polymorphisms found in the gene, with-141 C insertion/deletion polymorphism as one of the most commonly investigated polymorphisms. This study is the first to investigate the DRD2 gene-141 C insertion/deletion polymorphism among schizophrenia patients in Palembang, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Eighty schizophrenia patients from the only national reference mental hospital in the South Sumatra area, Ernaldi Bahar Mental Hospital, participated in this cross-sectional study. DRD2 gene-141C insertion/deletion polymorphism (DD, DI and II) was detected using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: The-141 C insertion or DD genotype was less frequent (n = 4; 5%) compared to the II genotype (n = 25; 31.25%) and-141 C deletion or DI (n = 51; 63.75%) as the most frequent genotype found. Conclusion: This study is one of the few studies in the Indonesian population investigating the DRD2 gene-141 C insertion/deletion polymorphism. With a small sample size in consideration, our findings suggest that this polymorphism is prevalent in the Indonesian population.
{"title":"DRD2 Gene-141C insertion/deletion polymorphism among schizophrenia patients: The first investigation in Palembang, Indonesia","authors":"Z. Maritska, fitrialrasi fitri, B. Prananjaya, Raden Mulya Liansari, Nita Parisa, Mgs Saleh Hasani","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_7_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_7_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Schizophrenia remains one of the most common mental health disorders, affecting people worldwide. Its causes comprise environmental risk factors to genetic risk factors. One of the candidate genes for schizophrenia is the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene. There are several single-nucleotide polymorphisms found in the gene, with-141 C insertion/deletion polymorphism as one of the most commonly investigated polymorphisms. This study is the first to investigate the DRD2 gene-141 C insertion/deletion polymorphism among schizophrenia patients in Palembang, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Eighty schizophrenia patients from the only national reference mental hospital in the South Sumatra area, Ernaldi Bahar Mental Hospital, participated in this cross-sectional study. DRD2 gene-141C insertion/deletion polymorphism (DD, DI and II) was detected using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: The-141 C insertion or DD genotype was less frequent (n = 4; 5%) compared to the II genotype (n = 25; 31.25%) and-141 C deletion or DI (n = 51; 63.75%) as the most frequent genotype found. Conclusion: This study is one of the few studies in the Indonesian population investigating the DRD2 gene-141 C insertion/deletion polymorphism. With a small sample size in consideration, our findings suggest that this polymorphism is prevalent in the Indonesian population.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"283 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46005016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The nasolabial cyst is a rare non-odontogenic cyst that develops between the upper lip and nasal vestibule. It has unsure pathogenesis. It has a history of slow-growing lesions, and clinically on palpation gives a floating touch. Usually, there is an elevation of the upper lip. The swelling usually, in most cases, is asymptomatic produces a localised swelling along with varying degrees of nasal obstruction. We present a case of a nasolabial cyst which was clinically diagnosed as a lipoma because of its unusual location in the upper lip in a 46-year-old man, which slowly increased in size over a period of 6 months with the association of slight pain on palpation and facial disfigurement. Our objective is to alert the dental professionals about the unusual presentation of nasolabial cyst in the upper lip, which may become a hurdle in clinical diagnosis.
{"title":"Nasolabial cyst in an unusual location within the upper lip – A rare case report","authors":"Sushruth K Nayak, Prachi Nayak, Kush Pathak, Surbhi Singh, Asha Karadwal","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_130_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_130_21","url":null,"abstract":"The nasolabial cyst is a rare non-odontogenic cyst that develops between the upper lip and nasal vestibule. It has unsure pathogenesis. It has a history of slow-growing lesions, and clinically on palpation gives a floating touch. Usually, there is an elevation of the upper lip. The swelling usually, in most cases, is asymptomatic produces a localised swelling along with varying degrees of nasal obstruction. We present a case of a nasolabial cyst which was clinically diagnosed as a lipoma because of its unusual location in the upper lip in a 46-year-old man, which slowly increased in size over a period of 6 months with the association of slight pain on palpation and facial disfigurement. Our objective is to alert the dental professionals about the unusual presentation of nasolabial cyst in the upper lip, which may become a hurdle in clinical diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"326 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43672556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_159_21
Habib Nadimi-Bajandi, Esmail Moshiri, H. Modir, Mohsen Parsi-Khamene
Introduction: This study aimed to provide an evidence-based foundation for appraising the efficacy of magnesium sulphate, ketamine and neostigmine plus bupivacaine 0.5% on key supraclavicular block (SCB) characteristics made up of onset, duration and quality for forearm surgery. Materials and Methods: This double-blind trial enrolled ninety patients who were identified as having needed forearm surgery and been hospitalised in the Arak-based Valiasr Hospital, Iran, stratified participants into triad randomised groups receiving the aforementioned adjuvants. The basic requirements were met to incorporate the underneath groups' data to be recorded and analysed within SPSS release 20: (a) haemodynamic parameters (including mean arterial pressure/heart rate/oxygen saturation) documented at 5-min intervals until the end of surgery; (b) the onset and next to the duration of complete sensory and motor block, the time to administration of the patient's first post-operative analgesia and the overall dose of analgesic administered; (c) all block failures; (d) opioid consumption during post-operative 24 h and (e) pain score measured on a visual analogue scale throughout recovery time and scheduled post-operative times (2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h). Results: Notwithstanding the shorter onset of sensory and motor block manifested in the magnesium sulphate group and longer duration of motor block in those receiving neostigmine regimen (P < 0.001), the findings endorsed strong support for the potential efficacy of ketamine in affording the longer duration of sensory block, better clinically meaningful pain relief at all scheduled times and diminished opioid consumption during 24 h (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Bearing in mind the lack of complication needing to be thought of and the trial's clinical findings, which bespeak the shorter onset of the block (both sensory and motor) in the group receiving magnesium sulphate versus the longer duration of motor and sensory block in the neostigmine- and ketamine-treated groups, respectively, and diminished pain score and opioid consumption in the latter, all the adjuvants, thus, could be suggested to be contributed to achieving successful SCB in forearm fracture patients, depending on the patient's general condition and the anaesthesiologist's discretion.
{"title":"Efficacy comparison of magnesium sulphate, ketamine and neostigmine adjuvants to bupivacaine 0.5% on onset, duration and quality of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block characteristics for forearm surgery","authors":"Habib Nadimi-Bajandi, Esmail Moshiri, H. Modir, Mohsen Parsi-Khamene","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_159_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_159_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study aimed to provide an evidence-based foundation for appraising the efficacy of magnesium sulphate, ketamine and neostigmine plus bupivacaine 0.5% on key supraclavicular block (SCB) characteristics made up of onset, duration and quality for forearm surgery. Materials and Methods: This double-blind trial enrolled ninety patients who were identified as having needed forearm surgery and been hospitalised in the Arak-based Valiasr Hospital, Iran, stratified participants into triad randomised groups receiving the aforementioned adjuvants. The basic requirements were met to incorporate the underneath groups' data to be recorded and analysed within SPSS release 20: (a) haemodynamic parameters (including mean arterial pressure/heart rate/oxygen saturation) documented at 5-min intervals until the end of surgery; (b) the onset and next to the duration of complete sensory and motor block, the time to administration of the patient's first post-operative analgesia and the overall dose of analgesic administered; (c) all block failures; (d) opioid consumption during post-operative 24 h and (e) pain score measured on a visual analogue scale throughout recovery time and scheduled post-operative times (2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h). Results: Notwithstanding the shorter onset of sensory and motor block manifested in the magnesium sulphate group and longer duration of motor block in those receiving neostigmine regimen (P < 0.001), the findings endorsed strong support for the potential efficacy of ketamine in affording the longer duration of sensory block, better clinically meaningful pain relief at all scheduled times and diminished opioid consumption during 24 h (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Bearing in mind the lack of complication needing to be thought of and the trial's clinical findings, which bespeak the shorter onset of the block (both sensory and motor) in the group receiving magnesium sulphate versus the longer duration of motor and sensory block in the neostigmine- and ketamine-treated groups, respectively, and diminished pain score and opioid consumption in the latter, all the adjuvants, thus, could be suggested to be contributed to achieving successful SCB in forearm fracture patients, depending on the patient's general condition and the anaesthesiologist's discretion.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"266 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44602986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Umar, Adnan Abdullah, K. Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque
The present review was intended to explore the effectiveness of perinatal services such as antenatal care (ANC) and post-natal care (PNC) on the health indicators such as maternal, child and neonatal mortality. Globally, indicators are considered very important in determining the health status and the overall performance of a country's healthcare system. A literature search was conducted using maternal mortality, child mortality, neonatal mortality, ANC and PNC in the PubMed, Google, Academia, The Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association databases. Globally, implementing integrated perinatal care services has brought positive changes in the maternal, child and neonatal mortality indices. The United Nations (UN) is committed to improving the overall living conditions in all countries, significantly improving the population's health status. The UN came up with eight Millennium Development Goals in 2000, aiming to eliminate poverty and increase development in member states. The World Health Organization was a partner in implementing these goals. Later, the UN introduced 17-fold Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as a blueprint for peace and prosperity for all citizens towards a better future by 2030. As a result, many countries have experienced positive changes in most indicator areas, including service utilisation, maternal mortality and child mortality. Some Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries are progressing, however, slowly.
本次审查旨在探讨产前护理和产后护理等围产期服务对孕产妇、儿童和新生儿死亡率等健康指标的影响。在全球范围内，指标被认为在确定一个国家卫生保健系统的健康状况和总体表现方面非常重要。使用PubMed、b谷歌、Academia、the Lancet和Journal of American Medical Association数据库中的孕产妇死亡率、儿童死亡率、新生儿死亡率、ANC和PNC进行文献检索。在全球范围内，综合围产期保健服务的实施为孕产妇、儿童和新生儿死亡率指数带来了积极变化。联合国(UN)致力于改善所有国家的整体生活条件，显著改善人口的健康状况。2000年，联合国提出了八项千年发展目标，旨在消除贫困，促进成员国的发展。世界卫生组织是实施这些目标的合作伙伴。随后，联合国在2015年提出了17项可持续发展目标，为所有公民到2030年实现更美好未来的和平与繁荣绘制了蓝图。因此，许多国家在大多数指标领域，包括服务利用率、孕产妇死亡率和儿童死亡率，都经历了积极的变化。然而，一些撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚国家进展缓慢。
{"title":"Does provision of antenatal care, post-natal care and perinatal care reduce maternal, neonatal and child mortality? With special attention towards Bangladesh situation in global perspective","authors":"B. Umar, Adnan Abdullah, K. Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_85_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_85_22","url":null,"abstract":"The present review was intended to explore the effectiveness of perinatal services such as antenatal care (ANC) and post-natal care (PNC) on the health indicators such as maternal, child and neonatal mortality. Globally, indicators are considered very important in determining the health status and the overall performance of a country's healthcare system. A literature search was conducted using maternal mortality, child mortality, neonatal mortality, ANC and PNC in the PubMed, Google, Academia, The Lancet and Journal of the American Medical Association databases. Globally, implementing integrated perinatal care services has brought positive changes in the maternal, child and neonatal mortality indices. The United Nations (UN) is committed to improving the overall living conditions in all countries, significantly improving the population's health status. The UN came up with eight Millennium Development Goals in 2000, aiming to eliminate poverty and increase development in member states. The World Health Organization was a partner in implementing these goals. Later, the UN introduced 17-fold Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as a blueprint for peace and prosperity for all citizens towards a better future by 2030. As a result, many countries have experienced positive changes in most indicator areas, including service utilisation, maternal mortality and child mortality. Some Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries are progressing, however, slowly.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"220 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48586827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_141_21
E. Patel, H. Parikh, Riddhi B. Shah, Devarsh Mandaliya, Sagar Vishwkarama, Saurabh Nayak
Introduction: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs using CPITN in a group of adult diabetic patients attending OPD in a private dental clinic in Ahmedabad. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two diabetic patients were screened by a single examiner according to the WHO criteria using a mouth mirror and CPITN probe. The patients were selected from the routine OPD after obtaining verbal consent for the same, and about 76 patients were included in the study, which was carried out for 9 months. Results: Results showed that the highest number of patients had code 3. The majority of sextants had code 2 and 3. Amongst all, 42 patients had a TN score of 2 and 33 had TN score of 3. 56–65 age groups had the worst periodontal status among all groups and required the highest periodontal treatment. Conclusion: The periodontal health of our diabetic patients reinforces the need to establish a comprehensive oral health promotion programme for diabetic patients with a multidisciplinary approach.
{"title":"Evaluation of periodontal status amongst the diabetic patients visiting private dental clinic in ahmedabad using CPITN","authors":"E. Patel, H. Parikh, Riddhi B. Shah, Devarsh Mandaliya, Sagar Vishwkarama, Saurabh Nayak","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_141_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_141_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs using CPITN in a group of adult diabetic patients attending OPD in a private dental clinic in Ahmedabad. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two diabetic patients were screened by a single examiner according to the WHO criteria using a mouth mirror and CPITN probe. The patients were selected from the routine OPD after obtaining verbal consent for the same, and about 76 patients were included in the study, which was carried out for 9 months. Results: Results showed that the highest number of patients had code 3. The majority of sextants had code 2 and 3. Amongst all, 42 patients had a TN score of 2 and 33 had TN score of 3. 56–65 age groups had the worst periodontal status among all groups and required the highest periodontal treatment. Conclusion: The periodontal health of our diabetic patients reinforces the need to establish a comprehensive oral health promotion programme for diabetic patients with a multidisciplinary approach.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"249 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48948936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Callixte Yadufashije, Agnes Ishimwe, J. Mucumbitsi, Liliane Muhimpundu, Gratien Twagirumukiza, Martin Ndayambaje, Hiberte Migabo, Lydia Mwanzia
Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a global health concern during pregnancy. It accounts for 2%–15% of pregnant women globally. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ASB, the leading cause of ASB during pregnancy, and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria associated with ASB. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September to December 2021 at Muhoza Health Centre. About 142 pregnant women without symptoms of urinary tract infections were recruited. The urine sample collected was put in a sterile Stuart plastic container and transported to INES Ruhengeri clinical microbiology for bacterial identification. The structured interview was conducted to assess factors associated with ASB among women. Logistic regression analysis was performed to test the relationship between demographic characteristics and ASB, while a Chi-square test (x2) was performed to test for association with ASB and other determinants considered in this study. Results: About 70.40% of participants had ASB. Pregnant women in the second trimester (28.16%) and first trimester (25.35%) were the most affected, while women aged 24–29 (28.16%) were the most affected. Escherichia coli (27.6%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (23.8%) were the predominant isolated bacteria in the urine and was observed to be the most coloniser of the urinary tract throughout all the pregnancy trimesters. Among demographic characteristics, urban residence (P = 0.005, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.717–4.160), primary education (P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 15.390–19.310), ordinary education (P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 16.550–20.455) and advanced level education (P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 17.194–20.650) were statistically significant to contribute to ASB. Hygiene (x2 = 6.81, P = 0.009) was significantly associated with ASB. K. pneumonia and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were the most resistant bacteria to selected antibiotics. Conclusion: ASB may be an epidemic in pregnancy. Early diagnosis of ASB is recommended in early pregnancy to prevent pregnancy-associated complications.
无症状细菌尿(ASB)是一个全球性的健康问题在怀孕期间。它占全球孕妇的2%-15%。本研究旨在确定ASB的患病率，ASB是妊娠期ASB的主要原因，以及与ASB相关细菌的抗生素敏感性模式。材料和方法:这是一项横断面研究，于2021年9月至12月在Muhoza卫生中心进行。研究招募了142名没有尿路感染症状的孕妇。采集的尿样装入无菌Stuart塑料容器，送往INES Ruhengeri临床微生物学进行细菌鉴定。进行结构化访谈以评估与女性ASB相关的因素。采用Logistic回归分析检验人口统计学特征与ASB之间的关系，采用卡方检验(x2)检验与ASB及本研究中考虑的其他决定因素之间的关系。结果:约70.40%的参与者患有ASB。妊娠中期(28.16%)和妊娠早期(25.35%)的孕妇受影响最大，而24-29岁的女性受影响最大(28.16%)。大肠杆菌(27.6%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(23.8%)是尿中主要的分离细菌，并且在整个妊娠期尿路中观察到最多的定植菌。人口学特征中，城市居住(P = 0.005, 95%可信区间[CI]: 0.717-4.160)、小学教育(P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 15.390-19.310)、普通教育(P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 16.550-20.455)和高等教育(P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 17.194-20.650)对ASB有统计学意义。卫生状况与ASB有显著相关性(x2 = 6.81, P = 0.009)。肺炎克雷伯菌和腐生葡萄球菌是对所选抗生素最耐药的细菌。结论:ASB可能是妊娠期的一种流行病。建议在妊娠早期对ASB进行早期诊断，以预防妊娠相关并发症。
{"title":"Determinants and bacteria associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria among women attending antenatal care service at muhoza health centre, Rwanda","authors":"Callixte Yadufashije, Agnes Ishimwe, J. Mucumbitsi, Liliane Muhimpundu, Gratien Twagirumukiza, Martin Ndayambaje, Hiberte Migabo, Lydia Mwanzia","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_56_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_56_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a global health concern during pregnancy. It accounts for 2%–15% of pregnant women globally. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ASB, the leading cause of ASB during pregnancy, and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria associated with ASB. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September to December 2021 at Muhoza Health Centre. About 142 pregnant women without symptoms of urinary tract infections were recruited. The urine sample collected was put in a sterile Stuart plastic container and transported to INES Ruhengeri clinical microbiology for bacterial identification. The structured interview was conducted to assess factors associated with ASB among women. Logistic regression analysis was performed to test the relationship between demographic characteristics and ASB, while a Chi-square test (x2) was performed to test for association with ASB and other determinants considered in this study. Results: About 70.40% of participants had ASB. Pregnant women in the second trimester (28.16%) and first trimester (25.35%) were the most affected, while women aged 24–29 (28.16%) were the most affected. Escherichia coli (27.6%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (23.8%) were the predominant isolated bacteria in the urine and was observed to be the most coloniser of the urinary tract throughout all the pregnancy trimesters. Among demographic characteristics, urban residence (P = 0.005, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.717–4.160), primary education (P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 15.390–19.310), ordinary education (P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 16.550–20.455) and advanced level education (P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 17.194–20.650) were statistically significant to contribute to ASB. Hygiene (x2 = 6.81, P = 0.009) was significantly associated with ASB. K. pneumonia and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were the most resistant bacteria to selected antibiotics. Conclusion: ASB may be an epidemic in pregnancy. Early diagnosis of ASB is recommended in early pregnancy to prevent pregnancy-associated complications.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"298 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48387730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_165_21
S. Fakorede, Stephen S. Ojo, Kikelomo Shonde, Khalid Olajide Adekoya, L. Ogunkanmi, B. Oboh
Introduction: Secondary sex ratio is the number of live male births per 100 female births. In humans, the primary sex ratio, which is the sex ratio at conception, is expected to be 1:1 in natural populations based on the law of independent assortment of the X and Y chromosomes. This is not the case with the sex ratio at birth as it is largely affected by various social and cultural practices that it tends to bias towards one sex, with profound implications for population and demographic dynamics. Materials and Methods: We collected retrospective data of records of live births from three Southwestern Nigerian states, covering 10 years. The data were obtained from different Hospitals/Birth Centres from three states, i.e., Lagos, Ondo and Osun, between 2006 and 2017. Data analysis was performed to determine the monthly, quarterly, yearly and seasonal variation in sex ratios. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the significance of differences in sex ratios at P < 0.05. Results: Annual average sex ratios of 99.7, 105.6 and 106.0 were obtained for Lagos, Osun and Ondo, respectively, while the pooled data had a sex ratio of 104.2, indicating male preponderance. Sex ratios differ significantly according to season. Differences in sex ratio were significant during the dry season in Lagos and Osun states and in Ondo during the rainy season. Conclusions: Sex ratios from Southwest Nigeria are as diverse as other populations, with ratios ranging between 99.7 and 106.0.
{"title":"Trends and seasonal variations in human secondary sex ratio in Southwest Nigeria: A 10-year survey","authors":"S. Fakorede, Stephen S. Ojo, Kikelomo Shonde, Khalid Olajide Adekoya, L. Ogunkanmi, B. Oboh","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_165_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_165_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Secondary sex ratio is the number of live male births per 100 female births. In humans, the primary sex ratio, which is the sex ratio at conception, is expected to be 1:1 in natural populations based on the law of independent assortment of the X and Y chromosomes. This is not the case with the sex ratio at birth as it is largely affected by various social and cultural practices that it tends to bias towards one sex, with profound implications for population and demographic dynamics. Materials and Methods: We collected retrospective data of records of live births from three Southwestern Nigerian states, covering 10 years. The data were obtained from different Hospitals/Birth Centres from three states, i.e., Lagos, Ondo and Osun, between 2006 and 2017. Data analysis was performed to determine the monthly, quarterly, yearly and seasonal variation in sex ratios. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the significance of differences in sex ratios at P < 0.05. Results: Annual average sex ratios of 99.7, 105.6 and 106.0 were obtained for Lagos, Osun and Ondo, respectively, while the pooled data had a sex ratio of 104.2, indicating male preponderance. Sex ratios differ significantly according to season. Differences in sex ratio were significant during the dry season in Lagos and Osun states and in Ondo during the rainy season. Conclusions: Sex ratios from Southwest Nigeria are as diverse as other populations, with ratios ranging between 99.7 and 106.0.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"271 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44628564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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