Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_137_21
C. Nandini, S. Basha, Aarchi Agarawal, R. Neelampari, K. Miyapuram, R. Nileshwariba
Intelligence is one of the vital qualities of the human brain, and it has been sometimes defined as the capacity to learn and understand new things, the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly. When a machine is trained to learn and perform tasks in such a humanoid manner, it is referred to as the 'Artificial intelligence (AI)'. AI is likely to transform the way we live and work. The exponential growth of knowledge in the field of AI and its branches in the past decade has created new opportunities for its utilisation in the field of healthcare, including pathology. Successful application of these powerful tools in pathology and medicine requires cross-disciplinary literacy, including basic knowledge and understanding of concepts that have traditionally been unfamiliar to pathologists. This review provides definitions and basic knowledge of AI and its component branches such as machine learning, artificial neural networks and deep learning. This review also throws light on the possible applications of AI and the associated challenges in mainstream oral pathological research and diagnosis.
{"title":"The beginning of a new era: Artificial intelligence in oral pathology","authors":"C. Nandini, S. Basha, Aarchi Agarawal, R. Neelampari, K. Miyapuram, R. Nileshwariba","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_137_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_137_21","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligence is one of the vital qualities of the human brain, and it has been sometimes defined as the capacity to learn and understand new things, the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly. When a machine is trained to learn and perform tasks in such a humanoid manner, it is referred to as the 'Artificial intelligence (AI)'. AI is likely to transform the way we live and work. The exponential growth of knowledge in the field of AI and its branches in the past decade has created new opportunities for its utilisation in the field of healthcare, including pathology. Successful application of these powerful tools in pathology and medicine requires cross-disciplinary literacy, including basic knowledge and understanding of concepts that have traditionally been unfamiliar to pathologists. This review provides definitions and basic knowledge of AI and its component branches such as machine learning, artificial neural networks and deep learning. This review also throws light on the possible applications of AI and the associated challenges in mainstream oral pathological research and diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":"4 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49622281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Mohamed, W. Sami, A. Almhmd, Sultan K Alenazy, A. Alrashidi, B. Aldhafeeri, A. Binmuhareb
Introduction: Obesity rates have risen rapidly in both industrialised and developing countries, across all age groups and genders. The researchers wanted to see if there was a link between body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle and academic performance among College of Medicine students at Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Male and female students studying at college of medicine who were registered for the academic year 2020–2021 studying in levels 2–6 were included in this cross-sectional study. A total of 269 participants were chosen as part of the sample. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect the information. Results: Males made up more than half of the participants (153, or 56.6%), with the majority (245, or 91.1%) being between the ages of 17 and 24 years. Participants' BMIs ranged from 15.2 to 43.2, with an average SD of 24.5 5.3. One hundred and fifty (55.8%) of the kids were of average weight. The statistical research indicated a link between cumulative grade point average (CGPA) and BMI. In comparison to the rest, normal-weight participants had a higher CGPA. Conclusion: Being a male, younger age, high family income, second-year level and parents' education are all linked to strong academic achievement, according to the study. Normal weight, nutritional and sleeping habits are also linked to good academic performance.
{"title":"The association between body mass index and lifestyle with academic performance of college of medicine students, Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia","authors":"E. Mohamed, W. Sami, A. Almhmd, Sultan K Alenazy, A. Alrashidi, B. Aldhafeeri, A. Binmuhareb","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_79_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_79_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Obesity rates have risen rapidly in both industrialised and developing countries, across all age groups and genders. The researchers wanted to see if there was a link between body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle and academic performance among College of Medicine students at Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Male and female students studying at college of medicine who were registered for the academic year 2020–2021 studying in levels 2–6 were included in this cross-sectional study. A total of 269 participants were chosen as part of the sample. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect the information. Results: Males made up more than half of the participants (153, or 56.6%), with the majority (245, or 91.1%) being between the ages of 17 and 24 years. Participants' BMIs ranged from 15.2 to 43.2, with an average SD of 24.5 5.3. One hundred and fifty (55.8%) of the kids were of average weight. The statistical research indicated a link between cumulative grade point average (CGPA) and BMI. In comparison to the rest, normal-weight participants had a higher CGPA. Conclusion: Being a male, younger age, high family income, second-year level and parents' education are all linked to strong academic achievement, according to the study. Normal weight, nutritional and sleeping habits are also linked to good academic performance.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":"118 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48803412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rahulsinh B. Chauhan, Tejas V. Shah, Deepali H. Shah, Tulsi J. Gohil
Introduction: This study presents a computer-aided decision-making system based on the convolutional neural network (CNN)–fuzzy approach. According to the literature, there is a lack of coherence amongst dentists in diagnosing reversible or irreversible pulpitis. As a result, the goal of this research is to assist dentists in accurately diagnosing pulpitis. Materials and Methods: A rigorous algorithm that relies on CNN-fuzzy logic has been designed to handle inaccurate and ambiguous values of dental radiographs, as well as signs and symptoms of pulpitis. To begin, the probability of cavity for each class was determined using an independently designed CNN approach, which was then applied in combination with symptoms associated with pulpitis to a fuzzy knowledge base with 665 rules and the Mamdani inference algorithm to diagnose pulpitis and make recommendations to the dentist. Results: The CNN-fuzzy approach's results are compared to the dentists' recommendations. With the assistance of five professional dentists, the sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, f1 score and Matthews correlation coefficient are calculated from 100 randomly generated sample cases. The CNN-fuzzy approach has a 94% accuracy, which is 7% higher than expert prediction. It is observed that the proposed approach produces results that are consistent with the dentists' diagnoses. Conclusion: The accuracy of the proposed computer-aided decision-making system for pulpitis increases dentists' confidence in diagnosing reversible and irreversible pulpitis and reduces false diagnoses due to ambiguous values of dental radiographs, signs and symptoms.
{"title":"A novel convolutional neural network–Fuzzy-based diagnosis in the classification of dental pulpitis","authors":"Rahulsinh B. Chauhan, Tejas V. Shah, Deepali H. Shah, Tulsi J. Gohil","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_50_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_50_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study presents a computer-aided decision-making system based on the convolutional neural network (CNN)–fuzzy approach. According to the literature, there is a lack of coherence amongst dentists in diagnosing reversible or irreversible pulpitis. As a result, the goal of this research is to assist dentists in accurately diagnosing pulpitis. Materials and Methods: A rigorous algorithm that relies on CNN-fuzzy logic has been designed to handle inaccurate and ambiguous values of dental radiographs, as well as signs and symptoms of pulpitis. To begin, the probability of cavity for each class was determined using an independently designed CNN approach, which was then applied in combination with symptoms associated with pulpitis to a fuzzy knowledge base with 665 rules and the Mamdani inference algorithm to diagnose pulpitis and make recommendations to the dentist. Results: The CNN-fuzzy approach's results are compared to the dentists' recommendations. With the assistance of five professional dentists, the sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, f1 score and Matthews correlation coefficient are calculated from 100 randomly generated sample cases. The CNN-fuzzy approach has a 94% accuracy, which is 7% higher than expert prediction. It is observed that the proposed approach produces results that are consistent with the dentists' diagnoses. Conclusion: The accuracy of the proposed computer-aided decision-making system for pulpitis increases dentists' confidence in diagnosing reversible and irreversible pulpitis and reduces false diagnoses due to ambiguous values of dental radiographs, signs and symptoms.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":"79 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44491827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_168_21
Satarupa Chanda, Reema Manoj, Vasavi Santosh, A. Shetty, Mandavi Waghmare, Hemant Bhutani
Introduction: Identification of humans during a lifetime, as well as acknowledgment even after death, is an inalienable right and forms the core of human dignity. A pivotal step in the identification of human remains is sex determination, as age and stature discernment depends on it. Determination of sex from unknown skeletal remains is extremely challenging, especially when fragmented bony remains are available. Among the various morphological landmarks of the mandible, the mental foramen is considered to be one of the most stable that can be used in sex authentication. Hence, it was used to identify a sexual dimorphism in a mixed Indian population in the present study. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were selected from the archival database and analysed for the present study using morphometric features of the mental foramen i.e., the measurement of: The distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (SLM), The distance from the inferior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (ILM) and the distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mental foramen (VD). Results: Females showed a caudal positioning of mental foramen toward the base of the mandible as compared to males. A statistically significant difference was noted in the dimensions of SLM, ILM and VD, with all the three distances being larger in males when compared to females. Logistic regression analysis showed an overall significance of P < 0.0001 and a prediction score of 89%. Conclusion: Mental foramen morphometrics on CBCT enables sex determination in the Indian population with a predictive score of 89%.
{"title":"Mental foramen morphometrics on cone-beam computed tomography determines sexual dimorphism","authors":"Satarupa Chanda, Reema Manoj, Vasavi Santosh, A. Shetty, Mandavi Waghmare, Hemant Bhutani","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_168_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_168_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Identification of humans during a lifetime, as well as acknowledgment even after death, is an inalienable right and forms the core of human dignity. A pivotal step in the identification of human remains is sex determination, as age and stature discernment depends on it. Determination of sex from unknown skeletal remains is extremely challenging, especially when fragmented bony remains are available. Among the various morphological landmarks of the mandible, the mental foramen is considered to be one of the most stable that can be used in sex authentication. Hence, it was used to identify a sexual dimorphism in a mixed Indian population in the present study. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were selected from the archival database and analysed for the present study using morphometric features of the mental foramen i.e., the measurement of: The distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (SLM), The distance from the inferior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (ILM) and the distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mental foramen (VD). Results: Females showed a caudal positioning of mental foramen toward the base of the mandible as compared to males. A statistically significant difference was noted in the dimensions of SLM, ILM and VD, with all the three distances being larger in males when compared to females. Logistic regression analysis showed an overall significance of P < 0.0001 and a prediction score of 89%. Conclusion: Mental foramen morphometrics on CBCT enables sex determination in the Indian population with a predictive score of 89%.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":"36 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45468900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Because COVID-19 with extrapulmonary manifestations is likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders in susceptible individuals due to immunological mechanisms, it is possible to see more frozen shoulder cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the relationship of frozen shoulder and COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study from September 2020 to February 2021; patients who were referred to our shoulder clinic with stiffness and shoulder pain and diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis (AC) were evaluated for COVID-19 involvement. Shoulder range of motion was assessed as passive range of motion of forwarding flexion, internal rotation and external rotation in the arm at the side and 90° abduction. The visual analogue scale was also used to assess pain intensity. SPSS software was used for analysis, and Chi-square test was used for qualitative data analysis and a t-test was used for quantitative data. Results: Seventy-two patients with frozen shoulders were included in the study; the results showed that AC occurs at a younger age in patients with COVID-19 infection (P < 0.039); the mean age of all patients was 52.73 ± 8.68. The severity of pain was higher in patients with COVID-19 (P = 0.012). Furthermore, regarding the duration of referral in terms of months, it was shown that people with COVID-19 were referred in a shorter period after the onset of shoulder symptoms and there was a significant difference in terms of referral time and pain between the two groups (P < 0.01). Regular activity had a lower rate in patients with COVID-19 infection and the difference was significant in patients with and without COVID-19 (P < 0.029). Conclusion: Due to younger age, greater pain and faster visit of patients with a frozen shoulder after COVID-19, it is recommended to look for frozen shoulder in all COVID-19-infected patients by a complete clinical examination. This is more important in patients without regular physical activity.
{"title":"Frozen Shoulder in Patients with COVID-19","authors":"H. Naderifar, S. Khazaei, H. Saremi","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_77_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_77_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Because COVID-19 with extrapulmonary manifestations is likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders in susceptible individuals due to immunological mechanisms, it is possible to see more frozen shoulder cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the relationship of frozen shoulder and COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study from September 2020 to February 2021; patients who were referred to our shoulder clinic with stiffness and shoulder pain and diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis (AC) were evaluated for COVID-19 involvement. Shoulder range of motion was assessed as passive range of motion of forwarding flexion, internal rotation and external rotation in the arm at the side and 90° abduction. The visual analogue scale was also used to assess pain intensity. SPSS software was used for analysis, and Chi-square test was used for qualitative data analysis and a t-test was used for quantitative data. Results: Seventy-two patients with frozen shoulders were included in the study; the results showed that AC occurs at a younger age in patients with COVID-19 infection (P < 0.039); the mean age of all patients was 52.73 ± 8.68. The severity of pain was higher in patients with COVID-19 (P = 0.012). Furthermore, regarding the duration of referral in terms of months, it was shown that people with COVID-19 were referred in a shorter period after the onset of shoulder symptoms and there was a significant difference in terms of referral time and pain between the two groups (P < 0.01). Regular activity had a lower rate in patients with COVID-19 infection and the difference was significant in patients with and without COVID-19 (P < 0.029). Conclusion: Due to younger age, greater pain and faster visit of patients with a frozen shoulder after COVID-19, it is recommended to look for frozen shoulder in all COVID-19-infected patients by a complete clinical examination. This is more important in patients without regular physical activity.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":"113 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45823795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Dental caries remains a constant problem in clinical practice. The rates of recurrent caries around long-term provisional restorations may be even higher due to poor marginal adaptation and less stable materials. Since provisional crowns luted with provisional cement are susceptible to bacterial infiltration and caries, antibacterial and anticariogenic agents have been added to provisional cement, and retention of the provisional crown has been evaluated in this study. Materials and Methods: Ten extracted maxillary first premolar teeth were selected. Standardised tooth preparation was done. A total of 40 provisional crowns were fabricated using tooth-coloured auto-polymerising acrylic resin. The prepared provisional crowns were divided into four groups of 10 crowns each. Crowns were cemented on the prepared teeth after enriching with the three solutions individually. All specimens were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 1 h, thermocycler 100 times between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell time of 10 s and then stored at 100% humidity at 37°C. Cemented crowns were subjected to tensile dislodgement force using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Results: Provisional cement enriched with Profluorid Varnish has shown properties of the highest tensile dislodgement force, with chlorhexidine-reduced retention. Conclusion: The present study concluded that Profluorid Varnish, as an additive in non-eugenol provisional cement (Provicol), is more effective in increasing retention.
{"title":"An <i>In vitro</i> comparison of retention of provisional crowns cemented with provisional cement enriched with three different additives","authors":"Ravi Joshi, DiptiS Shah, Kalpesh Vaishnav, Aneri Patel, Manish Patel, Radhika Agnihotri","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_159_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_159_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Dental caries remains a constant problem in clinical practice. The rates of recurrent caries around long-term provisional restorations may be even higher due to poor marginal adaptation and less stable materials. Since provisional crowns luted with provisional cement are susceptible to bacterial infiltration and caries, antibacterial and anticariogenic agents have been added to provisional cement, and retention of the provisional crown has been evaluated in this study. Materials and Methods: Ten extracted maxillary first premolar teeth were selected. Standardised tooth preparation was done. A total of 40 provisional crowns were fabricated using tooth-coloured auto-polymerising acrylic resin. The prepared provisional crowns were divided into four groups of 10 crowns each. Crowns were cemented on the prepared teeth after enriching with the three solutions individually. All specimens were stored in 100% humidity at 37°C for 1 h, thermocycler 100 times between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell time of 10 s and then stored at 100% humidity at 37°C. Cemented crowns were subjected to tensile dislodgement force using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Results: Provisional cement enriched with Profluorid Varnish has shown properties of the highest tensile dislodgement force, with chlorhexidine-reduced retention. Conclusion: The present study concluded that Profluorid Varnish, as an additive in non-eugenol provisional cement (Provicol), is more effective in increasing retention.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135401041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_144_21
Snigdha Sinha, Subhashis Das, K. Raju
Introduction: Adnexal skin tumours are a heterogeneous group of uncommon tumours usually misdiagnosed clinically due to a huge variety of types and their variants. Histopathology usually helps in establishing the diagnosis. The study was conducted to analyse the morphological, clinical and histological features of adnexal tumours (ATs) of the skin at our centre over a period of 5 years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a period of 5 years (January 2016–January 2021), comprising 85 ATs of skin diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, India. All the consecutively reported AT cases were reviewed and reclassified as ATs arising from sebaceous glands, hair follicles or sweat glands. The concordance of clinical and histopathological diagnosis was also assessed. Results: Most of the ATs were benign, with the head and neck being the most common location (61.15%), followed by the trunk (22.3%). Nearly 39% of the tumours were of hair follicle differentiation, 30% sweat gland differentiation and sebaceous gland tumours accounted for 31%. The most common varieties of tumours encountered in the present study included sebaceous cysts and pilomatricoma. The concordance between the clinical and histopathological diagnosis was found to be 50% approximately. Conclusion: Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing ATs as they are often misdiagnosed clinically.
{"title":"A varied presentation of dermal adnexal tumours: An institutional study","authors":"Snigdha Sinha, Subhashis Das, K. Raju","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_144_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_144_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Adnexal skin tumours are a heterogeneous group of uncommon tumours usually misdiagnosed clinically due to a huge variety of types and their variants. Histopathology usually helps in establishing the diagnosis. The study was conducted to analyse the morphological, clinical and histological features of adnexal tumours (ATs) of the skin at our centre over a period of 5 years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a period of 5 years (January 2016–January 2021), comprising 85 ATs of skin diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, India. All the consecutively reported AT cases were reviewed and reclassified as ATs arising from sebaceous glands, hair follicles or sweat glands. The concordance of clinical and histopathological diagnosis was also assessed. Results: Most of the ATs were benign, with the head and neck being the most common location (61.15%), followed by the trunk (22.3%). Nearly 39% of the tumours were of hair follicle differentiation, 30% sweat gland differentiation and sebaceous gland tumours accounted for 31%. The most common varieties of tumours encountered in the present study included sebaceous cysts and pilomatricoma. The concordance between the clinical and histopathological diagnosis was found to be 50% approximately. Conclusion: Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing ATs as they are often misdiagnosed clinically.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"254 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46839199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_100_22
Nikhil Choudhari, Subhashis Das, Ravi Kumar
Introduction: Pre-donation haemoglobin (Hb) screening is among the foremost test done on blood donors to determine whether an individual is fit to donate with the intention of preventing inadvertent donation from an anaemic donor. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of the three common Hb estimation methods, namely, copper sulphate (CuSO4) method, HemoCue photometer and automated cell counter in reporting the Hb levels of blood donors. Materials and Methods: CuSo4 specific gravity method, HemoCue and automated cell analyzer (Sysmex XN-550) were used to determine the Hb levels in blood samples of 500 donors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic details of the donor. Kappa statistics were used to determine the level of agreement between the three methods of Hb estimation. Results: HemoCue was found to be more sensitive (86.21%), whereas CuSo4 (97.88%) was found to be more specific. Kappa agreement was good between CuSo4 and Sysmex XN-550 (0.703), whereas it was moderate between HemoCue and Sysmex XN-550 (0.458). Conclusions: The CuSO4 method is still viable for Hb estimation among blood donors. Thus, it can be utilised as the primary screening method; however, follow-up testing with HemoCue or automated cell analyzer can be done to minimise unnecessary deferrals and false acceptance.
{"title":"Comparison of haemoglobin estimation of blood donors by specific gravity method, HemoCue method and automated haematology cell analyzer","authors":"Nikhil Choudhari, Subhashis Das, Ravi Kumar","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_100_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_100_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pre-donation haemoglobin (Hb) screening is among the foremost test done on blood donors to determine whether an individual is fit to donate with the intention of preventing inadvertent donation from an anaemic donor. The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of the three common Hb estimation methods, namely, copper sulphate (CuSO4) method, HemoCue photometer and automated cell counter in reporting the Hb levels of blood donors. Materials and Methods: CuSo4 specific gravity method, HemoCue and automated cell analyzer (Sysmex XN-550) were used to determine the Hb levels in blood samples of 500 donors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the demographic details of the donor. Kappa statistics were used to determine the level of agreement between the three methods of Hb estimation. Results: HemoCue was found to be more sensitive (86.21%), whereas CuSo4 (97.88%) was found to be more specific. Kappa agreement was good between CuSo4 and Sysmex XN-550 (0.703), whereas it was moderate between HemoCue and Sysmex XN-550 (0.458). Conclusions: The CuSO4 method is still viable for Hb estimation among blood donors. Thus, it can be utilised as the primary screening method; however, follow-up testing with HemoCue or automated cell analyzer can be done to minimise unnecessary deferrals and false acceptance.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"312 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44178110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Almost 30%–50% of the patients with major depressive disorder can be categorised as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The use of augmenting agents such as aripiprazole (ARI) and quetiapine (QP) to the existing antidepressant (AD) therapy could be a suitable alternative for treating TRD. The superiority of anyone over others is not established in short-term studies. Hence, the present study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of ARI and QP for the treatment of TRD. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a total of 50 patients with TRD who showed insufficient response to at least two ADs for 12 weeks were enrolled. The participants were assigned randomly in a double-blind trial to receive ARI (10 mg/day; n = 25) or QP (300 mg/day; n = 25) in addition to their standard AD therapy for 12 weeks. Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale were used to measure treatment efficacy. The safety was evaluated by recording treatment-caused adverse effects (AEF). Results: A significant decrease in MADRS score was observed with ARI groups than in the QP group (‒7.5; ‒4.6, P < 0.001). The CGI scores in the ARI group also exhibit significant improvement compared with the QP group. There was a non-significant change in CGI score recorded in both groups. The AEF was observed in 11% of patients with more incidences in the QP groups. The incidences of AEFs resulting in discontinuation of therapy were found low in both groups (ARI: 1.6%; QP: 3.2%). Conclusion: The findings of this study conclude that TRD patients can be more benefitted by ARI augmentation therapy than QP.
{"title":"A head-to-head randomised controlled trial of aripiprazole versus quetiapine as augmenting agents in treatment-resistant depression","authors":"A. Kulkarni","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_59_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_59_22","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Almost 30%–50% of the patients with major depressive disorder can be categorised as treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The use of augmenting agents such as aripiprazole (ARI) and quetiapine (QP) to the existing antidepressant (AD) therapy could be a suitable alternative for treating TRD. The superiority of anyone over others is not established in short-term studies. Hence, the present study was performed to compare the safety and efficacy of ARI and QP for the treatment of TRD. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a total of 50 patients with TRD who showed insufficient response to at least two ADs for 12 weeks were enrolled. The participants were assigned randomly in a double-blind trial to receive ARI (10 mg/day; n = 25) or QP (300 mg/day; n = 25) in addition to their standard AD therapy for 12 weeks. Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale were used to measure treatment efficacy. The safety was evaluated by recording treatment-caused adverse effects (AEF). Results: A significant decrease in MADRS score was observed with ARI groups than in the QP group (‒7.5; ‒4.6, P < 0.001). The CGI scores in the ARI group also exhibit significant improvement compared with the QP group. There was a non-significant change in CGI score recorded in both groups. The AEF was observed in 11% of patients with more incidences in the QP groups. The incidences of AEFs resulting in discontinuation of therapy were found low in both groups (ARI: 1.6%; QP: 3.2%). Conclusion: The findings of this study conclude that TRD patients can be more benefitted by ARI augmentation therapy than QP.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"307 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44908453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_177_21
A. Fares, Resul Toprak, Dieter Borrman, Julius R Ivester
Obesity is widely reported to be associated with a higher risk of the severity and worse clinical outcome of COVID-19. With the global prevalence of obesity, exploring the relationship between obesity and the severity of COVID-19 disease is of major clinical importance, thus requiring increased attention to preventive measures in susceptible individuals. Studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased risk of hospitalisation, intensive care unit admission, integrated motivational–volitional requirement and mortality among patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiological mechanisms which cause disease severity and adverse outcomes among obese subjects remain unclear. Recently, it was shown that elevated leptin levels correlate positively with the severity and progression of disease in COVID-19 patients. Leptin modulates both the innate and adaptive immune responses in cells. Elevated leptin levels in obese individuals may contribute to worse symptoms and outcomes in COVID-19 disease. Emerging evidence suggests that alpha-1 (α1)-adrenergic receptor stimulation increases leptin secretion, while the administration of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists is reported to reduce plasma leptin levels in human subjects. Therefore, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists may improve clinical outcomes in obesity patients with COVID-19 infection through modulation of hyperinflammation and reduction of plasma leptin levels. The aim of this minireview is to delineate the potential beneficial therapeutic effects of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists in preventing adverse outcomes of coronavirus infection in obese patients. Large, randomised trials are needed to confirm the beneficial effects and safety profile of the use of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists in obese patients with COVID-19.
{"title":"The use of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists in the prevention of adverse outcomes of COVID-19 infection in obese patients","authors":"A. Fares, Resul Toprak, Dieter Borrman, Julius R Ivester","doi":"10.4103/aihb.aihb_177_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aihb.aihb_177_21","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is widely reported to be associated with a higher risk of the severity and worse clinical outcome of COVID-19. With the global prevalence of obesity, exploring the relationship between obesity and the severity of COVID-19 disease is of major clinical importance, thus requiring increased attention to preventive measures in susceptible individuals. Studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased risk of hospitalisation, intensive care unit admission, integrated motivational–volitional requirement and mortality among patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiological mechanisms which cause disease severity and adverse outcomes among obese subjects remain unclear. Recently, it was shown that elevated leptin levels correlate positively with the severity and progression of disease in COVID-19 patients. Leptin modulates both the innate and adaptive immune responses in cells. Elevated leptin levels in obese individuals may contribute to worse symptoms and outcomes in COVID-19 disease. Emerging evidence suggests that alpha-1 (α1)-adrenergic receptor stimulation increases leptin secretion, while the administration of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists is reported to reduce plasma leptin levels in human subjects. Therefore, α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists may improve clinical outcomes in obesity patients with COVID-19 infection through modulation of hyperinflammation and reduction of plasma leptin levels. The aim of this minireview is to delineate the potential beneficial therapeutic effects of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists in preventing adverse outcomes of coronavirus infection in obese patients. Large, randomised trials are needed to confirm the beneficial effects and safety profile of the use of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists in obese patients with COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":7341,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Human Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":"329 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45989343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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