Temperature conditions affect growth and grain development during the grain-filling stage, but a comprehensive analysis of oat subjected to different temperatures during grain development has not been studied. In this study, an integrated physiological and proteomic examination of oat spikelets was performed to analyze the influence of five different day-time temperatures on stress-relative parameters and grain development. Physiological analysis showed decrease of total chlorophyll, shoot dry weight and spikelet shape development and increased activation of MDA, soluble sugar and antioxidant enzymes, with increase of temperatures. However, considering major grain yield components and storage materials, there should be an optimum temperature during ripening period. The result of proteomic analysis showed significantly high expressions of stress-related gene in high temperature treatment and grain storage materials in optimum temperature. Our findings indicate that temperature conditions during the grain-filling period exert a major influence on yield potential.
{"title":"Various temperature effects on spikelet growth in hulless oat during grain-filling stage","authors":"Chan Seop Ko, Joo-Sun Lee, Y. Seo","doi":"10.23986/afsci.121256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.121256","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature conditions affect growth and grain development during the grain-filling stage, but a comprehensive analysis of oat subjected to different temperatures during grain development has not been studied. In this study, an integrated physiological and proteomic examination of oat spikelets was performed to analyze the influence of five different day-time temperatures on stress-relative parameters and grain development. Physiological analysis showed decrease of total chlorophyll, shoot dry weight and spikelet shape development and increased activation of MDA, soluble sugar and antioxidant enzymes, with increase of temperatures. However, considering major grain yield components and storage materials, there should be an optimum temperature during ripening period. The result of proteomic analysis showed significantly high expressions of stress-related gene in high temperature treatment and grain storage materials in optimum temperature. Our findings indicate that temperature conditions during the grain-filling period exert a major influence on yield potential.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75628090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Palonen, Iiris Lettojärvi, A. Koivisto, Arja Raatikainen
We investigated the impact of repeated runner removal after harvest and row cover during fall on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cvs. Polka and Wendy cropping potential in the joint project of the University of Helsinki and the Rural Advisory Services Finland. Field trials were carried out in 2017 to 2019 on strawberry farms in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland, at 62°49′N. The treatment effects on the crown carbohydrate reserves, flowering, and yield were recorded. Runner removal three times in three-week intervals after harvest decreased the crown starch reserves but increased the length of the apical inflorescence initials as observed through flower mapping in November, and the numbers of inflorescences and flowers in cv. Polka. Floating row cover after flower induction in September to October hastened floral development in the fall and increased the numbers of inflorescences, flowers, and fruit in cv. Wendy. Although the effects may depend on a cultivar and weather conditions during fall, repeated removal of runners after harvest and covering plants with a floating row cover after flower induction are recommended to increase strawberry yield potential in the Northern climate.
{"title":"Repeated runner removal after harvest and floating row cover during fall affect carbohydrate status and yield potential of strawberry cvs. Polka and Wendy in the Northern climate","authors":"P. Palonen, Iiris Lettojärvi, A. Koivisto, Arja Raatikainen","doi":"10.23986/afsci.120423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.120423","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the impact of repeated runner removal after harvest and row cover during fall on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cvs. Polka and Wendy cropping potential in the joint project of the University of Helsinki and the Rural Advisory Services Finland. Field trials were carried out in 2017 to 2019 on strawberry farms in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland, at 62°49′N. The treatment effects on the crown carbohydrate reserves, flowering, and yield were recorded. Runner removal three times in three-week intervals after harvest decreased the crown starch reserves but increased the length of the apical inflorescence initials as observed through flower mapping in November, and the numbers of inflorescences and flowers in cv. Polka. Floating row cover after flower induction in September to October hastened floral development in the fall and increased the numbers of inflorescences, flowers, and fruit in cv. Wendy. Although the effects may depend on a cultivar and weather conditions during fall, repeated removal of runners after harvest and covering plants with a floating row cover after flower induction are recommended to increase strawberry yield potential in the Northern climate.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72899118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dry cow therapy (DCT) is an efficient measure to control intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy herds. In a blanket-DCT practice (BDCT), all cows receive antibiotics at dry-off. In a selective-DCT practice (SDCT), treatments are targeted only at infected cows. Our objective was to compare the economy of SDCT and BDCT under Finnish production conditions. Economic analysis is needed to show numerically whether the farms currently applying BDCT can switch to SDCT without the dairy farmer’s economic losses. We applied a partial budgeting approach and built a stochastic calculation model to show the margin for costs that are equal in both DCT policies. Data for modeling were generated by running 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The parameters for the model were extracted from the literature and from official statistics. SDCT is a competitive management practice, especially with herds succeeding in keeping their IMI risk low. Therefore, the focus in farm-level decision-making should be on the herd’s udder health status. In those herds with high IMI prevalence, the problem must be tackled primarily by means other than BDCT, which does not support the goal of reducing the use of antibiotics and which, when used routinely, is also contrary to existing EU legislation.
{"title":"Economic perspectives on blanket and selective dry cow therapy","authors":"A. Heikkilä, Riitta Niemi, P. Rajala-Schultz","doi":"10.23986/afsci.119927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.119927","url":null,"abstract":"Dry cow therapy (DCT) is an efficient measure to control intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy herds. In a blanket-DCT practice (BDCT), all cows receive antibiotics at dry-off. In a selective-DCT practice (SDCT), treatments are targeted only at infected cows. Our objective was to compare the economy of SDCT and BDCT under Finnish production conditions. Economic analysis is needed to show numerically whether the farms currently applying BDCT can switch to SDCT without the dairy farmer’s economic losses. We applied a partial budgeting approach and built a stochastic calculation model to show the margin for costs that are equal in both DCT policies. Data for modeling were generated by running 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The parameters for the model were extracted from the literature and from official statistics. SDCT is a competitive management practice, especially with herds succeeding in keeping their IMI risk low. Therefore, the focus in farm-level decision-making should be on the herd’s udder health status. In those herds with high IMI prevalence, the problem must be tackled primarily by means other than BDCT, which does not support the goal of reducing the use of antibiotics and which, when used routinely, is also contrary to existing EU legislation.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88445326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adding carbonated or non-carbonated lime to clay soils can lead to changes in aggregate stability. In Sweden, ‘structure liming’ with a mixed product (normally 80–85% calcium carbonate and 15–20% calcium hydroxide) is subsidised through environmental schemes to increase aggregate stability, thereby mitigating losses of particulate phosphorus (PP). This study assessed the effects of structure liming on aggregate stability in eight clay soils in southern Sweden, using turbidity as a proxy for aggregate stability. Turbidity in leachate from simulated rain events performed on aggregates (2–5 mm) in the laboratory was measured one and six years after application of four treatments 0, 4, 8 and 16 t ha-1 of a mixed structure liming product. The effect on turbidity was analysed for all application rates, but also as the contrast between the unlimed control and the mean of the limed treatments, to identify the general effect. A significant effect of structure liming on turbidity was found after one year. The effect decreased over time, but was still detectable after six years. However, there was a significant interaction between trial and treatment, indicating different reactions on different soils and suggesting that not all clay soils are suitable for structure liming if the desired objective is to lower the risk of PP losses. Clay content, initial pH and mineralogy may explain the different responses to structure liming. These findings show a need for a site-specific structure liming strategy. As a tentative recommendation, soils with a minimum clay content of approximately 25–30% and pH <7 should be preferred for structure liming.
在粘土中加入碳化石灰或非碳化石灰会导致团聚体稳定性的变化。在瑞典，使用混合产品(通常为80-85%碳酸钙和15-20%氢氧化钙)的“结构石灰”通过环境计划获得补贴，以增加骨料稳定性，从而减轻颗粒磷(PP)的损失。本研究评估了结构石灰化对瑞典南部八种粘土中骨料稳定性的影响，使用浊度作为骨料稳定性的代理。在实验室对集料(2-5毫米)进行模拟降雨事件产生的渗滤液浊度进行了测量，在使用混合结构石灰产品的4种处理0、4、8和16 t ha-1后的1年和6年。分析了所有施用量对浊度的影响，同时也作为无石灰对照和有石灰处理的平均值之间的对比，以确定总体效果。一年后发现结构石灰对浊度有显著影响。这种影响随着时间的推移而减弱，但在六年后仍然可以检测到。然而，试验和处理之间存在显著的相互作用，表明在不同的土壤上有不同的反应，并且表明如果期望的目标是降低PP损失的风险，并不是所有的粘土都适合进行结构限制。粘土含量、初始pH值和矿物学可以解释对结构石灰化的不同反应。这些发现表明需要一种特定地点的结构限定策略。作为初步建议，粘土最低含量约为25-30%，pH <7的土壤应优先用于结构石灰化。
{"title":"Site characteristics determine the duration of structure liming effects on clay soil","authors":"J. Blomquist, J. Englund, K. Berglund","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115313","url":null,"abstract":"Adding carbonated or non-carbonated lime to clay soils can lead to changes in aggregate stability. In Sweden, ‘structure liming’ with a mixed product (normally 80–85% calcium carbonate and 15–20% calcium hydroxide) is subsidised through environmental schemes to increase aggregate stability, thereby mitigating losses of particulate phosphorus (PP). This study assessed the effects of structure liming on aggregate stability in eight clay soils in southern Sweden, using turbidity as a proxy for aggregate stability. Turbidity in leachate from simulated rain events performed on aggregates (2–5 mm) in the laboratory was measured one and six years after application of four treatments 0, 4, 8 and 16 t ha-1 of a mixed structure liming product. The effect on turbidity was analysed for all application rates, but also as the contrast between the unlimed control and the mean of the limed treatments, to identify the general effect. A significant effect of structure liming on turbidity was found after one year. The effect decreased over time, but was still detectable after six years. However, there was a significant interaction between trial and treatment, indicating different reactions on different soils and suggesting that not all clay soils are suitable for structure liming if the desired objective is to lower the risk of PP losses. Clay content, initial pH and mineralogy may explain the different responses to structure liming. These findings show a need for a site-specific structure liming strategy. As a tentative recommendation, soils with a minimum clay content of approximately 25–30% and pH <7 should be preferred for structure liming.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"52 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75983655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Iso-Touru, P. Uimari, K. Elo, M. Sevón-Aimonen, A. Sironen
Animal breeding programs can be improved by genetic markers associated with production and reproduction traits.Reproduction traits are important for economic success of pig production and therefore development of genetictools for selection is of high interest to pig breeding. In this study our objective was to identify genomic regions associatedwith fertility traits in two Finnish pig breeds using large scale SNP genotyping and genome wide associationanalysis and characterization of copy number variations (CNV). Since CNVs are structural variations of the genomethey potentially have a large effect on gene expression and protein function. We analyzed 1265 genotyped boarsfor nine different reproduction traits and identified 46 CNV regions encompassing 13 genes. 11 of the CNV regionswere shared between the breeds, 20 were unique to the Finnish Yorkshire and 15 to the Finnish Landrace. The genomewide association (GWAS) analysis identified zero to five reproduction associated genomic regions per trait.Furthermore, we identified 23 genomic regions with 20 candidate genes associated with fertility traits using GWASanalysis. The identified CNV regions were compared against GWAS regions to detect candidate regions with an effecton reproduction traits. This study reports candidate genes and genomic regions within two Finnish pig breedsfor reproduction traits, which can be utilized in breeding programs.
{"title":"Identification of copy number variations and candidate genes for reproduction traits in Finnish pig populations","authors":"T. Iso-Touru, P. Uimari, K. Elo, M. Sevón-Aimonen, A. Sironen","doi":"10.23986/afsci.116081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.116081","url":null,"abstract":"Animal breeding programs can be improved by genetic markers associated with production and reproduction traits.Reproduction traits are important for economic success of pig production and therefore development of genetictools for selection is of high interest to pig breeding. In this study our objective was to identify genomic regions associatedwith fertility traits in two Finnish pig breeds using large scale SNP genotyping and genome wide associationanalysis and characterization of copy number variations (CNV). Since CNVs are structural variations of the genomethey potentially have a large effect on gene expression and protein function. We analyzed 1265 genotyped boarsfor nine different reproduction traits and identified 46 CNV regions encompassing 13 genes. 11 of the CNV regionswere shared between the breeds, 20 were unique to the Finnish Yorkshire and 15 to the Finnish Landrace. The genomewide association (GWAS) analysis identified zero to five reproduction associated genomic regions per trait.Furthermore, we identified 23 genomic regions with 20 candidate genes associated with fertility traits using GWASanalysis. The identified CNV regions were compared against GWAS regions to detect candidate regions with an effecton reproduction traits. This study reports candidate genes and genomic regions within two Finnish pig breedsfor reproduction traits, which can be utilized in breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79688947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Pouta, E. Liski, Annika Tienhaara, Tuija Lankia, J. Niemi
Agricultural production faces diverse and often conflicting expectations, such as considerations related to environmental protection, food security and risk management, as well as strengthening the profitability and competitiveness of domestic production. In this study, we applied the contingent allocation method to a national agricultural budget to analyse the preferences of farmers and other citizens for allocating budget funds. Survey data collected from 2014 citizens and 518 farmers were used in compositional data analysis where it is considered that each spending decision bears an opportunity cost, and the decision maker faces trade-offs across budget priorities. The allocations of farmers and non-farmers were found to differ considerably. Farmers emphasized agricultural income and the economic resilience of farms as well as the self-sufficiency in food production and soil conditions. Non-farmers emphasized environmental public goods. The allocations were used to form compositional respondent clusters. The first cluster emphasised multiple objectives for agricultural policy, whereas the second cluster was clearly production oriented and the third cluster environmentally oriented. The results highlight the differences between farmers and non-farmers challenging the planning of legitimate agricultural policy.
{"title":"Contingent allocation of the agri-food budget: comparison of farmer and non-farmer preferences","authors":"E. Pouta, E. Liski, Annika Tienhaara, Tuija Lankia, J. Niemi","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115415","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production faces diverse and often conflicting expectations, such as considerations related to environmental protection, food security and risk management, as well as strengthening the profitability and competitiveness of domestic production. In this study, we applied the contingent allocation method to a national agricultural budget to analyse the preferences of farmers and other citizens for allocating budget funds. Survey data collected from 2014 citizens and 518 farmers were used in compositional data analysis where it is considered that each spending decision bears an opportunity cost, and the decision maker faces trade-offs across budget priorities. The allocations of farmers and non-farmers were found to differ considerably. Farmers emphasized agricultural income and the economic resilience of farms as well as the self-sufficiency in food production and soil conditions. Non-farmers emphasized environmental public goods. The allocations were used to form compositional respondent clusters. The first cluster emphasised multiple objectives for agricultural policy, whereas the second cluster was clearly production oriented and the third cluster environmentally oriented. The results highlight the differences between farmers and non-farmers challenging the planning of legitimate agricultural policy.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72739985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two experiments were conducted under Northern European conditions to quantify dairy cow responses to variable grass silage quality and concentrate feed supplementation. Experiment 1 included 3 primary growth grass silages (early, intermediate and late maturity stage) supplemented with three concentrate levels (9, 12 and 15 kg d-1). Experiment 2 included three consecutive harvests (first, second and third harvest from the same sward within the growing season) and three levels of concentrate supplementation (9, 11 and 13 kg d-1). Dairy cows responded clearly to changes in the harvesting time of silage in primary growth (quadratic effect) and amount of concentrate (linear effect) in the diet in Experiment 1. Milk yield was the lowest with third harvest silage in Experiment 2, and responses to increasing concentrate allowance were linear. Interactions between silage quality and concentrate supplementation were detected in Experiment 1, where milk production responses to additional concentrate decreased with increasing silage digestibility. No interactions were found in Experiment 2, probably due to the small range of differences in nutritional quality between the silages prepared from different harvests. The results demonstrated that it is difficult to compensate for low silage digestibility by increasing the amount of concentrate. The variable ECM response (from –0.01 to 0.85 kg ECM per kg DM incremental concentrate in the diet) is explained by the concomitant decrease in silage intake and negative effect on diet neutral detergent fibre digestibility.
在北欧条件下进行了两项试验，以量化奶牛对不同草青贮品质和添加精料的反应。试验1采用3种初生草青贮(早、中、晚成熟期)，添加3种精料水平(9、12、15 kg d-1)。试验2为连续3次收获(生长季同一禾草的第1、2、3次收获)，添加3个水平的精料(9、11、13 kg d-1)。试验1奶牛对初生长期青贮收获时间(二次效应)和饲粮精料量(线性效应)的变化反应明显。试验2第三季青贮时产奶量最低，对精料余量的增加响应呈线性关系。试验1检测了青贮品质与精料添加量之间的相互作用，随着青贮消化率的提高，对添加精料的产奶量响应降低。在试验2中没有发现相互作用，可能是由于不同收获期青贮饲料的营养品质差异范围很小。结果表明，增加精料的添加量很难弥补青贮消化率低的缺陷。饲料中每千克DM精料增加-0.01 ~ 0.85 kg ECM的变化，可以解释为青贮饲料采食量的减少和对饲料中性洗涤纤维消化率的负面影响。
{"title":"The effect of grass silage harvesting strategy and concentrate level on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production of dairy cows","authors":"A. Sairanen, Elina Juutinen, M. Rinne","doi":"10.23986/afsci.113471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.113471","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments were conducted under Northern European conditions to quantify dairy cow responses to variable grass silage quality and concentrate feed supplementation. Experiment 1 included 3 primary growth grass silages (early, intermediate and late maturity stage) supplemented with three concentrate levels (9, 12 and 15 kg d-1). Experiment 2 included three consecutive harvests (first, second and third harvest from the same sward within the growing season) and three levels of concentrate supplementation (9, 11 and 13 kg d-1). Dairy cows responded clearly to changes in the harvesting time of silage in primary growth (quadratic effect) and amount of concentrate (linear effect) in the diet in Experiment 1. Milk yield was the lowest with third harvest silage in Experiment 2, and responses to increasing concentrate allowance were linear. Interactions between silage quality and concentrate supplementation were detected in Experiment 1, where milk production responses to additional concentrate decreased with increasing silage digestibility. No interactions were found in Experiment 2, probably due to the small range of differences in nutritional quality between the silages prepared from different harvests. The results demonstrated that it is difficult to compensate for low silage digestibility by increasing the amount of concentrate. The variable ECM response (from –0.01 to 0.85 kg ECM per kg DM incremental concentrate in the diet) is explained by the concomitant decrease in silage intake and negative effect on diet neutral detergent fibre digestibility.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86758188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cold soils and a short boreal growing season are assumed to necessitate high soil phosphorus (P) status and ample P applications to vegetable crops. Yet, a previous Finnish study indicated lower than anticipated yield responses of onion and cabbage. Here we report 2-year P trials with iceberg lettuce (cv. Skindel) transplanted in an open field in spring and midsummer on a clay soil with moderately low P status. During the spring plantings, P concentration in soil solution was followed using Plant Root Simulator (PRS) probes in P0 (0 kg P ha-1) and P60 (60 kg P ha-1) treatments. The PRS probes indicated initially 5 to 7-fold higher soil solution P concentration in the P60 treatment compared to P0 due to fertilisation, but thereafter P concentrations equalised. For spring plantings, P applications did not explain yield variation, giving statistically non-significant, maximum 14% higher yields over P0. In summer plantings, about 30% of the yield variation was explained by P applications, and the P60 rate gave 20–35% higher yields over P0. Mitscherlich type model integrating all data predicted a maximum 20% yield, 10% of the variation being accounted for. The model suggested that 32 kg P ha-1 brings 97% of the maximum yield, whilst the Finnish P fertilisation regulation allows 60 kg ha-1 for the given soil. No correlation between P applications and P concentrations of lettuce leaves was found. The results stress the need for empirical evaluation of P requirements of vegetable crops to avoid unnecessary P applications.
寒冷的土壤和短的北方生长季节被认为需要高土壤磷(P)状态和充足的磷肥施用于蔬菜作物。然而，芬兰先前的一项研究表明，洋葱和卷心菜的产量反应低于预期。这里我们报告了用卷心莴苣进行的2年P试验(cv。春、盛夏在磷含量较低的粘土上裸地移栽。在春播期间，采用植物根系模拟器(PRS)探针测定了P0 (0 kg P ha-1)和P60 (60 kg P ha-1)处理土壤溶液中磷的浓度。PRS探针显示，由于施肥，P60处理的土壤溶液磷浓度最初比P0高5至7倍，但此后磷浓度趋于平衡。对于春季种植，施磷不能解释产量变化，在统计上不显著，产量最多比施磷高14%。在夏季种植中，施用磷肥可解释约30%的产量变化，且施用磷肥可使产量比施用磷肥高20-35%。综合所有数据的Mitscherlich模型预测最高产量为20%，占变异量的10%。该模型表明，32公斤每公顷磷肥能带来97%的最大产量，而芬兰的磷肥规定允许对给定土壤施用60公斤每公顷。施磷量与生菜叶片磷浓度无相关性。结果表明，有必要对蔬菜作物的磷需要量进行实证评价，以避免不必要的磷施用。
{"title":"Yield response of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa Capitata group) to phosphorus fertilisation in a boreal soil","authors":"Risto Uusitalo, T. Suojala-Ahlfors","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115347","url":null,"abstract":"Cold soils and a short boreal growing season are assumed to necessitate high soil phosphorus (P) status and ample P applications to vegetable crops. Yet, a previous Finnish study indicated lower than anticipated yield responses of onion and cabbage. Here we report 2-year P trials with iceberg lettuce (cv. Skindel) transplanted in an open field in spring and midsummer on a clay soil with moderately low P status. During the spring plantings, P concentration in soil solution was followed using Plant Root Simulator (PRS) probes in P0 (0 kg P ha-1) and P60 (60 kg P ha-1) treatments. The PRS probes indicated initially 5 to 7-fold higher soil solution P concentration in the P60 treatment compared to P0 due to fertilisation, but thereafter P concentrations equalised. For spring plantings, P applications did not explain yield variation, giving statistically non-significant, maximum 14% higher yields over P0. In summer plantings, about 30% of the yield variation was explained by P applications, and the P60 rate gave 20–35% higher yields over P0. Mitscherlich type model integrating all data predicted a maximum 20% yield, 10% of the variation being accounted for. The model suggested that 32 kg P ha-1 brings 97% of the maximum yield, whilst the Finnish P fertilisation regulation allows 60 kg ha-1 for the given soil. No correlation between P applications and P concentrations of lettuce leaves was found. The results stress the need for empirical evaluation of P requirements of vegetable crops to avoid unnecessary P applications.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86335609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Jatkauskas, V. Vrotniakienė, I. Eisner, Kristian K. Witt, G. Copani
Winter rye (Secale cereale L.), one of the small-grain winter annuals, can be used as a cover crop for protection against soil erosion for absorption of unused soil nitrogen, and for cattle feed by preserving as silage. The experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the potential of the blend of homofermentative and hetero- and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a rye silage additive. Early-cut rye (at boot stage, wilted) and whole-crop rye (at milk and soft dough stages of grain) were ensiled in laboratory mini-silos with (1) a blend of homofermentative LAB strains containing Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM26571), Enterococcus faecium (DSM22502), and Lactococcus lactis (NCIMB30117), (2) a blend of hetero- and homofermentative LAB strains containing Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM26571), Enterococcus faecium (DSM22502), and Lactobacillus buchneri (DSM22501), or (3) a blend of hetero- and homofermentative LAB strains containing Lactobacillus buchneri (DSM22501) and Lactococcus lactis (DSM11037). They were compared to ensiling without additive. After 60 days of fermentation at room temperature, mini-silos were opened, sampled for proximate analysis, forage hygiene, fermentation profile, and subjected to an aerobic stability (AS) test. Although the addition of homofermentative LAB strains was effective in reducing fermentation losses, it impaired the aerobic stability of rye silages. The combination of hetero- and homofermentative LAB strains was effective in reducing the aerobic deterioration of the rye silages by supporting a low pH value and inhibiting the proliferation of yeast and moulds.
{"title":"Effect of inoculants of different composition on the quality of rye silages harvested at different stages of maturity","authors":"J. Jatkauskas, V. Vrotniakienė, I. Eisner, Kristian K. Witt, G. Copani","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115381","url":null,"abstract":"Winter rye (Secale cereale L.), one of the small-grain winter annuals, can be used as a cover crop for protection against soil erosion for absorption of unused soil nitrogen, and for cattle feed by preserving as silage. The experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the potential of the blend of homofermentative and hetero- and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a rye silage additive. Early-cut rye (at boot stage, wilted) and whole-crop rye (at milk and soft dough stages of grain) were ensiled in laboratory mini-silos with (1) a blend of homofermentative LAB strains containing Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM26571), Enterococcus faecium (DSM22502), and Lactococcus lactis (NCIMB30117), (2) a blend of hetero- and homofermentative LAB strains containing Lactobacillus plantarum (DSM26571), Enterococcus faecium (DSM22502), and Lactobacillus buchneri (DSM22501), or (3) a blend of hetero- and homofermentative LAB strains containing Lactobacillus buchneri (DSM22501) and Lactococcus lactis (DSM11037). They were compared to ensiling without additive. After 60 days of fermentation at room temperature, mini-silos were opened, sampled for proximate analysis, forage hygiene, fermentation profile, and subjected to an aerobic stability (AS) test. Although the addition of homofermentative LAB strains was effective in reducing fermentation losses, it impaired the aerobic stability of rye silages. The combination of hetero- and homofermentative LAB strains was effective in reducing the aerobic deterioration of the rye silages by supporting a low pH value and inhibiting the proliferation of yeast and moulds.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91119783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to investigate the effect of supplemented chestnut hydrolysable tannin (HT) both at ensiling and at feeding on lamb growth, carcass characteristic, and meat quality. Twenty tons of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were used to produce silage. The ryegrass was treated at ensiling with one of three additives: 30 g kg-1 DM chestnut HT (GET), an inoculant as a positive control (GI), or water as a negative control (G). Another two treatments were made from ensiled grass by adding the 30 g kg-1 DM of chestnut HT to either positive (GI+T) or negative (GT) control. Forty Suffolk cross Mule lambs were used in this experiment and allocated to receive one of five experimental forage treatments with eight lambs per treatment. The diet consisted of two parts: concentrate and silage. Lambs were fed 215 g DM day-1 lamb of concentrate diet and ad libitum grass silage for seven weeks and then slaughtered. Back fat thickness tended to be lower (p= 0.07) for lambs fed the GT and GI+T treatments compared to lambs in the other experimental groups’ (10.0, 10.1, 9.8, 10.0, and 9.8 mm for GET, G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively). Feeding lambs GET tended to reduce (p= 0.06) meat lightness (L*) compared to the other treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid was reduced significantly (p< 0.05) when lambs consumed diets treated with tannin both at ensiling and at feeding (0.14, 0.19, 0.17, 0.17 and 0.14g l-1 GET G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively). The experimental treatments had no effect (p> 0.05) on voluntary feed intake (914, 916, 899, 928, or 914 g day-1 for GET, G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively) or lamb performance.
本试验旨在研究在青贮和饲粮阶段添加板栗水解单宁(HT)对羔羊生长、胴体特性和肉品质的影响。20吨黑麦草(Lolium perenne)用于生产青贮饲料。黑麦草青贮时分别添加30 g kg-1 DM板栗HT (GET)、一种接种剂作为阳性对照(GI)或水作为阴性对照(g)中的一种。另外两种处理是在青贮草中添加30 g kg-1 DM板栗HT作为阳性对照(GI+T)或阴性对照(GT)。选用40只萨福克杂交骡子羔羊，分为5个饲粮处理，每个处理8只。日粮由精料和青贮两部分组成。饲喂精料日粮和任意青贮的215 g d -1羔羊，饲喂7周后屠宰。与其他试验组(GET、G、GT、GI和GI+T分别为10.0、10.1、9.8、10.0和9.8 mm)相比，GT和GI+T处理的羔羊背部脂肪厚度有降低的趋势(p= 0.07)。与其他处理相比，饲粮GET有降低羔羊肉轻度(L*)的趋势(p= 0.06)。青贮期和饲粮中添加单宁(分别为0.14、0.19、0.17、0.17和0.14 G l-1 GET G、GT、GI和GI+T)显著降低了瘤胃液氨氮浓度(p< 0.05)。试验处理对羔羊自愿采食量(GET、g、GT、GI和GI+T分别为914、916、899、928和914 g d -1)和生产性能无显著影响(p> 0.05)。
{"title":"The effect of supplemented chestnut tannin to grass silage either at ensiling or at feeding on lamb performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality","authors":"V. Taha, J. Huntington, R. Wilkinson, D. Davies","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115275","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to investigate the effect of supplemented chestnut hydrolysable tannin (HT) both at ensiling and at feeding on lamb growth, carcass characteristic, and meat quality. Twenty tons of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were used to produce silage. The ryegrass was treated at ensiling with one of three additives: 30 g kg-1 DM chestnut HT (GET), an inoculant as a positive control (GI), or water as a negative control (G). Another two treatments were made from ensiled grass by adding the 30 g kg-1 DM of chestnut HT to either positive (GI+T) or negative (GT) control. Forty Suffolk cross Mule lambs were used in this experiment and allocated to receive one of five experimental forage treatments with eight lambs per treatment. The diet consisted of two parts: concentrate and silage. Lambs were fed 215 g DM day-1 lamb of concentrate diet and ad libitum grass silage for seven weeks and then slaughtered. Back fat thickness tended to be lower (p= 0.07) for lambs fed the GT and GI+T treatments compared to lambs in the other experimental groups’ (10.0, 10.1, 9.8, 10.0, and 9.8 mm for GET, G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively). Feeding lambs GET tended to reduce (p= 0.06) meat lightness (L*) compared to the other treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid was reduced significantly (p< 0.05) when lambs consumed diets treated with tannin both at ensiling and at feeding (0.14, 0.19, 0.17, 0.17 and 0.14g l-1 GET G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively). The experimental treatments had no effect (p> 0.05) on voluntary feed intake (914, 916, 899, 928, or 914 g day-1 for GET, G, GT, GI, and GI+T, respectively) or lamb performance.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87377158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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