Agricultural and Food Science最新文献

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Does the Cost of Foreign Workers Affect the Wages of Local Agricultural Workers? Evidence from Israel 外劳成本是否影响本地农业工人的工资?来自以色列的证据

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3764933

Yuval Rittberg, A. Kimhi

Modern agriculture often relies on foreign workers. Critics claim that it hinders investments in labor-saving techniques, and leads to unemployment of unskilled native workers. Proponents highlight the contribution of foreign workers to growth, especially in rural areas.

This paper investigates whether the inflow foreign workers really affect the demand for local workers in agriculture. We exploit an 8% tax that was assessed on the wages of foreign workers in 2003. If foreign workers are substitutes to local unskilled workers, the demand for local unskilled workers should increase as a result of the tax, and their wages should increase, unless their supply is perfectly elastic. On the other hand, if unskilled workers, foreign or local, are complements to skilled agricultural workers, the demand of the latter should decline, and their wages should decline as well.

We found, using a difference-in-difference regression approach, that the wages of local unskilled agricultural workers in Israel increased about 9% following the taxation of foreign worker wages, but the effect is not statistically significant, perhaps because of the small sample size. No changes in wages were found for skilled workers.

To conclude, this research provides some support to the hypothesis that there is substitution between foreign workers and local unskilled Israeli workers in agriculture, but this conclusion is not strong enough statistically.

现代农业常常依靠外国工人。批评人士声称，这阻碍了对节省劳动力技术的投资，并导致非技术工人的失业。支持者强调了外国工人对经济增长的贡献，尤其是在农村地区。本文考察了外来劳动力的流入是否真的影响了农业对本地劳动力的需求。我们利用了2003年对外国工人工资征收的8%的税。如果外国工人是本地非熟练工人的替代品，那么对本地非熟练工人的需求应该会因为税收而增加，他们的工资应该会增加，除非他们的供给是完全弹性的。另一方面，如果非技术工人，无论是外国工人还是当地工人，是熟练农业工人的补充，后者的需求应该下降，他们的工资也应该下降。我们发现，使用差中差回归方法，以色列当地非熟练农业工人的工资在对外国工人工资征税后增加了约9%，但这种影响在统计上并不显著，可能是因为样本量小。技术工人的工资没有变化。综上所述，本研究为农业领域外籍工人与以色列本地非熟练工人之间存在替代的假设提供了一些支持，但这一结论在统计上不够有力。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of strategies for working capital management of listed food companies from Northern Europe 北欧食品上市公司营运资金管理策略比较

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-26 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.88257

S. Zabolotnyy, T. Sipiläinen

The research presents the application of fuzzy logic for synthetic evaluation of strategies for working capital management of twelve food companies from Northern Europe in 2005–2015. A set of financial ratios formed an aggregated indicator reflecting the complexity of relationships between the level and structure of current assets and liabilities of a firm. Based on the proposed indicator, four types of strategies for working capital management were identified and characterized in terms of risk and return preferences. Only a few companies from the sample demonstrated a direct orientation on liquidity or value within their strategies for working capital management. To retain flexibility in short-term financial management, most firms applied moderate policies for current assets and liabilities that helped them in maintaining liquidity and reducing the cost of financing. The integrity of the proposed method for the synthetic evaluation of working capital management makes it a convenient managerial tool suitable for use in firms operating in a turbulent business environment.

本研究运用模糊逻辑对北欧12家食品企业2005-2015年营运资金管理策略进行综合评价。一组财务比率形成了一个综合指标，反映了企业流动资产和负债的水平和结构之间关系的复杂性。根据提出的指标，确定了四种类型的营运资金管理策略，并在风险和回报偏好方面进行了表征。样本中只有少数公司在营运资本管理战略中表现出对流动性或价值的直接导向。为了保持短期财务管理的灵活性，大多数公司对流动资产和负债采用温和的政策，以帮助它们保持流动性和降低融资成本。所提出的营运资金管理综合评估方法的完整性使其成为一种方便的管理工具，适用于在动荡的商业环境中运营的公司。

引用次数: 6

Long-term effect of farming systems on the yield of crop rotation and soil nutrient content 耕作制度对轮作产量和土壤养分含量的长期影响

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-25 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.85221

I. Keres, M. Alaru, V. Eremeev, L. Talgre, A. Luik, E. Loit

The effects of organic (manure, cover crop) and mineral fertilisers on total yield, soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dynamics and soil pH changes were studied over 10 years. Five field crops (spring barley, red clover, winter wheat, field pea, potato) were grown organically and conventionally in rotation. The total yield of the five crops fertilized similarly was 24–25% higher in conventionally fertilised treatments than in organic treatments. The higher yielding conventionally fertilised treatments (annual total yield 29.0–29.8 t ha–1) removed 12–18 kg ha–1 P and 45–73 kg ha–1 K per year, which was respectively 28–35% and 28–40% higher than organic treatments. The soil became more acidic in the conventional system (pH 5.4–5.9 versus 5.9-6.3). The highest annual P and K uptake was by potato, followed by winter wheat. Use of winter cover crops and composted cattle manure in the organic system did not maintain the levels of P and K in the soil at baseline.

研究了有机肥、覆盖作物和矿物肥对土壤总产量、土壤磷、钾动态和pH变化的影响。五种大田作物(春大麦、红三叶草、冬小麦、大田豌豆、马铃薯)采用有机和常规轮作方式种植。常规施肥处理的5种作物的总产量比有机施肥处理高24-25%。高产常规施肥处理(年总产量29.0 ~ 29.8 t hm - 1)每年去除12 ~ 18 kg hm - 1磷和45 ~ 73 kg hm - 1钾，分别比有机处理高28 ~ 35%和28 ~ 40%。土壤在常规系统中变得更酸(pH值5.4-5.9比5.9-6.3)。年磷、钾吸收量最高的是马铃薯，其次是冬小麦。在有机系统中使用冬季覆盖作物和堆肥牛粪不能维持土壤中磷和钾的基线水平。

引用次数: 6

The Benefits of Biostimulants in Increasing Fertilizer Efficiency the Use of Bio-Stimulants on Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Crop Yield 生物刺激素在提高肥料效率方面的作用生物刺激素的使用对肥料利用率和作物产量的影响

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3633814

Raewyn McGehan

Some of the Key Fertiliser Issues of our time include ways to increasing the efficiency of applied fertilizers, the issue of increasing cost of mineral resources, the importance of trace elements and challenges of their applications as well as reducing environmental effects from fertilizer leaching. In the current economic environment, growers are continuously pressured to maximize yield and optimize inputs. Fertilizer and its efficiency play a major role within these practices. It is therefore imperative to maximize the efficiency of applied fertilizer. Omnia has developed an effective, easy to apply, biostimulant coating product called FertiCoat with the main objective of increasing fertilizer use efficiency. Nutrients like phosphorous can become fixed in the soil and become unavailable for crop growth. In low pH soils this occurs due to Al and Fe fixing phosphorous and in high pH soils calcium, magnesium and bicarbonates tie up available phosphorous. To avoid this, FertiCoat™ can be used as a coating onto granular planting fertilizer, Urea or mixed with UAN. It complexes with phosphorous and keep it from being fixed in the soil by unfavorable elements. This makes the applied nutrients more plant available and therefore increases its efficiency and results in increased yields. FertiCoat consists biostimulants like Seaweed, humates, fulvates, Amino Acids and polymers. Besides the benefits from humates and fulvates, it is known that plant hormones and amino acids in Seaweeds will promote plant growth and assist plants to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. This process indirectly increases fertilizer efficiency as plants will be more vigorous with less fertilizer application. FertiCoat formulation contains these biostimulants in desired levels. Omnia has researched FertiCoat™ over many years and has proven it to be a superior coating product.

我们这个时代的一些关键肥料问题包括提高施用肥料效率的方法，矿物资源成本增加的问题，微量元素的重要性及其应用的挑战，以及减少肥料浸出对环境的影响。在当前的经济环境下，种植者不断面临着产量最大化和投入优化的压力。肥料及其效率在这些实践中起着重要作用。因此，必须最大限度地提高施用肥料的效率。Omnia开发了一种有效、易于施用的生物刺激素涂层产品，称为FertiCoat，其主要目的是提高肥料利用率。像磷这样的营养物质会固定在土壤中，不利于作物生长。在低pH值土壤中，这是由于铝和铁固定磷，而在高pH值土壤中，钙、镁和碳酸氢盐束缚了可用磷。为了避免这种情况，FertiCoat™可以用作颗粒种植肥料，尿素或与UAN混合的涂层。它与磷配合，防止磷被不利元素固定在土壤中。这使得施用的养分更容易被植物利用，从而提高其效率并导致产量增加。FertiCoat含有海藻、腐植酸盐、富利酸盐、氨基酸和聚合物等生物刺激素。除了腐植酸盐和富利酸盐的益处外，我们还知道海藻中的植物激素和氨基酸会促进植物生长，帮助植物抵御生物和非生物胁迫。这一过程间接地提高了肥料效率，因为植物施用较少的肥料会更旺盛。肥料配方中含有所需水平的这些生物刺激物。Omnia对FertiCoat™进行了多年的研究，并证明了它是一种卓越的涂料产品。

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引用次数: 0

Control of liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha L.) growth in nursery plants with mulches of Sphagnum moss and blackcurrant stem pieces 绿苔与黑加仑茎片复盖对苗圃地茅生长的控制

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-22 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.90687

L. Särkkä, R. Tahvonen

Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha L.) is a problematic weed on container surfaces in nurseries, because it hampers water and nutrient access to growing plants. No chemical herbicide against it is available in the EU. Mulches are the most common non-chemical weed control method. Mulches of Sphagnum moss and 1-cm blackcurrant stem pieces were used. Mulches’ effect on liverwort control continued for two years on highbush blueberry and blackcurrant, and one year on rhododendron. The blackcurrant stem pieces trial continued for one year. Blueberry and rhododendron demand acidic growing media, creating an acute need for liverwort control. Sieved moss was used in two different layers on top of a pot. The prevention rate of liverwort growth in blueberry in July–August was 95–99%, and in October 78–90%, depending on weather conditions; in rhododendron and blackcurrant, it was 90–95%.The control effect was diminished in more decomposed moss. No significant difference between thickness and coarseness of moss mulch layers was observed. Blackcurrant stem pieces controlled liverwort growth by almost 100%.

茅(Marchantia polymorpha L.)在苗圃的容器表面是一个有问题的杂草，因为它阻碍了植物生长的水和营养物质的获取。欧盟没有针对它的化学除草剂。地膜是最常用的非化学除草方法。覆盖苔藓和1cm黑加仑茎片。地膜对高丛蓝莓和黑加仑的防治效果持续2年，对杜鹃花的防治效果持续1年。黑加仑茎片试验持续了一年。蓝莓和杜鹃花需要酸性生长介质，这就产生了防治苔草的迫切需要。筛过的青苔在花盆上分两层施用，7 ~ 8月蓝莓防苔率为95 ~ 99%，10月防苔率为78 ~ 90%;杜鹃花和黑加仑为90-95%。腐烂程度越深，防治效果越差。苔藓覆盖层厚度和粗细无显著差异。黑加仑茎块几乎100%地控制了肝菌的生长。

引用次数: 3

A registry-based study of declined foaling rates in Finnhorses 芬兰马产仔率下降的基于登记的研究

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-22 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.89440

T. Reilas, T. Katila, M. Kosola, A. Virtala

In Finland, the seasonal foaling rates of trotters began declining at the beginning of the 2000s. This retrospective study aimed to elaborate factors behind the declining foaling rates in Finnhorses using multivariable logit models. The mating records from years 1998 to 2000 (period 1, n = 5967) and 2002 to 2004 (period 2, n = 5373) originated from the Finnish trotting and breeding association. The over-all foaling rate was 66.6% during period 1 and 62.4% during period 2 (p < 0.0001). Foaling rate for on-site artificial insemination decreased from 70.2% to 64.8% (p = 0.003). The proportion of the most fertile mare groups, 2–9-year-olds and foaled mares, decreased by 8.2 and 7.1 percentage points, respectively. Differences in foaling rates between young and middle-aged mares, and maiden and foaled mares changed from non-significant to significant (p<0.0001) due to the foaling rate decline in middle-aged (p = 0.001) and maiden mares (p = 0.01). The decline in foaling rate was also significant for barren and rested mares (p < 0.05), natural mating (p = 0.01), and book size >68 (p < 0.0001). It was concluded that multiple factors were responsible for the foaling rate decline.

在芬兰，猪蹄的季节性产崽率在21世纪初开始下降。本回顾性研究旨在利用多变量logit模型详细阐述芬兰马产仔率下降背后的因素。1998 - 2000年(第1期，n = 5967)和2002 - 2004年(第2期，n = 5373)的交配记录来源于芬兰小跑和繁殖协会。第1期总产蛋率为66.6%，第2期为62.4% (p < 0.0001)。现场人工授精的产仔率由70.2%降至64.8% (p = 0.003)。生育能力最强的母马群体，2 - 9岁的母马和有驹母马的比例分别下降了8.2和7.1个百分点。青年母马和中年母马、未婚母马和有胎母马产仔率的差异由无显著到显著(p68 (p < 0.0001))。结果表明，产蛋率下降的原因是多方面的。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of growth control on yield and fruit quality of the apple cultivar ‘Rubin’ 生长控制对‘鲁宾’苹果产量和果实品质的影响

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-22 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.90757

Darius, J. Viškelis, J. Lanauskas, N. Uselis, M. Liaudanskas, V. Janulis

Nobertas Uselis1, Jonas Viškelis1, Juozas Lanauskas1, Mindaugas Liaudanskas1,2, Valdimaras Janulis2 and Darius Kviklys1,3 1Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno 30, Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eivenių 4, Kaunas, Lithuania 3Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research – NIBIO Ullensvang, Lofthus, Norway e-mail: d.kviklys@lsdi.lt

引用次数: 8

The contamination of Fabaceae plants with fungi and mycotoxins 豆科植物的真菌和真菌毒素污染

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-22 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.89171

A. Orina, O. Gavrilova, T. Gagkaeva, A. Burkin, G. Kononenko

This study aimed to assess the contamination of Fabaceae plants with fungi and mycotoxins, which have a negative effect on the health of consumers of plant products. Quantitative PCR was used to analyse the DNA of Alternaria, Cladosporium and Fusarium fungi in 69 plant samples harvested from four Russian regions in 2015. Additionally, mycotoxins were analysed using ELISA. Cladosporium fungi DNA was found in all the analysed samples; the occurrence of Alternaria and Fusarium DNA was 84% and 51%, respectively. Mycotoxin alternariol was detected in 100% and emodin in 90% of the samples. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2/HT-2 mycotoxins was 32%, 42% and 41%, respectively. Plant species had no significant effect on the Alternaria, Cladosporium and Fusarium DNA content of the samples; however, the alternariol, emodin, deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol contents differed significantly between plant species. The geographical origin had a statistically significant effect on the Alternaria and Fusarium DNA contents, likely due to differences in weather conditions.

本研究旨在评估豆科植物中真菌和真菌毒素对植物产品消费者健康的负面影响。采用定量PCR方法对2015年在俄罗斯4个地区收获的69份植物样品中的赤孢菌、枝孢菌和镰刀菌进行了DNA分析。此外，采用ELISA法对真菌毒素进行分析。在所有分析样本中均发现枝孢菌DNA;稻瘟菌和镰刀菌DNA的发生率分别为84%和51%。霉菌毒素互交醇的检出率为100%，大黄素的检出率为90%。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇、二乙酰氧基哌替啶醇和T-2/HT-2真菌毒素的发生率分别为32%、42%和41%。植物种类对交孢菌、枝孢菌和镰刀菌DNA含量无显著影响;然而，不同植物种类间的互变醇、大黄素、脱氧雪腐烯醇和二乙酰氧基旋烯醇含量差异显著。地理来源对稻瘟菌和镰刀菌DNA含量有统计学上显著的影响，可能是由于天气条件的差异。

引用次数: 6

Bpop: an efficient program for estimating base population allele frequencies in single and multiple group structured populations Bpop:一种在单群和多群结构群体中估计基础群体等位基因频率的有效程序

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-18 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.90955

I. Strandén, E. Mäntysaari

Base population allele frequencies (AF) should be used in genomic evaluations. A program named Bpop was implemented to estimate base population AF using a generalized least squares (GLS) method when the base population individuals can be assigned to groups. The required dense matrix products involving (A22 ) -1v were implemented efficiently using sparse submatrices of A-1, where A and A22 are pedigree relationship matrices for all and genotyped animals, respectively. Three approaches were implemented: iteration on pedigree (IOP), iteration in memory (IM), and direct inversion by sparsity preserving Cholesky decomposition (CHM). The test data had 1.5 million animals genotyped using 50240 markers. Total computing time (the product (A22) -11) was 53 min (1.2 min) by IOP, 51 min (0.3 min) by IM, and 56 min (4.6 min) by CHM. Peak computer core memory use was 0.67 GB by IOP, 0.80 GB by IM, and 7.53 GB by CHM. Thus, the IOP and IM approaches can be recommended for large data sets because of their low memory use and computing time.

基础群体等位基因频率(AF)应用于基因组评估。利用广义最小二乘(GLS)方法，在基本种群个体可以被分配到群体的情况下，实现了一个名为Bpop的程序来估计基本种群的AF。所需的包含(A22) -1v的密集矩阵乘积使用A-1的稀疏子矩阵有效地实现，其中A和A22分别是所有和基因型动物的家系关系矩阵。实现了三种方法:谱系迭代(IOP)、内存迭代(IM)和保持稀疏度的Cholesky分解(CHM)直接反演。测试数据使用50240个标记对150万只动物进行基因分型。总计算时间(乘积(A22) -11) IOP为53 min (1.2 min)， IM为51 min (0.3 min)， CHM为56 min (4.6 min)。IOP、IM和CHM的计算机核心内存使用峰值分别为0.67 GB、0.80 GB和7.53 GB。因此，IOP和IM方法可以推荐用于大型数据集，因为它们的内存使用和计算时间较低。

引用次数: 7

Effect of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) meals on the meat quality in broilers 黑兵蝇饲粮对肉鸡肉质的影响

IF 1.2 4区农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Agricultural and Food Science

Pub Date : 2020-06-18 DOI: 10.23986/afsci.88098

T. Popova, E. Petkov, M. Ignatova

The experiment aimed to assess the effect of dietary inclusion of meals derived from Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae on the meat quality in broilers. The birds were divided into three groups according to the formulated diets: control (CON)– receiving standard diet, Т1 – receiving 5% partially defatted and Т2 – receiving 5% full fat BSF meal during the finishing period (14–35 d). At the age of 35 days, 10 broilers from each group were slaughtered for meat quality evaluation. The dietary inclusion of the BSF meals was associated with decrease of pH and lighter colour of the meat. The total amount of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and atherogenic index (AI) were increased, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the ratios between PUFA and SFA (P/S), n-6/n-3 PUFA and hypo/hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (h/H) were decreased in the meat of the broilers consuming insect meals. The results of the study suggest good prospective for further research with the examined BSF meals for broiler nutrition to formulate feeding strategies that will not alter negatively meat quality and its healthy value.

本试验旨在评价饲粮中添加黑兵蝇幼虫对肉鸡肉质的影响。在育肥期(14 ~ 35 d)，按配制的饲粮分为对照组(CON)、Т1 (Т1)和Т2 (Т2)，分别饲喂标准饲粮、5%部分脱脂饲粮和5%全脂BSF饲粮。35日龄时，每组屠宰10只肉鸡进行肉质评价。膳食中加入BSF的肉与pH值降低和肉的颜色变浅有关。食用昆虫粕的肉鸡肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量和动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)升高，多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、PUFA与SFA之比(P/S)、n-6/n-3 PUFA和低胆固醇/高胆固醇脂肪酸(h/ h)降低。本研究的结果表明，对所检测的肉鸡营养用BSF饲料进行进一步研究，以制定不会对肉质及其健康价值产生负面影响的饲养策略具有良好的前景。

引用次数: 13

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