In this study, dried chicken slices were packaged in MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) and AP (atmospheric packaging), and stored at 4 °C and 25 °C. The CO2 content of MAP packaged samples decreased as the storage temperature and time increased. The slices exhibited lower aw values when they were packaged in AP at 25 °C. The pH increased from 6.1 to 6.2, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased from 10.6 to 37.3 µmol MDA kg-1, and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) increased from 4.9 to 5.3 g 100 g-1 in MAP for 90 days of storage. The microbiological quality of the samples was assessed by enumerating total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), total psychrophilic bacteria (TPB), Micrococcus/ Staphylococcus, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae and yeast-mold, and was higher in the sample stored in MAP at 4 °C. Moreover, the sensory quality was determined by sensory evaluation with a 9-point hedonic scale. When the sensory and microbiological qualities were evaluated together, the shelf lives of the samples were determined to be 90 days at 4 °C and 75 days at 25 °C for MAP and 45 days at 4 °C and 30 days at 25 °C for AP. It could be concluded that the cold dried chicken slices can be stored in MAP for 90 days without much change in physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality.
本研究采用MAP(改性大气包装)和AP(常压包装)包装干鸡肉片，分别在4℃和25℃保存。MAP包装样品的CO2含量随储存温度和时间的增加而降低。在25°C的AP中包装时，切片的aw值较低。MAP中2-硫代巴比托酸活性物质(TBARS)从10.6µmol MDA kg-1增加到37.3µmol MDA kg-1，非蛋白氮(NPN)从4.9 g 100 g-1增加到5.3 g 100 g-1。通过对需氧中温细菌总数(TAMB)、嗜冷细菌总数(TPB)、微球菌/葡萄球菌、乳酸菌(LAB)、肠杆菌科细菌和酵母霉菌的计数来评价样品的微生物质量，结果表明，4℃MAP中保存的样品质量较高。此外，感官质量是由感官评价与9分的快乐量表确定。感官品质和微生物品质综合评价，MAP在4°C条件下的保质期为90天，25°C条件下的保质期为75天，AP在4°C条件下的保质期为45天，25°C条件下的保质期为30天。由此可见，冷干鸡片在MAP中保存90天，其理化品质、微生物品质和感官品质变化不大。
{"title":"Quality assessment of cold dried chicken slices during storage in different packages and temperatures","authors":"Elif Aykın Dinçer, M. Erbaş","doi":"10.23986/afsci.130323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.130323","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, dried chicken slices were packaged in MAP (modified atmosphere packaging) and AP (atmospheric packaging), and stored at 4 °C and 25 °C. The CO2 content of MAP packaged samples decreased as the storage temperature and time increased. The slices exhibited lower aw values when they were packaged in AP at 25 °C. The pH increased from 6.1 to 6.2, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased from 10.6 to 37.3 µmol MDA kg-1, and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) increased from 4.9 to 5.3 g 100 g-1 in MAP for 90 days of storage. The microbiological quality of the samples was assessed by enumerating total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), total psychrophilic bacteria (TPB), Micrococcus/ Staphylococcus, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Enterobacteriaceae and yeast-mold, and was higher in the sample stored in MAP at 4 °C. Moreover, the sensory quality was determined by sensory evaluation with a 9-point hedonic scale. When the sensory and microbiological qualities were evaluated together, the shelf lives of the samples were determined to be 90 days at 4 °C and 75 days at 25 °C for MAP and 45 days at 4 °C and 30 days at 25 °C for AP. It could be concluded that the cold dried chicken slices can be stored in MAP for 90 days without much change in physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86267682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristoffer H. Hellton, H. Amdahl, T. Thorarinsdottir, M. Alsheikh, T. Aamlid, M. Jørgensen, Sigiridur Dalmannsdottir, O. Rognli
The perennial forage grass timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is the most important forage crop in Norway. Future changesin the climate will affect growing conditions and hence the yield output. We used data from the Norwegian Value for Cultivation and Use testing to find a statistical prediction model for total dry matter yield (DMY) based on agro-climatic variables. The statistical model selection found that the predictors with the highest predictive power were growing degree days (GDD) in July and the number of days with rain (>1mm) in June–July. These predictors together explained 43% of the variability in total DMY. Further, the prediction model was combined with a range of climate ensembles (RCP4.5) to project DMY of timothy for the decades 2050–2059 and 2090–2099 at 8 locations in Norway. Our projections forecast that DMY of today’s timothy varieties may decrease substantially in South-Eastern Norway, but increase in Northern Norway, by the middle of the century, due to increased temperatures and changing precipitation patterns.
{"title":"Yield predictions of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in Norway under future climate scenarios","authors":"Kristoffer H. Hellton, H. Amdahl, T. Thorarinsdottir, M. Alsheikh, T. Aamlid, M. Jørgensen, Sigiridur Dalmannsdottir, O. Rognli","doi":"10.23986/afsci.127935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.127935","url":null,"abstract":"The perennial forage grass timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is the most important forage crop in Norway. Future changesin the climate will affect growing conditions and hence the yield output. We used data from the Norwegian Value for Cultivation and Use testing to find a statistical prediction model for total dry matter yield (DMY) based on agro-climatic variables. The statistical model selection found that the predictors with the highest predictive power were growing degree days (GDD) in July and the number of days with rain (>1mm) in June–July. These predictors together explained 43% of the variability in total DMY. Further, the prediction model was combined with a range of climate ensembles (RCP4.5) to project DMY of timothy for the decades 2050–2059 and 2090–2099 at 8 locations in Norway. Our projections forecast that DMY of today’s timothy varieties may decrease substantially in South-Eastern Norway, but increase in Northern Norway, by the middle of the century, due to increased temperatures and changing precipitation patterns.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73124721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dairy cows have a highly valuable ability to convert grass into milk. A modification of the normal three-cut harvesting strategy was evaluated consisting of shortened first grass regrowth period to increase the energy value of the silage crop over the whole growing season under Boreal conditions. Grass was ensiled from timothy-meadow fescue-red clover swards over two years at three consecutive harvests within the growing season. Diets based on the silages (D1, 1st cut; D2, 2nd cut and D3, 3rd cut) were fed to dairy cows in two milk production experiments using change-over designs and an average concentrate proportion of 0.41 on dry matter basis. Consistently high energy value in silages was achieved and despite minor differences in silage D-values, feed intake was highest for D1. The differences in energy-corrected milk yield between treatments were limited to an increase for D2 in Exp 2 so that feed energy conversion into milk was decreased with D1. A shortened first regrowth interval for grass silage harvest was a viable option, but forage area per animal and other farm specific factors should be considered when choosing the silage harvesting strategy.
{"title":"Shortened first regrowth interval of grass silage as a harvesting strategy to improve nutrient supply for dairy cows: a case study","authors":"A. Sairanen, S. Kajava, A. Palmio, M. Rinne","doi":"10.23986/afsci.127253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.127253","url":null,"abstract":"Dairy cows have a highly valuable ability to convert grass into milk. A modification of the normal three-cut harvesting strategy was evaluated consisting of shortened first grass regrowth period to increase the energy value of the silage crop over the whole growing season under Boreal conditions. Grass was ensiled from timothy-meadow fescue-red clover swards over two years at three consecutive harvests within the growing season. Diets based on the silages (D1, 1st cut; D2, 2nd cut and D3, 3rd cut) were fed to dairy cows in two milk production experiments using change-over designs and an average concentrate proportion of 0.41 on dry matter basis. Consistently high energy value in silages was achieved and despite minor differences in silage D-values, feed intake was highest for D1. The differences in energy-corrected milk yield between treatments were limited to an increase for D2 in Exp 2 so that feed energy conversion into milk was decreased with D1. A shortened first regrowth interval for grass silage harvest was a viable option, but forage area per animal and other farm specific factors should be considered when choosing the silage harvesting strategy.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75720392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anniina Lehtilä, A. Sairanen, S. Jaakkola, T. Kokkonen, K. Kuoppala, T. Jokiniemi, D. Wasonga, P. Mäkelä
Forage maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritional quality fluctuate markedly in Northern Europe due to weather conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Southern Finland (Helsinki, 2018–2020) and in Central Finland (Maaninka, Kuopio, 2019–2020) to study the effect of harvest time and use of mulch film, in order to optimize the dry matter (DM) yield and quality. Treatments included oxo-biodegradable mulch film and no mulch, and three harvest times (the latter only in Helsinki). Mulch film increased DM yield on average by 2.3 Mg ha-1 in Helsinki and by 3.8 Mg ha-1 in Maaninka. Mulch film had a minor effect on the quality, and overall, the quality improved, although DM yield accumulation had already ceased. Nevertheless, the starch contents fluctuated and remained mostly below the target rate – 300 g kg-1 DM – especially in Central Finland. The results indicate that mulch film improves forage maize yield, but a late harvest is still required to improve forage quality. However, climate conditions still restrict starch accumulation to ears in Northern European climate conditions, especially in the important milk production area in Central Finland.
在北欧，由于天气条件的影响，饲用玉米(Zea mays L.)产量和营养品质波动显著。为了优化干物质产量和品质，在芬兰南部(赫尔辛基，2018-2020)和芬兰中部(马宁卡，库奥皮奥，2019-2020)进行了田间试验，研究了收获时间和地膜使用对干物质产量和品质的影响。处理包括氧化生物可降解地膜和不覆盖地膜，三次收获(后者仅在赫尔辛基)。在赫尔辛基和马宁卡，地膜平均提高DM产量分别为2.3 Mg ha-1和3.8 Mg ha-1。地膜对品质的影响较小，总体而言，品质有所改善，但DM产量积累已经停止。然而，淀粉含量波动较大，大部分仍低于目标值(300 g kg-1 DM)，尤其是在芬兰中部地区。结果表明，覆膜可提高饲用玉米产量，但要提高饲用玉米品质，仍需晚收。然而，在北欧的气候条件下，特别是在芬兰中部重要的牛奶产区，气候条件仍然限制了淀粉在耳中的积累。
{"title":"Response of forage maize yield and quality to mulch film and harvest time in Northern Europe","authors":"Anniina Lehtilä, A. Sairanen, S. Jaakkola, T. Kokkonen, K. Kuoppala, T. Jokiniemi, D. Wasonga, P. Mäkelä","doi":"10.23986/afsci.125326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.125326","url":null,"abstract":"Forage maize (Zea mays L.) yield and nutritional quality fluctuate markedly in Northern Europe due to weather conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Southern Finland (Helsinki, 2018–2020) and in Central Finland (Maaninka, Kuopio, 2019–2020) to study the effect of harvest time and use of mulch film, in order to optimize the dry matter (DM) yield and quality. Treatments included oxo-biodegradable mulch film and no mulch, and three harvest times (the latter only in Helsinki). Mulch film increased DM yield on average by 2.3 Mg ha-1 in Helsinki and by 3.8 Mg ha-1 in Maaninka. Mulch film had a minor effect on the quality, and overall, the quality improved, although DM yield accumulation had already ceased. Nevertheless, the starch contents fluctuated and remained mostly below the target rate – 300 g kg-1 DM – especially in Central Finland. The results indicate that mulch film improves forage maize yield, but a late harvest is still required to improve forage quality. However, climate conditions still restrict starch accumulation to ears in Northern European climate conditions, especially in the important milk production area in Central Finland.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84012733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Finnish National Action Plan (NAP) on the Sustainable Use of Plant Protection Products for 2018–2022 was evaluated by a survey indicated to the experts involved in its implementation in 2022. The survey revealed several successes such as the training and certification system of professional users, retailers and advisers, regular inspection of spray equipment, and the web-based register of plant protection products (PPP). Measures, where further improvement is necessary, are, e.g., setting of environmental quality standards for all active substances, and monitoring of surface and ground waters for PPP residues, which has suffered from a lack of resources during the NAP period. Overall screening of the sustainability goals revealed progress in all aspects, though targeting, resourcing, and monitoring remained the area with least progress compared to the same screening conducted in 2015. The perception of the experts on the constraints that limit the fulfilment of the NAP most seriously remained similar compared to their views in 2014.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Finnish action plan for the sustainable use of pesticides 2018–2022","authors":"S. Autio, Emilia Laitala, Kaija Kallio-Mannila","doi":"10.23986/afsci.122220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.122220","url":null,"abstract":"The Finnish National Action Plan (NAP) on the Sustainable Use of Plant Protection Products for 2018–2022 was evaluated by a survey indicated to the experts involved in its implementation in 2022. The survey revealed several successes such as the training and certification system of professional users, retailers and advisers, regular inspection of spray equipment, and the web-based register of plant protection products (PPP). Measures, where further improvement is necessary, are, e.g., setting of environmental quality standards for all active substances, and monitoring of surface and ground waters for PPP residues, which has suffered from a lack of resources during the NAP period. Overall screening of the sustainability goals revealed progress in all aspects, though targeting, resourcing, and monitoring remained the area with least progress compared to the same screening conducted in 2015. The perception of the experts on the constraints that limit the fulfilment of the NAP most seriously remained similar compared to their views in 2014.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"09 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86024260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals. In Finland, Se supplementary feeding and Se-enriched macronutrient fertilisers are used in conventional farming because the Se availability from soil is extremely low. The objective of this study was to improve Se concentration in organic milk by replacing sodium selenite (SS) in mineral-vitamin mixture with selenium yeast (SY) either completely or partly (50/50). The feeding experiment was conducted on 15 certified organic dairy farms in Eastern Finland during spring 2008. The cross-over design consisted of three treatments (SS treatment, SY treatment, and SS/SY treatment), three experimental periods (28 days each), and three farm groups (different order of treatments). Replacing SS with the same amount (0.2 mg Se kg-1 feed dry matter) of SY more than doubled Se concentration in organic milk and their mixture resulted in slightly lower Se concentrations. In conclusion, SY supplementary feeding is needed to improve Se concentration in organic milk and Se supply to cows, their calves, and consumers.
硒是动物必需的微量元素。在芬兰，由于土壤中的硒含量极低，传统农业中使用补饲硒和富硒常量营养素肥料。本研究的目的是用酵母硒(SY)完全或部分(50/50)替代矿物质-维生素混合物中的亚硒酸钠(SS)，提高有机牛奶中的硒浓度。饲养试验于2008年春季在芬兰东部15个经认证的有机奶牛场进行。交叉试验设计为3个处理(SS处理、SY处理和SS/SY处理)，3个试验期(每个试验期28 d)， 3个农场组(处理顺序不同)。用相同量(0.2 mg Se kg-1饲料干物质)的SY代替SS，有机奶中Se浓度增加一倍以上，两者混合后Se浓度略有降低。综上所述，为了提高有机奶中硒的含量，提高奶牛、犊牛和消费者的硒供应，需要补饲SY。
{"title":"Increasing selenium concentration in Finnish organic milk using participatory action approach","authors":"E. Kuusela, L. Okker, Juho Kopra","doi":"10.23986/afsci.119804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.119804","url":null,"abstract":"Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals. In Finland, Se supplementary feeding and Se-enriched macronutrient fertilisers are used in conventional farming because the Se availability from soil is extremely low. The objective of this study was to improve Se concentration in organic milk by replacing sodium selenite (SS) in mineral-vitamin mixture with selenium yeast (SY) either completely or partly (50/50). The feeding experiment was conducted on 15 certified organic dairy farms in Eastern Finland during spring 2008. The cross-over design consisted of three treatments (SS treatment, SY treatment, and SS/SY treatment), three experimental periods (28 days each), and three farm groups (different order of treatments). Replacing SS with the same amount (0.2 mg Se kg-1 feed dry matter) of SY more than doubled Se concentration in organic milk and their mixture resulted in slightly lower Se concentrations. In conclusion, SY supplementary feeding is needed to improve Se concentration in organic milk and Se supply to cows, their calves, and consumers.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91012987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ellen Huan-Niemi, S. Huttunen, Ari Paloviita, Antti Puupponen, H. Lehtonen, J. Niemi
Agriculture is a contributing force to climate change due to unsustainable changes in land use with the usage of peatlands for food production in Finland. The use of organic soils in food production is a complex and politically driven issue, thus multistakeholder and participatory approaches to policy development, implementation and evaluation are essential. This study is integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in an iterative process to produce action-oriented knowledge for supporting actions to sustainably manage peatlands and reduce the enormous greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatlands. This study has engaged inter-disciplinary researchers and transdisciplinary actors in the Finnish food system via farmers, regional and ministry officials, food industry representatives along with education and research representatives to produce action-oriented knowledge for sustainability. The results indicate that actions are needed to develop a shared understanding between relevant actors and stakeholders in the food system to create activities and effective policy measures to remove peatlands from active production in Finland. Therefore, there is a necessity to identify and define incentives from both the public and private sectors to remove peatlands from food production, and thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Interventions that account for local, regional, and national perspectives should be co-created among the inter-disciplinary researchers and transdisciplinary actors in the food system to generate transformative and system-wide change in the transition towards a low-carbon society.
{"title":"Action-oriented knowledge for sustainable management of organic soils in Finnish agriculture","authors":"Ellen Huan-Niemi, S. Huttunen, Ari Paloviita, Antti Puupponen, H. Lehtonen, J. Niemi","doi":"10.23986/afsci.120743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.120743","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is a contributing force to climate change due to unsustainable changes in land use with the usage of peatlands for food production in Finland. The use of organic soils in food production is a complex and politically driven issue, thus multistakeholder and participatory approaches to policy development, implementation and evaluation are essential. This study is integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in an iterative process to produce action-oriented knowledge for supporting actions to sustainably manage peatlands and reduce the enormous greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatlands. This study has engaged inter-disciplinary researchers and transdisciplinary actors in the Finnish food system via farmers, regional and ministry officials, food industry representatives along with education and research representatives to produce action-oriented knowledge for sustainability. The results indicate that actions are needed to develop a shared understanding between relevant actors and stakeholders in the food system to create activities and effective policy measures to remove peatlands from active production in Finland. Therefore, there is a necessity to identify and define incentives from both the public and private sectors to remove peatlands from food production, and thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Interventions that account for local, regional, and national perspectives should be co-created among the inter-disciplinary researchers and transdisciplinary actors in the food system to generate transformative and system-wide change in the transition towards a low-carbon society.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89948668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Jerez-Timaure, Gaspar Brinckmann, M. Berkhoff, A. Ramírez-Reveco, P. Strobel
This study aimed to investigate the multivariate relationship between the glycolytic potential, and meat quality traits from grass-fed steers carcasses with variations in early postmortem pH. From a contemporary group of steers (n=70) from the same production unit and slaughtered under similar conditions, thirty carcasses (10/group) were selected based on pH values measured at 3h (pH3h): Low (< 6.2), Intermediate pH3h (6.2–6.5), and High (> 6.5). Carcasses segregated by pH3h groups were different (p < 0.05) in muscular glycogen (MCG), glucose (G+G6P) content, glycolytic potential (GP) and GPstrict (GP without lactate content). The interaction pH3h groups × sampling time was significant only for lactate content (LC) (p < 0.05). Quality traits, except redness, did not vary (p > 0.05) among pH3h groups. Color variables had a positive and moderate correlation with MGC, G+G6P, LC, and GP. Results does not allow to recommend early carcass segregation by very early pH (3h postmortem); however, important bivariate and multivariate relationships between G+G6P, lactate content and instrumental color parameters in LL muscle from grass-fed cattle were demonstrated.
{"title":"Variations of early postmortem pH in carcasses of grass-fed steers and its relationship with glycolytic potential and meat quality traits","authors":"N. Jerez-Timaure, Gaspar Brinckmann, M. Berkhoff, A. Ramírez-Reveco, P. Strobel","doi":"10.23986/afsci.121501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.121501","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the multivariate relationship between the glycolytic potential, and meat quality traits from grass-fed steers carcasses with variations in early postmortem pH. From a contemporary group of steers (n=70) from the same production unit and slaughtered under similar conditions, thirty carcasses (10/group) were selected based on pH values measured at 3h (pH3h): Low (< 6.2), Intermediate pH3h (6.2–6.5), and High (> 6.5). Carcasses segregated by pH3h groups were different (p < 0.05) in muscular glycogen (MCG), glucose (G+G6P) content, glycolytic potential (GP) and GPstrict (GP without lactate content). The interaction pH3h groups × sampling time was significant only for lactate content (LC) (p < 0.05). Quality traits, except redness, did not vary (p > 0.05) among pH3h groups. Color variables had a positive and moderate correlation with MGC, G+G6P, LC, and GP. Results does not allow to recommend early carcass segregation by very early pH (3h postmortem); however, important bivariate and multivariate relationships between G+G6P, lactate content and instrumental color parameters in LL muscle from grass-fed cattle were demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78409483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Martens, Vicki Wildner, Johanna Schulze, W. Richardt, J. Greef, A. Zeyner, O. Steinhöfel
Weather extremes in parts of Europe have led to a renewed search for alternative feeds for ruminants. Cereal straw presents one source of fibre, which is hard to digest due to its lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Chemical and biological treatments have been investigated to improve digestibility. Here, the applicability of alkaline treatments for farming conditions under EU legislation and their efficacy were checked. Thus, we tested caustic soda (60, 120 g kg-1straw) and urea (15, 30, 45, 60 g kg-1 straw without and with urease addition) applications both at laboratory scale and using a mixer-wagon. The nutritive value was evaluated analyzing chemical parameters including fibre components and estimating in vitro digestibility. The in vitro digestibility indicated by gas production, enzymatically soluble substrate and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (30h) was highest for the NaOH treatments, which did not differ by dose. Remoistening the straw to 600 g DM kg-1 was a precondition for the effectiveness of both treatments. Urease addition enhanced the intended ammonification when urea was applied at ≥ 30 g kg-1. An ambient temperature for urea treatment ≥ 25 °C was necessary and had to be maintained for at least 14 d post treatment. The determination of crude ash in NaOH treated feeds by the standard procedure and time overestimated the mineral fraction and had to be modified. This systematic approach provides guidance for feasible straw treatments for EU farmers. However, trials for feed acceptance and in vivo digestibility are needed to demonstrate the real effect in animals.
欧洲部分地区的极端天气导致人们重新寻找反刍动物的替代饲料。谷物秸秆是纤维的一种来源，由于其木质素-碳水化合物复合物而难以消化。已经研究了化学和生物处理来提高消化率。在这里，碱性处理在欧盟立法下对农业条件的适用性及其有效性进行了检查。因此，我们在实验室规模和使用混合车测试了烧碱(60、120 g kg-1吸管)和尿素(15、30、45、60 g kg-1吸管，不添加脲酶和添加脲酶)的应用。通过分析纤维成分等化学参数和体外消化率来评价其营养价值。以产气量、酶溶底物和中性洗涤纤维消化率(30h)为指标，NaOH处理的体外消化率最高，且无剂量差异。将秸秆重温至600 g DM kg-1是两种处理均有效的先决条件。当尿素用量≥30 g kg-1时，尿素酶的添加增强了预期的氨化作用。尿素处理的环境温度≥25°C是必要的，并且必须在处理后至少保持14 d。用标准程序和时间测定氢氧化钠处理饲料中的粗灰分，过高估计了矿物组分，必须加以修正。这种系统的方法为欧盟农民提供了可行的秸秆处理指导。然而，需要对饲料接受度和体内消化率进行试验，以证明其在动物中的实际效果。
{"title":"Chemical treatment of straw for ruminant feeding with NaOH or urea – investigative steps via practical application under current European Union conditions","authors":"S. Martens, Vicki Wildner, Johanna Schulze, W. Richardt, J. Greef, A. Zeyner, O. Steinhöfel","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115262","url":null,"abstract":"Weather extremes in parts of Europe have led to a renewed search for alternative feeds for ruminants. Cereal straw presents one source of fibre, which is hard to digest due to its lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Chemical and biological treatments have been investigated to improve digestibility. Here, the applicability of alkaline treatments for farming conditions under EU legislation and their efficacy were checked. Thus, we tested caustic soda (60, 120 g kg-1straw) and urea (15, 30, 45, 60 g kg-1 straw without and with urease addition) applications both at laboratory scale and using a mixer-wagon. The nutritive value was evaluated analyzing chemical parameters including fibre components and estimating in vitro digestibility. The in vitro digestibility indicated by gas production, enzymatically soluble substrate and neutral detergent fibre digestibility (30h) was highest for the NaOH treatments, which did not differ by dose. Remoistening the straw to 600 g DM kg-1 was a precondition for the effectiveness of both treatments. Urease addition enhanced the intended ammonification when urea was applied at ≥ 30 g kg-1. An ambient temperature for urea treatment ≥ 25 °C was necessary and had to be maintained for at least 14 d post treatment. The determination of crude ash in NaOH treated feeds by the standard procedure and time overestimated the mineral fraction and had to be modified. This systematic approach provides guidance for feasible straw treatments for EU farmers. However, trials for feed acceptance and in vivo digestibility are needed to demonstrate the real effect in animals.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86211901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Martens, Annette Jilg, M. Schneider, Barbara Misthilger, S. Ohl, O. Steinhöfel
Total Mixed Rations (TMR) including silages are commonly fed to cattle in many parts of the world, but they tend to deteriorate on exposure to air, especially in the warm season. The aim of the study was to develop an easy to implement protocol in order to compare the aerobic stability of different feed mixtures for lactating dairy cattle and to test the potential of TMR stabilizing products to delay spoilage. The experimental conditions were standardized to 25 °C ambient, and the sample dry matter was adjusted to 400 g kg-1 to challenge shelf life. Temperature rise in an insulated vessel, which is frequently used when testing silages, was shown to be one promising indicator of spoilage activity. Furthermore, determination of pH, scores for visual occurrence of yeasts and moulds and condensation from 0–4 were successfully applied at the end of the 72 h period. A dosage of 4.5 l propionic acid t-1 proved suitable as a positive control when compared to 1.5 and 3.0 l t-1. The commercial products tested at the recommended dose had a similar efficacy. The stabilizing effect depended principally on the original hygienic condition of the ration. Visual evaluation plus the recording of pH, in addition to continuous temperature measurement facilitated this appraisal. Early signs of spoilage, in particular, can only be assessed by visual appraisal. Thus, an evaluation of a combination of indicators of aerobic stability is recommended.
包括青贮饲料在内的全混合口粮(TMR)在世界上许多地方通常被喂给牛，但它们暴露在空气中往往会变质，特别是在温暖的季节。本研究的目的是制定一个易于实施的方案，以比较不同饲料混合物对泌乳奶牛的有氧稳定性，并测试TMR稳定产品延缓腐败的潜力。实验条件标准化为25°C环境，样品干物质调整为400 g kg-1以挑战保质期。在测试青贮时经常使用的绝缘容器中的温升被证明是一种有希望的变质活动指标。此外，在72 h结束时，成功地进行了pH测定，酵母和霉菌的视觉发生评分以及0-4之间的冷凝。与1.5 l和3.0 l t-1相比，4.5 l丙酸t-1作为阳性对照证明是合适的。在推荐剂量下测试的商业产品也有类似的功效。稳定效果主要取决于口粮的原始卫生条件。目视评价加上pH值的记录，以及连续的温度测量有助于这种评价。特别是，腐烂的早期迹象只能通过目测来评估。因此，建议对有氧稳定性的综合指标进行评估。
{"title":"Testing the aerobic stability of silage-based mixed rations using a multiple indicator approach","authors":"S. Martens, Annette Jilg, M. Schneider, Barbara Misthilger, S. Ohl, O. Steinhöfel","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115968","url":null,"abstract":"Total Mixed Rations (TMR) including silages are commonly fed to cattle in many parts of the world, but they tend to deteriorate on exposure to air, especially in the warm season. The aim of the study was to develop an easy to implement protocol in order to compare the aerobic stability of different feed mixtures for lactating dairy cattle and to test the potential of TMR stabilizing products to delay spoilage. The experimental conditions were standardized to 25 °C ambient, and the sample dry matter was adjusted to 400 g kg-1 to challenge shelf life. Temperature rise in an insulated vessel, which is frequently used when testing silages, was shown to be one promising indicator of spoilage activity. Furthermore, determination of pH, scores for visual occurrence of yeasts and moulds and condensation from 0–4 were successfully applied at the end of the 72 h period. A dosage of 4.5 l propionic acid t-1 proved suitable as a positive control when compared to 1.5 and 3.0 l t-1. The commercial products tested at the recommended dose had a similar efficacy. The stabilizing effect depended principally on the original hygienic condition of the ration. Visual evaluation plus the recording of pH, in addition to continuous temperature measurement facilitated this appraisal. Early signs of spoilage, in particular, can only be assessed by visual appraisal. Thus, an evaluation of a combination of indicators of aerobic stability is recommended.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79727273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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