J. Marković, Đ. Lazarević, F. Bekčić, Mladen Prijović, T. Vasić, S. Živkovic, R. Štrbanović
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is characterized by high dry matter (DM) yield and a high nutritive value. It has a higher concentration of soluble carbohydrate than lucerne and its protein is less degradable in the rumen than lucerne protein. The aim of this study was to quantify the main crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions of a tetraploid (4n, cv K-32) and a diploid (2n, cv K-39) red clover cultivar harvested at three stages of development in the spring growth. Results showed that the cultivar and stage of development had a large impact on chemical composition and the protein and carbohydrate fractions determined by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). The rapidly degradable protein fraction (PA) was significantly higher in the tetraploid (272 to 287 g kg-1 CP with advancing plant development) than in the diploid red clover cultivar (214 to 268 g kg-1 CP). Rumen degradable carbohydrate concentration was not affected by cultivar but it was significantly influenced by the stage of development. The concentration of rumen degradable protein decreased from 726 to 655 g kg-1 CP with advancing plant development in the diploid red clover cultivar. In conclusion, the tetraploid red clover cultivar was higher in CP, its protein was more rapidly degradable, and it was characterized by lower concentrations of lignin and unavailable carbohydrate fractions than the diploid cultivar.
红三叶草(Trifolium pratense L.)具有干物质产量高、营养价值高的特点。其可溶性碳水化合物浓度高于苜蓿素，其蛋白质在瘤胃内的可降解性低于苜蓿素蛋白质。本研究的目的是定量测定一个四倍体(4n, cv K-32)和一个二倍体(2n, cv K-39)红三叶草春季生长三个发育阶段的主要粗蛋白质(CP)和碳水化合物(CHO)组分。结果表明，品种和发育阶段对康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质系统(CNCPS)测定的化学成分和蛋白质和碳水化合物组分有较大影响。四倍体红三叶草的快速降解蛋白含量(PA)显著高于二倍体红三叶草(214 ~ 268 g kg-1 CP)，随着植株发育的推进，其含量为272 ~ 287 g kg-1 CP。瘤胃可降解碳水化合物浓度不受品种的影响，但受发育阶段的影响显著。随着二倍体红三叶草植株发育的推进，瘤胃可降解蛋白浓度从726 g kg-1 CP下降到655 g kg-1 CP。综上所述，与二倍体相比，四倍体红三叶草的CP含量更高，蛋白质降解速度更快，木质素和不可用碳水化合物含量更低。
{"title":"Protein and carbohydrate profiles of a diploid and a tetraploid red clover cultivar","authors":"J. Marković, Đ. Lazarević, F. Bekčić, Mladen Prijović, T. Vasić, S. Živkovic, R. Štrbanović","doi":"10.23986/afsci.113478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.113478","url":null,"abstract":"Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is characterized by high dry matter (DM) yield and a high nutritive value. It has a higher concentration of soluble carbohydrate than lucerne and its protein is less degradable in the rumen than lucerne protein. The aim of this study was to quantify the main crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate (CHO) fractions of a tetraploid (4n, cv K-32) and a diploid (2n, cv K-39) red clover cultivar harvested at three stages of development in the spring growth. Results showed that the cultivar and stage of development had a large impact on chemical composition and the protein and carbohydrate fractions determined by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). The rapidly degradable protein fraction (PA) was significantly higher in the tetraploid (272 to 287 g kg-1 CP with advancing plant development) than in the diploid red clover cultivar (214 to 268 g kg-1 CP). Rumen degradable carbohydrate concentration was not affected by cultivar but it was significantly influenced by the stage of development. The concentration of rumen degradable protein decreased from 726 to 655 g kg-1 CP with advancing plant development in the diploid red clover cultivar. In conclusion, the tetraploid red clover cultivar was higher in CP, its protein was more rapidly degradable, and it was characterized by lower concentrations of lignin and unavailable carbohydrate fractions than the diploid cultivar.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"31 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72429697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanbing Liu, Jiacheng Xue, Gongheng Che, Liping Guo, Juan Tang
Sprouts as a natural food have been commonly consumed in different cultures, which are richer in health-promoting compounds than their mature counterparts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of blue light on physiological and biochemical changes including sprout length, respiratory rate, free amino acids, ascorbic acid, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and myrosinase activity in germinating cabbage sprouts. Furthermore, their correlation analysis was conducted to elucidate their changing patterns during germination and relationships with each other. The respiratory rate, free amino acids and ascorbic acid content were greatly enhanced by blue light compared to the darkness. Blue light could better retain glucosinolate content in cabbage sprouts than the darkness. More isothiocyanates formation was observed from cabbage sprouts under blue light, which was a result of the promoted myrosinase activity and higher glucosinolate content. These results indicate that blue light has selectively improved the nutritional compounds in germinated cabbage sprouts.
{"title":"Effects of blue light on physiological and biochemical changes in germinating cabbage sprouts","authors":"Yanbing Liu, Jiacheng Xue, Gongheng Che, Liping Guo, Juan Tang","doi":"10.23986/afsci.119416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.119416","url":null,"abstract":"Sprouts as a natural food have been commonly consumed in different cultures, which are richer in health-promoting compounds than their mature counterparts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of blue light on physiological and biochemical changes including sprout length, respiratory rate, free amino acids, ascorbic acid, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates and myrosinase activity in germinating cabbage sprouts. Furthermore, their correlation analysis was conducted to elucidate their changing patterns during germination and relationships with each other. The respiratory rate, free amino acids and ascorbic acid content were greatly enhanced by blue light compared to the darkness. Blue light could better retain glucosinolate content in cabbage sprouts than the darkness. More isothiocyanates formation was observed from cabbage sprouts under blue light, which was a result of the promoted myrosinase activity and higher glucosinolate content. These results indicate that blue light has selectively improved the nutritional compounds in germinated cabbage sprouts.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"263 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79581701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olli Koskela, Leonardo Santiago Benitez Pereira, I. Pölönen, I. Aronen, I. Kunttu
Production animals enjoying good health and well-being are more productive and have a higher output quality. Several technical solutions have been used to monitor the animals’ welfare: those based on computer vision provide cost-efficient and scalable options. In this work, we performed a continuous two-month image acquisition of cows in front of an automatic milking station and divided the data into ten different classes related to the most important activities appearing in the images. The data consisted of almost 19 hours of video, equivalent to more than 1.7 million still images. Based on these imaged, we then implemented a convolutional neural network classifier to recognize the cows' behavior. The network was tested using cross-validation methodology and achieved an 86% precision rate and 85% recall rate in the classification. The data and the Python program code used in this study are made available. An image data set that directly resembles the harsh conditions inside a barn and can be used for deep learning purposes has not been previously made available.
{"title":"Deep learning image recognition of cow behavior and an open data set acquired near an automatic milking robot","authors":"Olli Koskela, Leonardo Santiago Benitez Pereira, I. Pölönen, I. Aronen, I. Kunttu","doi":"10.23986/afsci.111665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.111665","url":null,"abstract":"Production animals enjoying good health and well-being are more productive and have a higher output quality. Several technical solutions have been used to monitor the animals’ welfare: those based on computer vision provide cost-efficient and scalable options. In this work, we performed a continuous two-month image acquisition of cows in front of an automatic milking station and divided the data into ten different classes related to the most important activities appearing in the images. The data consisted of almost 19 hours of video, equivalent to more than 1.7 million still images. Based on these imaged, we then implemented a convolutional neural network classifier to recognize the cows' behavior. The network was tested using cross-validation methodology and achieved an 86% precision rate and 85% recall rate in the classification. The data and the Python program code used in this study are made available. An image data set that directly resembles the harsh conditions inside a barn and can be used for deep learning purposes has not been previously made available.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87732886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Bartosz, Sabina Baran, Michalina Grzesik-Pietrasiewicz, I. Sadowska-Bartosz
Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants with numerous beneficial health effects. However, their autoxidation may produce hydrogen peroxide. Black carrots owe their colour to the high anthocyanin content. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of and hydrogen generation by black and orange carrots. Black carrots were found to have a significantly higher anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity estimated by the FRAP assay, DPPH scavenging and ABTS• scavenging. Carrot, like other vegetables, generates hydrogen peroxide upon cooking. Black carrots generated much more hydrogen peroxide than orange carrots (55.0 ± 2.6 µM vs 6.0 ± 2.1 µM in phosphate buffer, 8.7 ± 1.2 vs 0.3 ± 0.1 µM in water, in 1:5 (w/v) homogenates. These small amounts of hydrogen peroxide are not likely to exert deleterious health effects but may have antimicrobial activity.
花青素是一种强大的抗氧化剂，对健康有许多有益的影响。然而，它们的自氧化会产生过氧化氢。黑胡萝卜的颜色是由于花青素含量高。本研究的目的是比较黑色胡萝卜和橙色胡萝卜的抗氧化能力和产氢能力。通过FRAP测定、DPPH清除能力和ABTS•清除能力估计，黑胡萝卜具有显著更高的花青素含量和抗氧化能力。胡萝卜和其他蔬菜一样，烹饪时会产生过氧化氢。在1:5 (w/v)的匀浆中，黑色胡萝卜比橙色胡萝卜产生更多的过氧化氢(在磷酸盐缓冲液中为55.0±2.6µM vs 6.0±2.1µM，在水中为8.7±1.2 vs 0.3±0.1µM)。这些少量的过氧化氢不太可能对健康产生有害影响，但可能具有抗菌活性。
{"title":"Antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide formation by black and orange carrots","authors":"G. Bartosz, Sabina Baran, Michalina Grzesik-Pietrasiewicz, I. Sadowska-Bartosz","doi":"10.23986/afsci.116192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.116192","url":null,"abstract":"Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants with numerous beneficial health effects. However, their autoxidation may produce hydrogen peroxide. Black carrots owe their colour to the high anthocyanin content. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity of and hydrogen generation by black and orange carrots. Black carrots were found to have a significantly higher anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity estimated by the FRAP assay, DPPH scavenging and ABTS• scavenging. Carrot, like other vegetables, generates hydrogen peroxide upon cooking. Black carrots generated much more hydrogen peroxide than orange carrots (55.0 ± 2.6 µM vs 6.0 ± 2.1 µM in phosphate buffer, 8.7 ± 1.2 vs 0.3 ± 0.1 µM in water, in 1:5 (w/v) homogenates. These small amounts of hydrogen peroxide are not likely to exert deleterious health effects but may have antimicrobial activity.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82843889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. G. Hansen, Maria Natalie Jenssen, Ingrid Melstveit Larsson
Due to stricter animal welfare regulations, in Norway tie-stalls for dairy cows are banned from 2034 onwards. The aim of this paper is to explore the profitability, risk and agricultural policy consequences associated with the transition from tie-stalls to loose housing. Data on farm economics and investments were collected from farm enterprise budgets on 66 farms that have built new cowsheds in recent years in Vestland county. Vestland was chosen because on average it has the smallest dairy farms in Norway, with 45 percent of the herds having less than 20 cows. To analyze profitability and risk we used net present value and stochastic simulation. The findings show that irrespective of herd size, to continue farming with an upgraded tie-stall is more profitable than to invest in new loose housing. For farms with less than 30 cows, investment in new loose housing is on average not profitable and involves a high risk. Unless the Governmental investment grant is significantly increased, the tie-stall ban will have large consequences for farm structure and conflict several agricultural policy goals. Farmland in less favored districts may go out of production, making it more difficult to reach the policy goals of increasing food production, agriculture across the country, biodiversity and rural viability. Our findings are of interest to politicians in countries where one considers stricter animal welfare regulations, as well as planners and farmers who consider investing in new loose housing dairies.
{"title":"Loose housing-nothing to lose? Exploring the on-farm profitability, risk and agricultural policy consequences associated with a tie-stall ban on dairy farms","authors":"B. G. Hansen, Maria Natalie Jenssen, Ingrid Melstveit Larsson","doi":"10.23986/afsci.113911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.113911","url":null,"abstract":"Due to stricter animal welfare regulations, in Norway tie-stalls for dairy cows are banned from 2034 onwards. The aim of this paper is to explore the profitability, risk and agricultural policy consequences associated with the transition from tie-stalls to loose housing. Data on farm economics and investments were collected from farm enterprise budgets on 66 farms that have built new cowsheds in recent years in Vestland county. Vestland was chosen because on average it has the smallest dairy farms in Norway, with 45 percent of the herds having less than 20 cows. To analyze profitability and risk we used net present value and stochastic simulation. The findings show that irrespective of herd size, to continue farming with an upgraded tie-stall is more profitable than to invest in new loose housing. For farms with less than 30 cows, investment in new loose housing is on average not profitable and involves a high risk. Unless the Governmental investment grant is significantly increased, the tie-stall ban will have large consequences for farm structure and conflict several agricultural policy goals. Farmland in less favored districts may go out of production, making it more difficult to reach the policy goals of increasing food production, agriculture across the country, biodiversity and rural viability. Our findings are of interest to politicians in countries where one considers stricter animal welfare regulations, as well as planners and farmers who consider investing in new loose housing dairies.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86550767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spring-tine harrowing is a common physical weed control practice employed in organic cereal cropping. The effectsof harrowing treatments on weeds and crop yield were studied in a field experiment of organically grown springcereals during 2018–2020. The objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of weed harrowing to enhance overallweed management in organic cropping in Finland. Single post-emergence weed harrowing, with or without covercrop drilling, at the 2–4 crop leaf stage was compared with a combined pre- and post-emergence weed harrowing.Treatments were repeated in the same plots for three years and weed occurrence was assessed prior to harrowing,two weeks later and at harvest time. Chenopodium album was the predominant weed species in all years.Although harrowing effectively reduced the weed abundance, which was best with the double treatment, the yieldresponse in terms of quantity and quality was negligible. Even so, weed harrowing in cereal years is recommendedto suppress weed proliferation in crop rotation.
{"title":"Effect of annually repeated weed harrowing against Chenopodium album (L.) in organically grown spring cereals","authors":"J. Salonen, M. Niemi, Minna Haavisto, E. Juvonen","doi":"10.23986/afsci.115327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.115327","url":null,"abstract":"Spring-tine harrowing is a common physical weed control practice employed in organic cereal cropping. The effectsof harrowing treatments on weeds and crop yield were studied in a field experiment of organically grown springcereals during 2018–2020. The objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of weed harrowing to enhance overallweed management in organic cropping in Finland. Single post-emergence weed harrowing, with or without covercrop drilling, at the 2–4 crop leaf stage was compared with a combined pre- and post-emergence weed harrowing.Treatments were repeated in the same plots for three years and weed occurrence was assessed prior to harrowing,two weeks later and at harvest time. Chenopodium album was the predominant weed species in all years.Although harrowing effectively reduced the weed abundance, which was best with the double treatment, the yieldresponse in terms of quantity and quality was negligible. Even so, weed harrowing in cereal years is recommendedto suppress weed proliferation in crop rotation.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78118546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the role of agricultural subsidies in the farm income (FI) variation in Estonia in the period 2006–2019 using data from a balanced panel of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farms. FI variability is decomposed to three components: market income, total subsidies, and the cost of external factors. The results reveal that subsidies have a larger share in income of smaller farms. Variability of FI differs in farm size quartiles and is significantly lower in case of largest 25% of farms. Revenues are the largest source of variation of FI. While subsidies reduce FI variation, there is no evidence that they are counter-cyclical. We argue that in addition to subsidies, smaller farms need advice on farm management to increase market income, improve its stability, and expand farm size, as larger farms have more stable incomes despite relatively lower producer support estimate (PSE) levels.
{"title":"The role of subsidies in stabilising farm income: Evidence from Estonia","authors":"Olha Aleksandrova, Tetiana Zhmykhova, A. Viira","doi":"10.23986/afsci.112241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.112241","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the role of agricultural subsidies in the farm income (FI) variation in Estonia in the period 2006–2019 using data from a balanced panel of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farms. FI variability is decomposed to three components: market income, total subsidies, and the cost of external factors. The results reveal that subsidies have a larger share in income of smaller farms. Variability of FI differs in farm size quartiles and is significantly lower in case of largest 25% of farms. Revenues are the largest source of variation of FI. While subsidies reduce FI variation, there is no evidence that they are counter-cyclical. We argue that in addition to subsidies, smaller farms need advice on farm management to increase market income, improve its stability, and expand farm size, as larger farms have more stable incomes despite relatively lower producer support estimate (PSE) levels.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78123297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enteric methane (CH4) represents about half of the climatic footprint of milk production in Finland. Methane is generated from the surplus hydrogen produced during the anaerobic feed digestion process in the rumen. Methane intensity per liter of energy corrected milk (g CH4 kg-1 ECM) is a function of the number of cows, milk yield (MY), replacement rate (RR), and the diet composition. This study aimed to model and report the inventory of CH4 from milk production in Finland between 1960 and 2020. Furthermore, we report the potential future scenarios of CH4 mitigation strategies based on the further development in MY and feed efficiency with constant or changing BW of cows. The diet composition of cattle was formulated for 5-year periods according to feed consumption statistics (ProAgria 2021) and the current metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for dairy cattle (Luke 2021a). The CH4 production from cattle was simulated using the formulated diets with the Nordic dairy cow model Karoline. The future CH4 mitigation scenarios of increased MY and improved feed efficiency were simulated using Lypsikki® dairy farm model. During the inventory period, the number of cows (1000) decreased from 1150 to less than 258, and MY increased three-fold. The total milk and CH4 production peaked in 1965 being 3650 and 110 million kg per year and decreased to 2300 and 48 million kg per year in 2020, respectively. Consequently, decreased number of cows and increased MY reduced the total CH4 production by 56%. In addition, CH4 intensity improved by 36% during the inventory period. Of the future scenarios, increased MY and improved feed efficiency had a substantial potential to improve CH4 intensity. In both scenarios maintaining the current BW of cows resulted in higher mitigation potential. We conclude that selecting more efficient animals has a significant CH4 mitigation potential.
{"title":"Methane production inventory between 1960–2020 in the Finnish dairy sector and the future mitigation scenarios","authors":"P. Huhtanen, Aleksi Astaptsev, J. Nousiainen","doi":"10.23986/afsci.113752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.113752","url":null,"abstract":"Enteric methane (CH4) represents about half of the climatic footprint of milk production in Finland. Methane is generated from the surplus hydrogen produced during the anaerobic feed digestion process in the rumen. Methane intensity per liter of energy corrected milk (g CH4 kg-1 ECM) is a function of the number of cows, milk yield (MY), replacement rate (RR), and the diet composition. This study aimed to model and report the inventory of CH4 from milk production in Finland between 1960 and 2020. Furthermore, we report the potential future scenarios of CH4 mitigation strategies based on the further development in MY and feed efficiency with constant or changing BW of cows. The diet composition of cattle was formulated for 5-year periods according to feed consumption statistics (ProAgria 2021) and the current metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for dairy cattle (Luke 2021a). The CH4 production from cattle was simulated using the formulated diets with the Nordic dairy cow model Karoline. The future CH4 mitigation scenarios of increased MY and improved feed efficiency were simulated using Lypsikki® dairy farm model. During the inventory period, the number of cows (1000) decreased from 1150 to less than 258, and MY increased three-fold. The total milk and CH4 production peaked in 1965 being 3650 and 110 million kg per year and decreased to 2300 and 48 million kg per year in 2020, respectively.\u0000Consequently, decreased number of cows and increased MY reduced the total CH4 production by 56%. In addition, CH4 intensity improved by 36% during the inventory period. Of the future scenarios, increased MY and improved feed efficiency had a substantial potential to improve CH4 intensity. In both scenarios maintaining the current BW of cows resulted in higher mitigation potential. We conclude that selecting more efficient animals has a significant CH4 mitigation potential.\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83294315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Winter production of greenhouse crops in northern countries is totally dependent on supplementary lighting. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the light source (high-pressure vapor lamps (HPS), light-emitting diodes (LED), or a combination) and their distribution in time on growth and coloration of red winter lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. ‘Carmoli’). The used energy associated to each of the light treatments was also evaluated. The number of leaves, fresh and dry weight were significantly higher for plants treated only with HPS lights, whereas the red pigmentation was enhanced in plants grown only under LEDs. The lower yield under LEDs was associated with a significantly lower leaf temperature compared to plants grown under HPS lights. One week at the end of the growth period under LEDs was enough to achieve a satisfactory red color, while not compromising plant yield. The energy use efficiency was increased by nearly 50% in the LED-only treatment despite the lower plant yield compared to the HPS-only treatment. These results demonstrate that supplemental light quality can be strategically used by improving the light source position in exposure sequence to enhance the growth and coloration of winter lettuce.
在北方国家，温室作物的冬季生产完全依赖于补充照明。本试验旨在探讨高压蒸汽灯(HPS)、发光二极管(LED)或两者组合的光源及其时间分布对冬红莴苣(Lactuca sativa L. cv.)生长和显色的影响。“Carmoli”)。每一种光处理所消耗的能量也进行了评估。仅在HPS光下生长的植株叶片数、鲜重和干重显著增加，而仅在led光下生长的植株红色色素沉着增强。与在HPS灯下生长的植物相比，led灯下的低产量与叶片温度显著降低有关。在led下的生长期结束时的一周足以获得令人满意的红色，同时不影响植物产量。尽管植物产量低于纯hps处理，但纯led处理的能源利用效率提高了近50%。这些结果表明，通过改善光源在曝光序列中的位置，可以有策略地利用补充光质量来促进冬莴苣的生长和着色。
{"title":"Importance of light source position in exposure sequence for optimization of coloration and yield of red winter lettuce","authors":"C. Stadler","doi":"10.23986/afsci.113503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.113503","url":null,"abstract":"Winter production of greenhouse crops in northern countries is totally dependent on supplementary lighting. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the light source (high-pressure vapor lamps (HPS), light-emitting diodes (LED), or a combination) and their distribution in time on growth and coloration of red winter lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. ‘Carmoli’). The used energy associated to each of the light treatments was also evaluated. The number of leaves, fresh and dry weight were significantly higher for plants treated only with HPS lights, whereas the red pigmentation was enhanced in plants grown only under LEDs. The lower yield under LEDs was associated with a significantly lower leaf temperature compared to plants grown under HPS lights. One week at the end of the growth period under LEDs was enough to achieve a satisfactory red color, while not compromising plant yield. The energy use efficiency was increased by nearly 50% in the LED-only treatment despite the lower plant yield compared to the HPS-only treatment. These results demonstrate that supplemental light quality can be strategically used by improving the light source position in exposure sequence to enhance the growth and coloration of winter lettuce.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74106569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to find the most beneficial time of weed harrowing with its intensity represented by the number of passes with spring-tine harrow executed on one day in a mixture of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) and narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). The randomized complete block design was applied in field conditions in 2015–2017. It comprised one factor, the timing and the intensity of post-emergence weed harrowing with the spring-tine harrow. The plots were harrowed once, twice, or three times on one day at six consecutive growth stages of triticale: BBCH 10, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22. Harrowing did not increase the grain yield of the triticale-lupin mixture, and when repeated three times at BBCH 21, it decreased the grain yield. The cereal was more resistant than lupin to timing and intensity of harrowing. The weeds were best controlled by a single cultivation conducted at the first leaf of triticale. This method caused a significant reduction in the density and the biomass of weeds at the anthesis of triticale and a reduction in the weed biomass at the full maturity of the mixture. Increasing intensity of harrowing by repeating cultivations had relatively weak influence on the weeds.
{"title":"The effect of timing and intensity of weed harrowing in triticale-lupin mixture on weeds and crops","authors":"E. Tendziagolska, P. Sobkowicz","doi":"10.23986/afsci.113476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.113476","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to find the most beneficial time of weed harrowing with its intensity represented by the number of passes with spring-tine harrow executed on one day in a mixture of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) and narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). The randomized complete block design was applied in field conditions in 2015–2017. It comprised one factor, the timing and the intensity of post-emergence weed harrowing with the spring-tine harrow. The plots were harrowed once, twice, or three times on one day at six consecutive growth stages of triticale: BBCH 10, 11, 12, 13, 21, 22. Harrowing did not increase the grain yield of the triticale-lupin mixture, and when repeated three times at BBCH 21, it decreased the grain yield. The cereal was more resistant than lupin to timing and intensity of harrowing. The weeds were best controlled by a single cultivation conducted at the first leaf of triticale. This method caused a significant reduction in the density and the biomass of weeds at the anthesis of triticale and a reduction in the weed biomass at the full maturity of the mixture. Increasing intensity of harrowing by repeating cultivations had relatively weak influence on the weeds.","PeriodicalId":7393,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural and Food Science","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77167975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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