Pub Date : 2018-12-08DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000294
D. Desalegn
Introduction: Number of samples and time of sputum collection has a great impact on the positivity yield of sputum smear microscopy examination. However, the impact is not yet extensively studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the serials sputum sample collection impacts on the diagnostic yield of smear microscopy examination in Ethiopia at variation at different institutional settings. Methods: Institution based retrospective cohort study was conducted from October 2011 to March 2016. Two thousand four hundred sixty-three sputum smear microscopy positive result were reviewed from TB patient records. The collected data were computerized using Epi-info software and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Numerical summaries were used to describe the positivity yield of spot, morning and spot (SMS) sputum smear microscopy examination. Results: Of 2463 sputum smear-positive TB cases, 2384 (96.8%), 2458 (99.8%) and 2394 (97.2%) were detected by the first spot, morning and second spot sputum smear microscopy diagnosis, respectively. On the other hand, morning sputum smear results had the incremental yield of 74 (3.0%) and 64 (2.6%) from first spot sample and second spot sample, respectively. The results of 1892 (76.8%) TB cases were in agreement (detected) by three consecutive sputum specimen (SMS). Conclusion: The three consecutive sputum smear microscopy examination had 3% incremental yield compare to spot-spot (SS). The hospitals were participating in International External Quality Assurance Schemes (IEQAS) had better incremental (increased) yield in both SMS and SS approach compared to the health centers. Hence, strong TB quality assurances systems should be implemented in respective health facilities before practicing two spots (SS) sputum smear microscopy diagnostic approach as routine to TB laboratory diagnostic method.
{"title":"Diagnostic Yield of Serial Sputum Smear Microscopy Examination at Different Institutional Settings","authors":"D. Desalegn","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000294","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Number of samples and time of sputum collection has a great impact on the positivity yield of sputum smear microscopy examination. However, the impact is not yet extensively studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the serials sputum sample collection impacts on the diagnostic yield of smear microscopy examination in Ethiopia at variation at different institutional settings. \u0000Methods: Institution based retrospective cohort study was conducted from October 2011 to March 2016. Two thousand four hundred sixty-three sputum smear microscopy positive result were reviewed from TB patient records. The collected data were computerized using Epi-info software and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Numerical summaries were used to describe the positivity yield of spot, morning and spot (SMS) sputum smear microscopy examination. \u0000Results: Of 2463 sputum smear-positive TB cases, 2384 (96.8%), 2458 (99.8%) and 2394 (97.2%) were detected by the first spot, morning and second spot sputum smear microscopy diagnosis, respectively. On the other hand, morning sputum smear results had the incremental yield of 74 (3.0%) and 64 (2.6%) from first spot sample and second spot sample, respectively. The results of 1892 (76.8%) TB cases were in agreement (detected) by three consecutive sputum specimen (SMS). \u0000Conclusion: The three consecutive sputum smear microscopy examination had 3% incremental yield compare to spot-spot (SS). The hospitals were participating in International External Quality Assurance Schemes (IEQAS) had better incremental (increased) yield in both SMS and SS approach compared to the health centers. Hence, strong TB quality assurances systems should be implemented in respective health facilities before practicing two spots (SS) sputum smear microscopy diagnostic approach as routine to TB laboratory diagnostic method.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"07 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48142670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-09DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000262
A. Ghweil, Mohamed Alsenbsy, M. Badawy, Mona Mohamed Abdelkarem, M. Helal
Background and study aim: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent and grave of all humanoid contagious diseases and is still a major infectious disease worldwide. The geriatric population in developed countries represents a big reservoir of tuberculosis infection across all racial and sex subsets. We aim in this study to assess the pattern of TB in elderly patients in Qena governorate in Egypt. Patients and methods: All patients aged 50 years and above who were diagnosed with TB have been included in the study. The patients were evaluated regarding the incidence rate: for new cases, and relapse cases (pulmonary and extra pulmonary).Results: The mean age of included patients was 41.18 years and 51.3% of the studied patients were male. Regarding residence we found 54.7% of patients live in rural areas and 45.3% in urban. 82.9% of the patients were tuberculin positive. As regard chest x-ray finding we found: normal in 17.1% of patients, 17.1% bilateral, 25.6% right upper lobe 16.2% whole right lung, 10.3% left upper lobe, 6% left lower lobe, 3.4% right lower lobe, 2.6% pleural effusion and 1.7% whole left lung. In the present study we found that 81.2% of patients had pulmonary TB and 18.8% had extra pulmonary TB.Conclusion: The study documents important variances in clinical and radiological findings of pulmonary TB in geriatric patients. Sputum analysis for AFB remains a significant, easy and cheap method for diagnosis, but might not be continuously supportive in early diagnosis.
{"title":"Pattern of Tuberculosis in Elderly Patients in Egypt","authors":"A. Ghweil, Mohamed Alsenbsy, M. Badawy, Mona Mohamed Abdelkarem, M. Helal","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000262","url":null,"abstract":"Background and study aim: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent and grave of all humanoid contagious diseases and is still a major infectious disease worldwide. The geriatric population in developed countries represents a big reservoir of tuberculosis infection across all racial and sex subsets. We aim in this study to assess the pattern of TB in elderly patients in Qena governorate in Egypt. Patients and methods: All patients aged 50 years and above who were diagnosed with TB have been included in the study. The patients were evaluated regarding the incidence rate: for new cases, and relapse cases (pulmonary and extra pulmonary).Results: The mean age of included patients was 41.18 years and 51.3% of the studied patients were male. Regarding residence we found 54.7% of patients live in rural areas and 45.3% in urban. 82.9% of the patients were tuberculin positive. As regard chest x-ray finding we found: normal in 17.1% of patients, 17.1% bilateral, 25.6% right upper lobe 16.2% whole right lung, 10.3% left upper lobe, 6% left lower lobe, 3.4% right lower lobe, 2.6% pleural effusion and 1.7% whole left lung. In the present study we found that 81.2% of patients had pulmonary TB and 18.8% had extra pulmonary TB.Conclusion: The study documents important variances in clinical and radiological findings of pulmonary TB in geriatric patients. Sputum analysis for AFB remains a significant, easy and cheap method for diagnosis, but might not be continuously supportive in early diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49468645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000264
S. Kiran, A. Waheed, A. A. Khan, Mubashar Aziz, M. Ayaz, A. Sheikh
Escherichia coli, a gram negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating rod, bacteria are commonly found in lower intestine as a part of the normal flora of gut in all warm blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains provide many beneficial functions including protection from other pathogenic bacteria. When E. coli strains acquire genetic material from others, they can become pathogenic. E. coli strains can be categorized into 5 principal pathogenicity groups; Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enterotoxogenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). All these strains can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and other illnesses in humans as well as in animals. EHEC O157 is identified readily in the clinical laboratory with standard culturing techniques. All other strain need molecular methods for their presence in any infected materials. In this study we isolated a total of 40 cultures and detected different strains of E. coli from humans and birds (water fowls). In all isolates antibiotic sensitivity by disc diffusion method with genetic characterization within the E. coli. The result shows that all human E. coli were resistant to 3 antibiotics (Ampicillin, Co-Trimoxazole, and Cefuroxime), while birds E. coli strains are sensitive to these antibiotics indicates different genomic lineage. In human isolates EHEC has highest share, however it was not significantly placed. In correlation studies (Pearson’s Correlation) indicates that its significance to the use of only chloramphenicol (p=0.044). ANOVA as well as Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients show that there is no association with any of the drugs that could be useful for their treatment. In could be concluded from the antibiotic profile, distribution pattern that the two groups are epidemiologically are different. Furthermore, it appears that birds don’t contribute to the spread of disease in humans/animals.
{"title":"Differentiation of Human and Migratory Water Fowl by Multiplex Escherichia coli Differential Amplification Technique (MECDAT) in South Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"S. Kiran, A. Waheed, A. A. Khan, Mubashar Aziz, M. Ayaz, A. Sheikh","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000264","url":null,"abstract":"Escherichia coli, a gram negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating rod, bacteria are commonly found in lower intestine as a part of the normal flora of gut in all warm blooded organisms. Most E. coli strains provide many beneficial functions including protection from other pathogenic bacteria. When E. coli strains acquire genetic material from others, they can become pathogenic. E. coli strains can be categorized into 5 principal pathogenicity groups; Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enterotoxogenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). All these strains can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and other illnesses in humans as well as in animals. EHEC O157 is identified readily in the clinical laboratory with standard culturing techniques. All other strain need molecular methods for their presence in any infected materials. In this study we isolated a total of 40 cultures and detected different strains of E. coli from humans and birds (water fowls). In all isolates antibiotic sensitivity by disc diffusion method with genetic characterization within the E. coli. The result shows that all human E. coli were resistant to 3 antibiotics (Ampicillin, Co-Trimoxazole, and Cefuroxime), while birds E. coli strains are sensitive to these antibiotics indicates different genomic lineage. In human isolates EHEC has highest share, however it was not significantly placed. In correlation studies (Pearson’s Correlation) indicates that its significance to the use of only chloramphenicol (p=0.044). ANOVA as well as Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients show that there is no association with any of the drugs that could be useful for their treatment. In could be concluded from the antibiotic profile, distribution pattern that the two groups are epidemiologically are different. Furthermore, it appears that birds don’t contribute to the spread of disease in humans/animals.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000282
T. Evans, S. Than, Leonardo Colemon, A. Sukhija-Cohen, O. Yang
{"title":"Detecting the Prevalence of Chagas Disease among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Los Angeles County, California","authors":"T. Evans, S. Than, Leonardo Colemon, A. Sukhija-Cohen, O. Yang","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891x.1000282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Undernutrition and tuberculosis (TB) are interconnected in a complex relationship. There is a high prevalence of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients worldwide, specifically in developing countries including Ethiopia. Tuberculosis patients are more likely to be wasted or have a lower body mass index than the healthy person. Tuberculosis causes undernutrition through raised metabolic demands, by decreasing nutritional intake and by decreasing necessary immune functions. Implementation of WHO recommended services for TB patients are very week, so this study will fill these gaps.Objective: To assess the magnitude of undernutrition and associated factors among tuberculosis patients at Hossana Town public health facilities.Method: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015-March 2016 in Hossana Town public health facilities. A total of 247 TB patients were considered for the study. Consecutive study participants were interviewed until the required sample size was reached for each public health facility. Data were entered to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistic, Binary logistic regression was done by using bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with undernutrition among TB patients.Result: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult TB patients was 38.90%. Duration of cough or other TB symptoms before diagnosis of TB (AOR=2.27; 95% CI=1.00, 5.12), family size (AOR=2.98; 95% CI=1.53, 5.83), and HIV co infection (AOR=5.06; 95% CI=2.00, 12.78) were the factors associated with undernutrition.Conclusion: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients was high. Early screening and diagnosis tuberculosis as well as Nutritional status should be part of the routine care for all adult TB patients. In addition, attention should be given to TB-HIV co infected patients.
背景:营养不良与结核病(TB)有着复杂的相互关联关系。全世界成年结核病患者营养不良的发生率很高，特别是在包括埃塞俄比亚在内的发展中国家。与健康的人相比，结核病患者更容易被浪费或身体质量指数更低。结核病通过增加代谢需求、减少营养摄入和降低必要的免疫功能而引起营养不良。世卫组织为结核病患者推荐的服务很少得到实施，因此本研究将填补这些空白。目的:评估胡萨纳镇公共卫生机构结核病患者的营养不良程度及其相关因素。方法:对2015年11月- 2016年3月在Hossana镇公共卫生机构开展的基于机构的横断面研究。共有247名结核病患者被纳入研究。对连续的研究参与者进行访谈，直到每个公共卫生机构达到所需的样本量。数据输入SPSS version 20进行统计分析。描述性统计，采用双变量和多变量分析进行二元logistic回归，以确定结核病患者营养不良的相关因素。结果:成人结核患者营养不良发生率为38.90%。结核诊断前咳嗽或其他结核症状持续时间(AOR=2.27;95% CI=1.00, 5.12)，家庭规模(AOR=2.98;95% CI=1.53, 5.83)和HIV合并感染(AOR=5.06;95% CI=2.00, 12.78)是与营养不良相关的因素。结论:成人结核病患者营养不良程度较高。结核病的早期筛查和诊断以及营养状况应成为所有成年结核病患者常规护理的一部分。此外，应注意结核-艾滋病毒合并感染患者。
{"title":"Undernutrition and Associated Factors among Adult Tuberculosis Patients in Hossana Town Public Health Facilities, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Tarekegn Geberemeskel, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Meaza Demisie","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000253","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Undernutrition and tuberculosis (TB) are interconnected in a complex relationship. There is a high prevalence of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients worldwide, specifically in developing countries including Ethiopia. Tuberculosis patients are more likely to be wasted or have a lower body mass index than the healthy person. Tuberculosis causes undernutrition through raised metabolic demands, by decreasing nutritional intake and by decreasing necessary immune functions. Implementation of WHO recommended services for TB patients are very week, so this study will fill these gaps.Objective: To assess the magnitude of undernutrition and associated factors among tuberculosis patients at Hossana Town public health facilities.Method: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015-March 2016 in Hossana Town public health facilities. A total of 247 TB patients were considered for the study. Consecutive study participants were interviewed until the required sample size was reached for each public health facility. Data were entered to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistic, Binary logistic regression was done by using bivariate and multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with undernutrition among TB patients.Result: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult TB patients was 38.90%. Duration of cough or other TB symptoms before diagnosis of TB (AOR=2.27; 95% CI=1.00, 5.12), family size (AOR=2.98; 95% CI=1.53, 5.83), and HIV co infection (AOR=5.06; 95% CI=2.00, 12.78) were the factors associated with undernutrition.Conclusion: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients was high. Early screening and diagnosis tuberculosis as well as Nutritional status should be part of the routine care for all adult TB patients. In addition, attention should be given to TB-HIV co infected patients.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000257
Mebrahtu Berhe, A. Bsrat, Habtamu Taddele, Endalemaw Gadissa, Y. Hagos, Y. Tekle, Adugna Abera
Visceral Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia although failed to attract the attention it deserves. Magnitude,public health impact and dynamics of the disease in Ethiopia are not well studied. Hence,this study was conducted in Welkait district to determine public awareness about the disease. Wekait is a highly productive area having a conducive environment for the spread of the parasite. A cross sectional study was employed in purposively selected sub-districts in which house to house survey was carried out using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 288 participants (264 household heads and 24 health professionals) were interviewed to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice towards visceral leishmaniasis. Overall score of the participants showed that 59%, 95% and 53% of them were knowledgeable have positive attitude and good practice on visceral leishmaniasis, respectively. Sex, educational status and history of travel profile showed significant association with the knowledge of participants. The study also revealed a gap in the knowledge and practices of health professionals about the disease. The present study highlighted an overall positive attitude regarding the disease. However, the gap in knowledge and poor practice calls for an intervention to improve the public awareness regarding visceral leishmaniasis in the study area.
{"title":"Knowledge Attitude and Practice towards Visceral Leishmaniasis among Residents and Health Professionals in Welkait District, Western Tigray, Ethiopia","authors":"Mebrahtu Berhe, A. Bsrat, Habtamu Taddele, Endalemaw Gadissa, Y. Hagos, Y. Tekle, Adugna Abera","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000257","url":null,"abstract":"Visceral Leishmaniasis is becoming a major public health problem both in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia although failed to attract the attention it deserves. Magnitude,public health impact and dynamics of the disease in Ethiopia are not well studied. Hence,this study was conducted in Welkait district to determine public awareness about the disease. Wekait is a highly productive area having a conducive environment for the spread of the parasite. A cross sectional study was employed in purposively selected sub-districts in which house to house survey was carried out using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 288 participants (264 household heads and 24 health professionals) were interviewed to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice towards visceral leishmaniasis. Overall score of the participants showed that 59%, 95% and 53% of them were knowledgeable have positive attitude and good practice on visceral leishmaniasis, respectively. Sex, educational status and history of travel profile showed significant association with the knowledge of participants. The study also revealed a gap in the knowledge and practices of health professionals about the disease. The present study highlighted an overall positive attitude regarding the disease. However, the gap in knowledge and poor practice calls for an intervention to improve the public awareness regarding visceral leishmaniasis in the study area.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000288
Irum Beg Mirza, A. Gachii, P. Okiro, S. Zaki
Background: Children in Sub-Saharan Africa have a high mortality rate from Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). The prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Kenyan children is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in lung tissue of children below 5 years of age who died following admission for SARIs in Kenyatta National Hospital, a referral hospital in Nairobi. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in children who died following SARI over a two year period from January 2015 to December 2016. Histological description was undertaken to identify changes in lung tissue in SARI with emphasis on presence of Pneumocystis. Methods: Methods of 138 children with fatal respiratory infection at Kenyatta National Hospital, 64 consented autopsies were performed. Lung samples were stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Grocott’s Methenamine Silver stain (GMS), to identify Pneumocystis. Results: Pneumocystis has 17% prevalence by GMS in lung samples from children who died following SARI. Children between 0-6 months comprised 41% of the total number autopsied, out of which 31% were positive for Pneumocystis. In the 7-12 month old category only 9% were Pneumocystis positive. Children between 13-24 months comprised 23% of the autopsies, amongst whom 7% showed presence of Pneumocystis. All children who died following admission for SARI in this crosssection were less than 2 years old. Conclusions: Mortality following admission for SARI and prevalence of Pneumocystis decreased with increasing age. A prevalence of 17% Pneumocystis was seen in lung tissue of the 64 children who died following admission for SARI. Pneumocystis colonisation and Pneumocystis Pneumonia should be a consideration in children who present with SARIs particularly in 0-6 month age group, regardless of HIV status. Further studies are warranted to better understand the implication of presence of Pneumocystis in lung biopsies in children for insight into its precise contribution to lung pathology.
背景:撒哈拉以南非洲地区的儿童因严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)而死亡率很高。目前尚不清楚肯尼亚儿童中耶氏肺囊虫病的流行情况。我们的目的是确定在内罗毕的一家转诊医院肯雅塔国家医院(Kenyatta National Hospital)因sars入院后死亡的5岁以下儿童肺囊虫病在肺组织中的患病率。目的:确定2015年1月至2016年12月两年间SARI死亡儿童中肺囊虫病的患病率。进行组织学描述以确定急性呼吸道感染中肺组织的变化，重点是肺囊虫病的存在。方法:对肯尼亚雅塔国立医院收治的138例致命性呼吸道感染患儿进行64例同意尸检。肺标本用苏木精和伊红(H和E)及Grocott氏甲基苯丙胺银染色(GMS)检测肺囊虫。结果:肺囊虫在急性呼吸道感染后死亡的儿童肺样本中有17%的GMS患病率。0-6个月的儿童占死亡总数的41%，其中肺囊虫病阳性占31%。在7-12个月大的婴儿中，只有9%的肺囊虫呈阳性。13-24个月的儿童占尸检的23%，其中7%显示肺囊虫存在。在该横截面中，所有因急性呼吸道感染入院后死亡的儿童均小于2岁。结论:急性呼吸道感染入院后死亡率和肺囊虫病患病率随着年龄的增长而下降。64名因急性呼吸道感染入院后死亡的儿童肺组织中肺囊虫的患病率为17%。肺囊虫定植和肺囊虫肺炎应该被考虑在患有严重急性呼吸道感染的儿童中，特别是0-6个月年龄组，无论是否感染艾滋病毒。进一步的研究需要更好地理解肺囊虫病在儿童肺活检中的存在，以了解其对肺病理的确切贡献。
{"title":"The Prevalence of Pneumocystis in Lung Tissue of Kenyan Children Who Died Following Severe Respiratory Infection","authors":"Irum Beg Mirza, A. Gachii, P. Okiro, S. Zaki","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000288","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children in Sub-Saharan Africa have a high mortality rate from Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI). The prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Kenyan children is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in lung tissue of children below 5 years of age who died following admission for SARIs in Kenyatta National Hospital, a referral hospital in Nairobi. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Pneumocystis in children who died following SARI over a two year period from January 2015 to December 2016. Histological description was undertaken to identify changes in lung tissue in SARI with emphasis on presence of Pneumocystis. Methods: Methods of 138 children with fatal respiratory infection at Kenyatta National Hospital, 64 consented autopsies were performed. Lung samples were stained with Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Grocott’s Methenamine Silver stain (GMS), to identify Pneumocystis. Results: Pneumocystis has 17% prevalence by GMS in lung samples from children who died following SARI. Children between 0-6 months comprised 41% of the total number autopsied, out of which 31% were positive for Pneumocystis. In the 7-12 month old category only 9% were Pneumocystis positive. Children between 13-24 months comprised 23% of the autopsies, amongst whom 7% showed presence of Pneumocystis. All children who died following admission for SARI in this crosssection were less than 2 years old. Conclusions: Mortality following admission for SARI and prevalence of Pneumocystis decreased with increasing age. A prevalence of 17% Pneumocystis was seen in lung tissue of the 64 children who died following admission for SARI. Pneumocystis colonisation and Pneumocystis Pneumonia should be a consideration in children who present with SARIs particularly in 0-6 month age group, regardless of HIV status. Further studies are warranted to better understand the implication of presence of Pneumocystis in lung biopsies in children for insight into its precise contribution to lung pathology.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000292
Ajmal Khan
The present study was conducted on the prevalence of Hepatitis C in the general population of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan from January 2017 to October 2017. A total of about 1415 individuals were examined, among which 74 (5.22%) were found positive against HCV antibody test. Of the 1415 examined individuals, 759 (53.6%) were males and 656 (46.4%) were females. Among the 74 (5.22%) infected individuals, 32 were females and 42 were males. A maximum number of individuals who were HCV antibody positive belongs to the age group the between 36 to 55 years (21 and 17 i.e. 7% and 6.9%). samples found positive for antibody and antigen-based test, were further investigated for the presence of Hepatitis C related RNA with PCR and the results show that only 32 (2.3%) individuals have Hepatitis C viral RNA. This is about (43.24%) of the total HCV antibody positive individuals. Out of 32 HCV-PCR positive samples, 11 (34.4%) were symptomatic and 21 (65.6%) were asymptomatic. Further analysis of the PCR positive samples shows that 20 (62.5%) were females and 12 (37.7%) were male. Among the HCV positive samples, genotype 3a was the most abundant 18 (56.2%) of the infected individuals followed by genotype 3b in 4 female (20%) and 3 male (25%), genotype 2a in 3 females (15%) and 2 male (16.6%), and 1b in 1 (5%) females and 1 (8.3%) male. No unknown RNA sequences were found in the studied samples.
{"title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis C in General Population of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan","authors":"Ajmal Khan","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000292","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted on the prevalence of Hepatitis C in the general population of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan from January 2017 to October 2017. A total of about 1415 individuals were examined, among which 74 (5.22%) were found positive against HCV antibody test. Of the 1415 examined individuals, 759 (53.6%) were males and 656 (46.4%) were females. Among the 74 (5.22%) infected individuals, 32 were females and 42 were males. A maximum number of individuals who were HCV antibody positive belongs to the age group the between 36 to 55 years (21 and 17 i.e. 7% and 6.9%). samples found positive for antibody and antigen-based test, were further investigated for the presence of Hepatitis C related RNA with PCR and the results show that only 32 (2.3%) individuals have Hepatitis C viral RNA. This is about (43.24%) of the total HCV antibody positive individuals. Out of 32 HCV-PCR positive samples, 11 (34.4%) were symptomatic and 21 (65.6%) were asymptomatic. Further analysis of the PCR positive samples shows that 20 (62.5%) were females and 12 (37.7%) were male. Among the HCV positive samples, genotype 3a was the most abundant 18 (56.2%) of the infected individuals followed by genotype 3b in 4 female (20%) and 3 male (25%), genotype 2a in 3 females (15%) and 2 male (16.6%), and 1b in 1 (5%) females and 1 (8.3%) male. No unknown RNA sequences were found in the studied samples.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"07 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000279
M. Noubom, Darryl Gabin Kombou Tseyep, L. F. Sama, Elvis Chongsi Wam, Sidoine Sadjeu, B. Kenfack, Eric Siewe, Hubert Donfack, C. Tume
{"title":"Seroprevalence of Rubella IgM and IgG Antibodies and Associated Risk Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Bafoussam Regional Hospital, West Region of Cameroon","authors":"M. Noubom, Darryl Gabin Kombou Tseyep, L. F. Sama, Elvis Chongsi Wam, Sidoine Sadjeu, B. Kenfack, Eric Siewe, Hubert Donfack, C. Tume","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000280
L. Randriamampionona, L. Randrianasolo, R. Randremanana, C. Ramarokoto, Toky Ramarokoto, Annett H Cotte, A. Ratsimbasoa, M. Ratsitorahina, Judith Hedge, P. Piola
Fever sentinel surveillance system involving 34 health centers was set up in Madagascar to detect epidemicprone diseases in real time. Evaluative research was performed to assess the proportion of febrile cases that are not captured by sentinel sites. Capture-recapture method was used with two independent data sources: the first source was a passive detection of fevers in health centers while the second was an active screening of febrile subjects in the catchment area of each corresponding health center. Cases common to both sources were identified by matching name, age and location. Completeness of collected data was estimated through the population census. In 2014-15, six health centers were randomly selected from the sentinel network to perform the study. Active screening in the catchment areas of the six health centers detected 2,902 febrile illnesses among 149,835 inhabitants. Acute malaria represented 0.3% (10/2902) of febrile illnesses. The passive screening in health centers notified 157 cases of fever of which 7.6% (12/157) were acute malaria. The estimated number of febrile cases and acute malaria in the catchment areas based on the capture recapture analysis of data from the health facilities and the active screening was 3,829 [95% CI: 3,498-4,160] and 17 [95% CI: 7-27] respectively. The overall sensitivity of sentinel health centers to detect febrile illnesses and acute malaria was 4.1% and 70.0% respectively. Therefore most malaria cases were captured by the sentinel fever surveillance system. These results will serve as a baseline for future evaluative research of the fever sentinel surveillance system in Madagascar.
{"title":"Sensitivity of Fever Sentinel Surveillance System to Survey Malaria Trends in Madagascar, 2014-2015","authors":"L. Randriamampionona, L. Randrianasolo, R. Randremanana, C. Ramarokoto, Toky Ramarokoto, Annett H Cotte, A. Ratsimbasoa, M. Ratsitorahina, Judith Hedge, P. Piola","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000280","url":null,"abstract":"Fever sentinel surveillance system involving 34 health centers was set up in Madagascar to detect epidemicprone diseases in real time. Evaluative research was performed to assess the proportion of febrile cases that are not captured by sentinel sites. Capture-recapture method was used with two independent data sources: the first source was a passive detection of fevers in health centers while the second was an active screening of febrile subjects in the catchment area of each corresponding health center. Cases common to both sources were identified by matching name, age and location. Completeness of collected data was estimated through the population census. In 2014-15, six health centers were randomly selected from the sentinel network to perform the study. Active screening in the catchment areas of the six health centers detected 2,902 febrile illnesses among 149,835 inhabitants. Acute malaria represented 0.3% (10/2902) of febrile illnesses. The passive screening in health centers notified 157 cases of fever of which 7.6% (12/157) were acute malaria. The estimated number of febrile cases and acute malaria in the catchment areas based on the capture recapture analysis of data from the health facilities and the active screening was 3,829 [95% CI: 3,498-4,160] and 17 [95% CI: 7-27] respectively. The overall sensitivity of sentinel health centers to detect febrile illnesses and acute malaria was 4.1% and 70.0% respectively. Therefore most malaria cases were captured by the sentinel fever surveillance system. These results will serve as a baseline for future evaluative research of the fever sentinel surveillance system in Madagascar.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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