Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000281
B. Faye, Issa Jessika, M. Seck, C. Ndour, P. Gueye, F. Ba, M. Sarr, M. Grillo, S. Reed, A. Dièye
Background: Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem in Senegal with less successful treatment of tuberculosis. There were 208 cases of MDR-TB in 2015 surveyed at 31 treatment sites by the National Program against Tuberculosis. Objectives: The aim of our study is to evaluate the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates resistant to Rifampicin and Isoniazid and their associated resistance mutations in Senegalese patients. Materials and methods: MDR-TB was diagnosed by molecular testing (Genotype MTBDRplus Hain Life Science) among sputum samples obtained from 185 Senegalese TB patients and was defined as resistance to both Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF). Results: The sex-ratio M/W was of 2.2. The median age was 33.5 (8-72 years). Out of 185 positives samples for TB by microscopy, 95% (174/185) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by Genotype MTBDRplus. The rate of TB-MDR+ in the total study population, treatment naïve, and previously treated was 64.94%, 46.25%, and 80.85%, RIF mono-resistance was 10.92%, 7.50%, and 13.83% and INH mono-resistance was 6.32%, 8.75%, and 4.26%. Our strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have mutations conferring resistance in the rpoB, katG and inhA genes among 75.86%, 68.69%, and 13.21% respectively. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a high degree of resistance to Rifampicin and/or Isoniazid among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with a treatment history or contact with a patient with MDR TB which were rapidly detected with the use of Genotype MTBDRplus.
{"title":"Molecular Evaluation of Resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid of Tuberculosis Patients by test “Genotype® MTBDR Plus” in Senegal","authors":"B. Faye, Issa Jessika, M. Seck, C. Ndour, P. Gueye, F. Ba, M. Sarr, M. Grillo, S. Reed, A. Dièye","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000281","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health problem in Senegal with less successful treatment of tuberculosis. There were 208 cases of MDR-TB in 2015 surveyed at 31 treatment sites by the National Program against Tuberculosis. Objectives: The aim of our study is to evaluate the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates resistant to Rifampicin and Isoniazid and their associated resistance mutations in Senegalese patients. Materials and methods: MDR-TB was diagnosed by molecular testing (Genotype MTBDRplus Hain Life Science) among sputum samples obtained from 185 Senegalese TB patients and was defined as resistance to both Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF). Results: The sex-ratio M/W was of 2.2. The median age was 33.5 (8-72 years). Out of 185 positives samples for TB by microscopy, 95% (174/185) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by Genotype MTBDRplus. The rate of TB-MDR+ in the total study population, treatment naïve, and previously treated was 64.94%, 46.25%, and 80.85%, RIF mono-resistance was 10.92%, 7.50%, and 13.83% and INH mono-resistance was 6.32%, 8.75%, and 4.26%. Our strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have mutations conferring resistance in the rpoB, katG and inhA genes among 75.86%, 68.69%, and 13.21% respectively. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a high degree of resistance to Rifampicin and/or Isoniazid among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with a treatment history or contact with a patient with MDR TB which were rapidly detected with the use of Genotype MTBDRplus.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000261
M. Ugwu, J. Igbokwe, U. Okezie, Peter M Eze, C. Ejikeugwu, C. Esimone
Background: Food products of animal origin play significant role in the transfer of antibiotic resistance. This work evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile and prevalence of beta-lactamases producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in an abattoir in Awka, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred swab samples were aseptically collected from the abattoir between January to April 2016 with sterile swab sticks and cultured in freshly prepared nutrient broth and MacConkey agar plates. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility and for the expression of ESBL, MBL and AmpC β-lactamases. Findings: Ninety-four isolates comprising 60 E. coli and 34 K. pneumoniae were bacteriologically obtained from the abattoir samples. Their antibiotic resistances pattern was in the order of: erythromycin>cloxacillin>cefuroxime>augmentin>ceftriaxone>ceftazidime>ofloxacin>gentamicin (E.coli isolates) & erythromycin>cloxacillin>cefuroxime>augmentin>ofloxacin> ceftriaxone>gentamicin>ceftazidime (for K. pneumoniae isolates). Seven (12%) of the E. coli isolates and 15% K. pneumoniae isolates were confirmed phenotypically to be ESBL producers. None of the isolates was AmpC producing but 10% E. coli and 12% isolates of K. pneumoniae were confirmed to be MBL-producers. Abattoir isolates harbor resistance traits for the expression of ESBL and MBL-which are responsible for the MDR nature of Gram-negative bacteria and could serve as route via which these organisms can be transmitted through the food chain.
{"title":"Prevalence of ESBLs and MBLs among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from a Nigerian Abattoir","authors":"M. Ugwu, J. Igbokwe, U. Okezie, Peter M Eze, C. Ejikeugwu, C. Esimone","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000261","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Food products of animal origin play significant role in the transfer of antibiotic resistance. This work evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile and prevalence of beta-lactamases producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in an abattoir in Awka, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred swab samples were aseptically collected from the abattoir between January to April 2016 with sterile swab sticks and cultured in freshly prepared nutrient broth and MacConkey agar plates. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified using standard microbiological identification techniques. The isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility and for the expression of ESBL, MBL and AmpC β-lactamases. Findings: Ninety-four isolates comprising 60 E. coli and 34 K. pneumoniae were bacteriologically obtained from the abattoir samples. Their antibiotic resistances pattern was in the order of: erythromycin>cloxacillin>cefuroxime>augmentin>ceftriaxone>ceftazidime>ofloxacin>gentamicin (E.coli isolates) & erythromycin>cloxacillin>cefuroxime>augmentin>ofloxacin> ceftriaxone>gentamicin>ceftazidime (for K. pneumoniae isolates). Seven (12%) of the E. coli isolates and 15% K. pneumoniae isolates were confirmed phenotypically to be ESBL producers. None of the isolates was AmpC producing but 10% E. coli and 12% isolates of K. pneumoniae were confirmed to be MBL-producers. Abattoir isolates harbor resistance traits for the expression of ESBL and MBL-which are responsible for the MDR nature of Gram-negative bacteria and could serve as route via which these organisms can be transmitted through the food chain.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000293
Jacob Kasio Amanya, Hong-Juan Peng
Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis of genus Leishmania donovani is a known cause of Kala-azar, with an agent of Phlebotomus species. Other species of public health importance include Phlebotomus-martini that engulfed South Sudan bordering counties with Kenya whereas Phlebotomus-orientalis dominates northern parts of South Sudan and Sudan. It exhibits rare behavioral characteristics of outer door bites. Among Eastern African countries, South Sudan is a highly endemic area where more than 1/3 of the population is at risks of infections. This review aimed to evaluate the current diagnosis, treatment and risk factors associated with epidemics and mortality due to Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan and South Sudan.Methodology and Objective: Literatures published in SCI Journals, pub med, and science direct, Google, WHO reports, MSF, and CDC websites were searched starting from 1945 to 2018. Visceral leishmaniasis/VL diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and associated risk factors were the keywords used during browsing. Details referred to Given Figures in the methodology section.Findings: Several risk factors contributed to the frequency of VL outbreaks. Chronic wars, malnutrition and settlement in areas infested by the sand fly, co-infections with either HIV or Hepatitis an emerging public health concern. Government efforts to control and eliminates the vectors of VL are lacking with negligible resources allocation. Acacia trees are proved to harbor sand fly as resting and hiding places. K39/K26 or rk39/rk28 dipstick is a field base diagnostic tool commonly used. Treatments with liposomal AmporicinB, sodium stibogluconate plus paromomycin are recommended for use in South Sudan. This review also revealed that areas formerly free from Kala-azar had experience recurrent epidemic.Conclusion: VL in South Sudan remains highly isolated from clinical diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies. Routine data for surveillance is also an absence. National guidelines and protocols for treatment, and vector control remain at standstill. The level of resistance of visceral Leishmania parasites to the available anti-leishmanial drugs required more researches. There is a close relationship between frequent VL outbreaks and internal conflicts, poor malnutrition, poverty and displacement to high transmission zones, individuals who are new in sand fly infested areas are at greater risks, including children, elderly and pregnant women.
{"title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis: Evaluation of Diagnostic Tools, Therapeutic Regimens, and Associated Risk Factors in Areas with Frequent Outbreaks in South Sudan and Sudan: Case Reports and Review of Literature","authors":"Jacob Kasio Amanya, Hong-Juan Peng","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000293","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis of genus Leishmania donovani is a known cause of Kala-azar, with an agent of Phlebotomus species. Other species of public health importance include Phlebotomus-martini that engulfed South Sudan bordering counties with Kenya whereas Phlebotomus-orientalis dominates northern parts of South Sudan and Sudan. It exhibits rare behavioral characteristics of outer door bites. Among Eastern African countries, South Sudan is a highly endemic area where more than 1/3 of the population is at risks of infections. This review aimed to evaluate the current diagnosis, treatment and risk factors associated with epidemics and mortality due to Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan and South Sudan.Methodology and Objective: Literatures published in SCI Journals, pub med, and science direct, Google, WHO reports, MSF, and CDC websites were searched starting from 1945 to 2018. Visceral leishmaniasis/VL diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and associated risk factors were the keywords used during browsing. Details referred to Given Figures in the methodology section.Findings: Several risk factors contributed to the frequency of VL outbreaks. Chronic wars, malnutrition and settlement in areas infested by the sand fly, co-infections with either HIV or Hepatitis an emerging public health concern. Government efforts to control and eliminates the vectors of VL are lacking with negligible resources allocation. Acacia trees are proved to harbor sand fly as resting and hiding places. K39/K26 or rk39/rk28 dipstick is a field base diagnostic tool commonly used. Treatments with liposomal AmporicinB, sodium stibogluconate plus paromomycin are recommended for use in South Sudan. This review also revealed that areas formerly free from Kala-azar had experience recurrent epidemic.Conclusion: VL in South Sudan remains highly isolated from clinical diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies. Routine data for surveillance is also an absence. National guidelines and protocols for treatment, and vector control remain at standstill. The level of resistance of visceral Leishmania parasites to the available anti-leishmanial drugs required more researches. There is a close relationship between frequent VL outbreaks and internal conflicts, poor malnutrition, poverty and displacement to high transmission zones, individuals who are new in sand fly infested areas are at greater risks, including children, elderly and pregnant women.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"07 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vector transmitted diseases remains a serious public health burden in the world. The current core methods used for malaria vector control interventions worldwide are Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets, with Larval Source Management (LSM) applicable in certain settings where mosquito breeding sites are few, fixed and findable. Mosquitoes transmit many diseases including malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and filariasis. Of these, malaria transmitted primarily by Anopheles gambiae, dengue transmitted by Aedes aegypti and lymphatic filariasis transmitted by Culex quinquifasciatus are the most devastating problems in terms of the global number of people affected. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying have been widely used as front-line tools against malaria vectors in endemic African regions. These preventive measures are highly effective against malaria vectors, which prefer to bite and rest inside the rooms. Some of the adulticide used for mosquito control include products derived from microorganisms, plants or minerals, synthetic molecules, organophosphates, some natural pyrethrins, or synthetic pyrethroids.
{"title":"Vector Control for Mosquito in Ethiopia: A Review Article","authors":"Gebrehiwet Tesfahuneygn, Gebremichael Gebreegziabher","doi":"10.23880/jidtm-16000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/jidtm-16000119","url":null,"abstract":"Vector transmitted diseases remains a serious public health burden in the world. The current core methods used for malaria vector control interventions worldwide are Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets, with Larval Source Management (LSM) applicable in certain settings where mosquito breeding sites are few, fixed and findable. Mosquitoes transmit many diseases including malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and filariasis. Of these, malaria transmitted primarily by Anopheles gambiae, dengue transmitted by Aedes aegypti and lymphatic filariasis transmitted by Culex quinquifasciatus are the most devastating problems in terms of the global number of people affected. Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying have been widely used as front-line tools against malaria vectors in endemic African regions. These preventive measures are highly effective against malaria vectors, which prefer to bite and rest inside the rooms. Some of the adulticide used for mosquito control include products derived from microorganisms, plants or minerals, synthetic molecules, organophosphates, some natural pyrethrins, or synthetic pyrethroids.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"121 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68920942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000287
L. Randrianasolo, É. Ravaoarisoa, S. Razanatsiorimalala, F. Rakotomanana, Toky Ramarokoto, C. Ramarokoto, L. Randriamampionona, C. Rakotoarivony, Annett H Cotte, J. Hedje, P. Piola, M. Randrianarivelojosia
A fever sentinel surveillance network has been operational since 2007 in the island of Madagascar. In all 34 sentinel sites, all febrile patients are tested with malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for pan-LDH and pfHRP2, and data are monitored for diagnostically-confirmed malaria trends. Quality assurances of on-site RDT results are managed by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM). Special attention is given to storage conditions and compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions for RDTs. Results of RDTs stored at facilities are compared with results from microscopy and also with the same RDT batch stored at 25°C and below 80% of humidity at IPM. From January 2013 to December 2015, 33/34 fever sentinel surveillance sites were visited regularly throughout the country. There were neither RDTs storage errors nor expired RDTs in stock at any sentinel sites. 81% of technicians (61/75) properly used RDTs in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The results of 1,635 febrile patients were used for quality assurance. Results of on-site RDTs and those stored at IPM were 99.8% concordant. Comparison with microscopy resulted in sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 97.1%, positive predictive value of 86.0%, and negative predictive value of 98.5% (n=1,635). These results indicate the reliability of malaria RDT results from the fever sentinel sites. Thus, data collected at fever sentinel sites can be used by the National Malaria Control Program to better understand temporal and spatial trends in malaria transmission across Madagascar.
{"title":"Reliability of Rapid Diagnostic Tests to Assess Malaria Trends through a Fever Sentinel Surveillance Network in Madagascar, 2013-2015","authors":"L. Randrianasolo, É. Ravaoarisoa, S. Razanatsiorimalala, F. Rakotomanana, Toky Ramarokoto, C. Ramarokoto, L. Randriamampionona, C. Rakotoarivony, Annett H Cotte, J. Hedje, P. Piola, M. Randrianarivelojosia","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000287","url":null,"abstract":"A fever sentinel surveillance network has been operational since 2007 in the island of Madagascar. In all 34 sentinel sites, all febrile patients are tested with malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for pan-LDH and pfHRP2, and data are monitored for diagnostically-confirmed malaria trends. Quality assurances of on-site RDT results are managed by Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM). Special attention is given to storage conditions and compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions for RDTs. Results of RDTs stored at facilities are compared with results from microscopy and also with the same RDT batch stored at 25°C and below 80% of humidity at IPM. From January 2013 to December 2015, 33/34 fever sentinel surveillance sites were visited regularly throughout the country. There were neither RDTs storage errors nor expired RDTs in stock at any sentinel sites. 81% of technicians (61/75) properly used RDTs in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The results of 1,635 febrile patients were used for quality assurance. Results of on-site RDTs and those stored at IPM were 99.8% concordant. Comparison with microscopy resulted in sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 97.1%, positive predictive value of 86.0%, and negative predictive value of 98.5% (n=1,635). These results indicate the reliability of malaria RDT results from the fever sentinel sites. Thus, data collected at fever sentinel sites can be used by the National Malaria Control Program to better understand temporal and spatial trends in malaria transmission across Madagascar.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000268
Crystal Nneka Ozoka
Malnutrition is a significant public health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age. The proportion of this disease is much higher in sub-Saharan countries than in other geographical regions globally. The aim of this article was to identify the factors that contributed to malnutrition, critically analyze them and provide logical recommendations. Some of the factors influencing the nutritional status of children under the age of five were educational and economic status of the parents, especially the mother, health and nutritional status of the mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding, immunization status of the child and the political system of the country. Recommended interventions included; health education, female empowerment, nutrition and government participation.
{"title":"Burden of Malnutrition in Children Under 5 Years in Nigeria: Problem Definition, Ethical Justification and Recommendations","authors":"Crystal Nneka Ozoka","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000268","url":null,"abstract":"Malnutrition is a significant public health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age. The proportion of this disease is much higher in sub-Saharan countries than in other geographical regions globally. The aim of this article was to identify the factors that contributed to malnutrition, critically analyze them and provide logical recommendations. Some of the factors influencing the nutritional status of children under the age of five were educational and economic status of the parents, especially the mother, health and nutritional status of the mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding, immunization status of the child and the political system of the country. Recommended interventions included; health education, female empowerment, nutrition and government participation.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2329-891X.1000268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891x.1000276
N. Lakhe, Khardiata Diallo-Mbaye, K. Sylla, N. M. D. Badiane, C. Diop, V. C. Diallo, D. Kà, L. F. Déguénonvo, C. Ndour, M. Soumaré, M. Seydi
The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the trigger to mobilize efforts in order to promptly obtain safe and effective vaccine. The objectives of this survey conducted during an Ebola vaccine trial were assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of participants about Ebola and vaccine and determining the association of key sociodemographic characteristics with knowledge of transmission mode, reservoir, stigma and hand washing. A cross sectional study was designed and a semi-closed questionnaire was used to collect data of the 250 participants. The main identified sources of information were television and radio. The motivations for being part of the study were confidence in doctors (79.6%) and example given by the medical staff (75.6%). Knowledge of transmission mode was low among respondents (22.1%) while that on the reservoir was rather high (73.8%). Stigma was noted in 49.2% of participants. Behavioural change through hand washing was adopted in 74.4% of respondents. Factors associated with knowledge of transmission mode were age group, urban origin, marital status and education level. Fear and geographic origin were associated to stigma and hand washing. To better prevent and control the spread of Ebola virus disease, a focus needs to be placed on modes of transmission and hand washing, and health personnel could play a major role in improving the acceptability of the vaccine.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Ebola Virus Disease among Participants in an Ebola Vaccine Trial in Dakar, Senegal","authors":"N. Lakhe, Khardiata Diallo-Mbaye, K. Sylla, N. M. D. Badiane, C. Diop, V. C. Diallo, D. Kà, L. F. Déguénonvo, C. Ndour, M. Soumaré, M. Seydi","doi":"10.4172/2329-891x.1000276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000276","url":null,"abstract":"The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the trigger to mobilize efforts in order to promptly obtain safe and effective vaccine. The objectives of this survey conducted during an Ebola vaccine trial were assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of participants about Ebola and vaccine and determining the association of key sociodemographic characteristics with knowledge of transmission mode, reservoir, stigma and hand washing. A cross sectional study was designed and a semi-closed questionnaire was used to collect data of the 250 participants. The main identified sources of information were television and radio. The motivations for being part of the study were confidence in doctors (79.6%) and example given by the medical staff (75.6%). Knowledge of transmission mode was low among respondents (22.1%) while that on the reservoir was rather high (73.8%). Stigma was noted in 49.2% of participants. Behavioural change through hand washing was adopted in 74.4% of respondents. Factors associated with knowledge of transmission mode were age group, urban origin, marital status and education level. Fear and geographic origin were associated to stigma and hand washing. To better prevent and control the spread of Ebola virus disease, a focus needs to be placed on modes of transmission and hand washing, and health personnel could play a major role in improving the acceptability of the vaccine.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000283
A. Abubakari
This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in lettuce (Lactucasativa), manured soil and wastewater. An initial analysis was carried out for indicator organisms such as E. coli and Total coliforms to be able to ascertain their presence prior to assessment of pathogenic microorganism. The study was carried out in Kumasi the second largest city in Ghana. A total of 111 samples were aseptically collected and analysed for Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological laboratory protocols. Out of 111 samples, 6(5.4%), 11(9.9%) and 4(3.6%) showed positive for lettuce, manured soil and irrigation water respectively. When one way ANNOVA was used to analysed the data the mean positive values showed no significant difference among the 3 groups of samples analysed (P=0.17). The study revealed that, wastewater which farmers rely on for unrestricted irrigation all year round, lettuce which is consumed raw and manured soil from irrigation fields are all contaminated with Salmonella spp.
本研究对莴苣(Lactucasativa)、肥料土壤和废水中沙门氏菌的发生情况进行了研究。对大肠杆菌和总大肠菌等指示生物进行了初步分析，以便能够在评估病原微生物之前确定它们的存在。这项研究在加纳第二大城市库马西进行。采用无菌法采集了111份样品，并采用标准微生物实验室规程对沙门氏菌进行了分析。111份样品中，生菜阳性6份(5.4%)，土壤阳性11份(9.9%)，灌溉水阳性4份(3.6%)。采用单因素方差分析(one - way anova)，三组样本的平均阳性率差异无统计学意义(P=0.17)。研究表明，农民全年无限制灌溉所依赖的废水、灌溉田的生生菜和施用过肥料的土壤都被沙门氏菌污染。
{"title":"Salmonella spp. Implication in Products of Wastewater Irrigation","authors":"A. Abubakari","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000283","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in lettuce (Lactucasativa), manured soil and wastewater. An initial analysis was carried out for indicator organisms such as E. coli and Total coliforms to be able to ascertain their presence prior to assessment of pathogenic microorganism. The study was carried out in Kumasi the second largest city in Ghana. A total of 111 samples were aseptically collected and analysed for Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological laboratory protocols. Out of 111 samples, 6(5.4%), 11(9.9%) and 4(3.6%) showed positive for lettuce, manured soil and irrigation water respectively. When one way ANNOVA was used to analysed the data the mean positive values showed no significant difference among the 3 groups of samples analysed (P=0.17). The study revealed that, wastewater which farmers rely on for unrestricted irrigation all year round, lettuce which is consumed raw and manured soil from irrigation fields are all contaminated with Salmonella spp.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"06 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000269
R. Majid, V. Demla, A. Mohammed, Elliott Friedman, P. Kee, K. Schmitt, L. Ostrosky
We present a discussion of a rare case of Salmonella non-typhi epidural abscess in an immunocompetent patient without any risk factors with the finding of concurrent mitral valve endocarditis and urinary tract infection. Nontyphoidal salmonella is a reportable food-borne illness which typically presents as a gastrointestinal infection. In immunocompetent individuals, Salmonella infections are often subclinical and almost always self-limited. 5% of nontyphoidal infections progress to a systemic infection from a nonspecific febrile illness often associated with a disseminated bacteremia and metastatic foci of infection with the development of a Salmonella arthritis, urinary tract infection, infection of the central nervous system, bone infection, soft tissue infection. Our case illustrates that Salmonella enteritidis can cause a significant disseminated infection even in the absence of any predisposing factor (if the host is overwhelmed with a high bacterial load).
{"title":"Salmonella enteritidis Concurrent Spinal Epidural Abscess, Urinary Tract Infection and Endocarditis in an Immunocompetent Host: Case Report and a Review of the Literature","authors":"R. Majid, V. Demla, A. Mohammed, Elliott Friedman, P. Kee, K. Schmitt, L. Ostrosky","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000269","url":null,"abstract":"We present a discussion of a rare case of Salmonella non-typhi epidural abscess in an immunocompetent patient without any risk factors with the finding of concurrent mitral valve endocarditis and urinary tract infection. Nontyphoidal salmonella is a reportable food-borne illness which typically presents as a gastrointestinal infection. In immunocompetent individuals, Salmonella infections are often subclinical and almost always self-limited. 5% of nontyphoidal infections progress to a systemic infection from a nonspecific febrile illness often associated with a disseminated bacteremia and metastatic foci of infection with the development of a Salmonella arthritis, urinary tract infection, infection of the central nervous system, bone infection, soft tissue infection. Our case illustrates that Salmonella enteritidis can cause a significant disseminated infection even in the absence of any predisposing factor (if the host is overwhelmed with a high bacterial load).","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-891X.1000295
F. Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza Nejadmoghaddam, A. Zarnani
TiO2 photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is damaging for human chronic contact to UV at the level to excite TiO2, which is photocarcinogenic. For this study photocatalyst possessing bactericidal activities that could reduce the bacterial population of all tested pathogens when illuminated by visible light was selected. We shifted irradiation wavelength of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from far UV spectrum to visible (Vis) wavelengths by Platinum (Pt) doping. TiO2 and Pt-doped TiO2 (Pt/TiO2) NPs were synthesized via the sol-gel method in the form of powder and suspension, respectively. XRD, DRS, TEM and SEM techniques and EDX analysis were used to characterize the structure and properties of photocatalysts. Functional activity of both NPs was assessed in vitro by testing bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus under UV and Visible irradiation. The results showed that the sizes of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 nanoparticles were in the range of 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity in the anatase phase. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 NPs was found to be 0.125 mg mL-1. Interestingly, Pt-doping resulted in a marked shift in irradiation wavelength toward Vis spectrum with as almost the same growth inhibition efficacy as TiO2 at UV irradiation. TiO2 NPs reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. aureus under UV irradiation for 24 hr by 94.3% ± 0.12 and 98% ± 0.16, respectively; while Pt/TiO2 NPs inhibited growth rate of aforesaid bacterial species at the same time period under Visible irradiation. After 24 hr, growth inhibitory action of Pt/TiO2 NPs on E. coli and S. aureus reached to 86% ± 0.11 and 90% ± 0.14, respectively. Taking together, we observed that visible-light responsive platinum-containing titania (Pt/TiO2) exerted high antibacterial property against pathogenic bacterial strains taken into consideration that apparent quantum efficiency for visible light-illuminated Pt/TiO2 is relatively higher than titania-based photocatalysts.
{"title":"Visible-Light-Induced Bactericidal Efficacy of a Platinium-Doped Titanium Photocatalyst","authors":"F. Mohammadi, Mohammad-Reza Nejadmoghaddam, A. Zarnani","doi":"10.4172/2329-891X.1000295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-891X.1000295","url":null,"abstract":"TiO2 photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is damaging for human chronic contact to UV at the level to excite TiO2, which is photocarcinogenic. For this study photocatalyst possessing bactericidal activities that could reduce the bacterial population of all tested pathogens when illuminated by visible light was selected. We shifted irradiation wavelength of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from far UV spectrum to visible (Vis) wavelengths by Platinum (Pt) doping. TiO2 and Pt-doped TiO2 (Pt/TiO2) NPs were synthesized via the sol-gel method in the form of powder and suspension, respectively. XRD, DRS, TEM and SEM techniques and EDX analysis were used to characterize the structure and properties of photocatalysts. Functional activity of both NPs was assessed in vitro by testing bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus under UV and Visible irradiation. The results showed that the sizes of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 nanoparticles were in the range of 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity in the anatase phase. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 NPs was found to be 0.125 mg mL-1. Interestingly, Pt-doping resulted in a marked shift in irradiation wavelength toward Vis spectrum with as almost the same growth inhibition efficacy as TiO2 at UV irradiation. TiO2 NPs reduced the growth rate of E. coli and S. aureus under UV irradiation for 24 hr by 94.3% ± 0.12 and 98% ± 0.16, respectively; while Pt/TiO2 NPs inhibited growth rate of aforesaid bacterial species at the same time period under Visible irradiation. After 24 hr, growth inhibitory action of Pt/TiO2 NPs on E. coli and S. aureus reached to 86% ± 0.11 and 90% ± 0.14, respectively. Taking together, we observed that visible-light responsive platinum-containing titania (Pt/TiO2) exerted high antibacterial property against pathogenic bacterial strains taken into consideration that apparent quantum efficiency for visible light-illuminated Pt/TiO2 is relatively higher than titania-based photocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":74002,"journal":{"name":"Journal of tropical diseases & public health","volume":"07 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70276401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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