In this study, Pasquill atmospheric stability determined at daytime for January and July 2010 fixed for Baghdad city. The classification of stability was made using data of wind speed and solar radiation. These classes were compared with atmospheric stability recorded hourly in Baghdad airport station. The results show that stability class, B and C make up the highest percentages, while class A is non-existent during winter "this" can be attributed to prevailing parameter weather and their frequencies such as temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. The stability classes were estimated to be medium to moderate. In summer, B and A-B stability classes were more predominant than others. Visibility in January month is very high and concentrated at 8500-11500 meters and has a rate of 75%, while the bad visibility range at this month is about 7.6%. In July month the rate of clear weather conditions of visibility is about 65.8%. Atmospheric elements (temperature, relative humidity wind speed, solar radiation) are compared with visibility at specified stability class to show it’s affected on visibility. If more stable conditions existed this refers to the better extent of visibility, this means unstable conditions reduce atmospheric visibility with help of atmospheric elements. Overall, the most affected class on the visibility is neutral condition and near-neutral condition, but you may determine the location if there is near to the location of emission pollutant or aerosols, consequently, the case is different.
{"title":"The Relationship between Air Stability and Visibility over Baghdad City","authors":"Ahmed F. Hassoon, M. M. Ahmed, Nadia M. Abd","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.988","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Pasquill atmospheric stability determined at daytime for January and July 2010 fixed for Baghdad city. The classification of stability was made using data of wind speed and solar radiation. These classes were compared with atmospheric stability recorded hourly in Baghdad airport station. The results show that stability class, B and C make up the highest percentages, while class A is non-existent during winter \"this\" can be attributed to prevailing parameter weather and their frequencies such as temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation. The stability classes were estimated to be medium to moderate. In summer, B and A-B stability classes were more predominant than others. Visibility in January month is very high and concentrated at 8500-11500 meters and has a rate of 75%, while the bad visibility range at this month is about 7.6%. In July month the rate of clear weather conditions of visibility is about 65.8%. Atmospheric elements (temperature, relative humidity wind speed, solar radiation) are compared with visibility at specified stability class to show it’s affected on visibility. If more stable conditions existed this refers to the better extent of visibility, this means unstable conditions reduce atmospheric visibility with help of atmospheric elements. Overall, the most affected class on the visibility is neutral condition and near-neutral condition, but you may determine the location if there is near to the location of emission pollutant or aerosols, consequently, the case is different.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90409364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nagham T. Ibraheem, Hazim Hussain, Omar L. Khaleed
The sun is the main source of energy that reaches the surface of the earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation called solar radiation and when it reaches the outer surface of the glass hood of the solar distillation, the process of energy transferring as the heat begins. the energy transfer process between parts of solar distillates greatly controls its performance, so the greater amount of energy gained and the less energy lost, leads to higher productivity and efficiency of the solar distillery. in this paper, a mathematical model was constructed to calculate the amount of thermal energy in each part of a monoclinic solar distiller equipped with an additional capacitor during its operation. as a result of this model showed that the temperature, after a series of heat energy exchanges between the glass cover and all the internal parts of the distillate, with the absorbent part at the base of the distillate, exhibited the same behavior, which is increasing in its temperature steadily during the first hours of the day from (32.5-41.7 ) at (08:30 am) in the morning down to its top value (61.4-76.7 ) at (02:30 pm) and decline after this hour in the same bullish pattern. this is due to the greater difference between the amount of energy lost and acquired by the absorbent portion during the same daylight hours, as the amount of energy gained increases and the amount of lost energy decreases, leading to the highest energy gain and the least energy lost by the absorbent part at (02:30 pm), except the outer part of the additional condenser, which followed a similar behavior of air temperature, with its temperature gradually increasing slightly during the first hours of the day from (27 ) at (08:30 am) until it reached its peak (36.2 ) at (01:30 pm), then it decreases after this time slightly. this slight rise and slight decrease are due to the constant state of thermal balance between the two ends of the additional condenser by the heat exchange process between the outer part of the additional condenser and the cooling water.
{"title":"Modelling Heat Transfer in Solar Distiller with Additional Condenser Studying","authors":"Nagham T. Ibraheem, Hazim Hussain, Omar L. Khaleed","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.979","url":null,"abstract":"The sun is the main source of energy that reaches the surface of the earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation called solar radiation and when it reaches the outer surface of the glass hood of the solar distillation, the process of energy transferring as the heat begins. the energy transfer process between parts of solar distillates greatly controls its performance, so the greater amount of energy gained and the less energy lost, leads to higher productivity and efficiency of the solar distillery. in this paper, a mathematical model was constructed to calculate the amount of thermal energy in each part of a monoclinic solar distiller equipped with an additional capacitor during its operation. as a result of this model showed that the temperature, after a series of heat energy exchanges between the glass cover and all the internal parts of the distillate, with the absorbent part at the base of the distillate, exhibited the same behavior, which is increasing in its temperature steadily during the first hours of the day from (32.5-41.7 ) at (08:30 am) in the morning down to its top value (61.4-76.7 ) at (02:30 pm) and decline after this hour in the same bullish pattern. this is due to the greater difference between the amount of energy lost and acquired by the absorbent portion during the same daylight hours, as the amount of energy gained increases and the amount of lost energy decreases, leading to the highest energy gain and the least energy lost by the absorbent part at (02:30 pm), except the outer part of the additional condenser, which followed a similar behavior of air temperature, with its temperature gradually increasing slightly during the first hours of the day from (27 ) at (08:30 am) until it reached its peak (36.2 ) at (01:30 pm), then it decreases after this time slightly. this slight rise and slight decrease are due to the constant state of thermal balance between the two ends of the additional condenser by the heat exchange process between the outer part of the additional condenser and the cooling water.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77218325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali J. Mohammed, Samir k. Mohammed, Jasim H. Kadhum
The cold events and Precipitation conditions having special attention in the last years due to their impact on human health, ecosystems, and other aspects such as agriculture, hydrology. The ECMWF ERA-Interim 12-hourly (03 and 15 UTC) total precipitations and T min in a 1o x 1o grid covering Iraq, from 29° N to 38° N and from 39° W to 48° E, with a total of 10 by 10 cells, was used. At each grid point, extremes were defined as those events in which total precipitations were above 99 th percentile for the 25 years period 1994-2018. For more investigation, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated The trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to study the dynamical mechanism that led to producing the cold events in Iraq. The number of extreme precipitations patterns shows an increasing behavior in the number of extreme events especially in the last decade, farther more there is a significant increase in the number of extreme precipitations in the last three years ago. No correlations were found with NAO, EA index, in contrast, there is a significant negative correlation with winter Arctic oscillations index. The aim of this work is studying the precipitation and cold extreme events in Iraq and their relations of most hemispheric pattern which influence in the Middle East region such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic index (EA), Artic oscillation index (AO) and Mediterranean index (MOi). We speculate that the results of this study can provide a better understanding of extreme cold and precipitations anomalies in Iraq from a large-scale view. The cold events and Precipitations conditions having special attention in the last years due to their impact on human health, ecosystems and other aspects such as agriculture, hydrology. The ECMWF ERA-Interim 12-hourly (03 and 15 UTC) total precipitations and T min in a 1o x 1o grid covering the Iraq, from 29° N to 38° N and from 39° W to 48° E, with a total of 10 by 10 cells, was used. At each grid point, extremes were defined as those events in which total precipitations were above its 99 th percentile for the 25 years’ period 1994-2018. For more investigation, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to study the dynamical mechanism that led to produce the cold events over Iraq. The number of extreme precipitations pattern shows an increasing behavior in the number of extreme events especially in last decade, farther more there is a significant increase in the number of extreme precipitations in last three years ago. No correlations were found with NAO, EA index, in contrast, there is a significant negative correlation with winter Arctic oscillations index. The aim of this work is studying the precipitation and cold extreme events in Iraq and their relations of most hemispheric pattern which influence in the Middle East region such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic index (EA), Artic oscillation index (AO) and Mediterranean index (M
{"title":"Climate index; Cold events; Extreme; Precipitations.","authors":"Ali J. Mohammed, Samir k. Mohammed, Jasim H. Kadhum","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.985","url":null,"abstract":"The cold events and Precipitation conditions having special attention in the last years due to their impact on human health, ecosystems, and other aspects such as agriculture, hydrology. The ECMWF ERA-Interim 12-hourly (03 and 15 UTC) total precipitations and T min in a 1o x 1o grid covering Iraq, from 29° N to 38° N and from 39° W to 48° E, with a total of 10 by 10 cells, was used. At each grid point, extremes were defined as those events in which total precipitations were above 99 th percentile for the 25 years period 1994-2018. For more investigation, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated The trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to study the dynamical mechanism that led to producing the cold events in Iraq. The number of extreme precipitations patterns shows an increasing behavior in the number of extreme events especially in the last decade, farther more there is a significant increase in the number of extreme precipitations in the last three years ago. No correlations were found with NAO, EA index, in contrast, there is a significant negative correlation with winter Arctic oscillations index. The aim of this work is studying the precipitation and cold extreme events in Iraq and their relations of most hemispheric pattern which influence in the Middle East region such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic index (EA), Artic oscillation index (AO) and Mediterranean index (MOi). We speculate that the results of this study can provide a better understanding of extreme cold and precipitations anomalies in Iraq from a large-scale view. The cold events and Precipitations conditions having special attention in the last years due to their impact on human health, ecosystems and other aspects such as agriculture, hydrology. The ECMWF ERA-Interim 12-hourly (03 and 15 UTC) total precipitations and T min in a 1o x 1o grid covering the Iraq, from 29° N to 38° N and from 39° W to 48° E, with a total of 10 by 10 cells, was used. At each grid point, extremes were defined as those events in which total precipitations were above its 99 th percentile for the 25 years’ period 1994-2018. For more investigation, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to study the dynamical mechanism that led to produce the cold events over Iraq. The number of extreme precipitations pattern shows an increasing behavior in the number of extreme events especially in last decade, farther more there is a significant increase in the number of extreme precipitations in last three years ago. No correlations were found with NAO, EA index, in contrast, there is a significant negative correlation with winter Arctic oscillations index. The aim of this work is studying the precipitation and cold extreme events in Iraq and their relations of most hemispheric pattern which influence in the Middle East region such as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic index (EA), Artic oscillation index (AO) and Mediterranean index (M","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76308886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Allawi, Moataz Jalil Jasim, Kareem Abdulameer Difar
A receiver station was installed at Nasiriyah (Dhi Qar University - Faculty of Sciences) to receive very low frequency (VLF) radio signals from transmitters around the world. VLF waves are excellent probes of the sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID); they detect varying properties of the D layer presented as a lower region of the ionosphere when these waves propagate through the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide. This study describes the set-up of our station system and it demonstrates its ability to detect sudden ionospheric disturbances caused by solar flares in May, June, July, August, and September 2017. We found out that the monitoring station is working successfully to receive FLV signals, and to detect sudden ionospheric disturbances. We detected 17 events resulting from solar flare C-class, 8 events from M-class, and 3 events from X-class that caused an increase in the received FLV amplitude.
{"title":"X-Ray Solar Flares Observed and Detected by The New Very-Low-Frequency Receiver in Nasiriyah City, South of Iraq","authors":"H. Allawi, Moataz Jalil Jasim, Kareem Abdulameer Difar","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.984","url":null,"abstract":"A receiver station was installed at Nasiriyah (Dhi Qar University - Faculty of Sciences) to receive very low frequency (VLF) radio signals from transmitters around the world. VLF waves are excellent probes of the sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID); they detect varying properties of the D layer presented as a lower region of the ionosphere when these waves propagate through the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide. This study describes the set-up of our station system and it demonstrates its ability to detect sudden ionospheric disturbances caused by solar flares in May, June, July, August, and September 2017. We found out that the monitoring station is working successfully to receive FLV signals, and to detect sudden ionospheric disturbances. We detected 17 events resulting from solar flare C-class, 8 events from M-class, and 3 events from X-class that caused an increase in the received FLV amplitude.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80237621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The atmospheric constituents generated by the activities of an urban area may affect UV radiation reaching the ground. In this study, two areas were chosen in Baghdad city (Zafaraniyah and Abu Ghraib). Parameters of the pollutants data (Total column NO2 and Total column CO) and UV radiation for specific bands were collected and analyzed for the period of three years (2017-2019) were taken hourly from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for each parameter through the years. The results show that the concentrations of pollutants in Zafaraniyah higher than Abu Ghraib throughout the year, Where total column NO2 reaching to about 9.6 * 10-5 kg m-2 in 2019 for Zafaraniyah and 8.48 * 10-5 kg m-2 for Abu Ghraib. While total column CO reaching to about 45 * 10-4 kg m-2 in 2019 for Zafaraniyah and 43 * 10-4 kg m-2 for Abu Ghraib in the same year. While the values of UV radiation in Abu Ghraib higher value 487.3W/m2 than 443.7 W/m2 Zafaraniyah throughout the year.
市区活动所产生的大气成分可能影响到达地面的紫外线辐射。在这项研究中，选择了两个地区在巴格达市(扎法拉尼亚和阿布格莱布)。从欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)收集污染物数据(总柱NO2和总柱CO)和特定波段的紫外线辐射参数，并对其进行了三年(2017-2019)的每小时分析。结果表明:扎法拉尼亚的污染物浓度全年高于阿布格莱布，2019年扎法拉尼亚的总柱NO2达到约9.6 * 10-5 kg -2，阿布格莱布的总柱NO2达到8.48 * 10-5 kg -2。而2019年扎法拉尼亚和阿布格莱布的总塔CO分别达到45 * 10-4 kg -2和43 * 10-4 kg -2。而阿布格莱布的全年紫外线辐射值为487.3W/m2，高于扎法拉尼亚的443.7 W/m2。
{"title":"Variability of Solar UV Radiation and Its Relationship to Pollutants in Baghdad City","authors":"F. S. Basheer, Ahmed A. Hameed, A. Kokaz","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.989","url":null,"abstract":"The atmospheric constituents generated by the activities of an urban area may affect UV radiation reaching the ground. In this study, two areas were chosen in Baghdad city (Zafaraniyah and Abu Ghraib). Parameters of the pollutants data (Total column NO2 and Total column CO) and UV radiation for specific bands were collected and analyzed for the period of three years (2017-2019) were taken hourly from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for each parameter through the years. The results show that the concentrations of pollutants in Zafaraniyah higher than Abu Ghraib throughout the year, Where total column NO2 reaching to about 9.6 * 10-5 kg m-2 in 2019 for Zafaraniyah and 8.48 * 10-5 kg m-2 for Abu Ghraib. While total column CO reaching to about 45 * 10-4 kg m-2 in 2019 for Zafaraniyah and 43 * 10-4 kg m-2 for Abu Ghraib in the same year. While the values of UV radiation in Abu Ghraib higher value 487.3W/m2 than 443.7 W/m2 Zafaraniyah throughout the year.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90040433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phenomenon of dust storms occurs in areas that are characterized by drought, and lack of rainfalls. There are many such areas around the world, including the Middle East in general and large parts of Iraq in particular. In the last week of October 2017, a severe dust storm occurred over Iraq and lasted for four days, the aim of this work was to investigate the synoptic situation of this severe storm using remote sensing data. Data include daily true-color images, Aerosols Index (AI), surface weather maps, and 850 Mb weather maps. These data were analyzed for the four days of the storm (28-31 Oct 2017). The results showed that the storm was triggered on the 28th of October over the northwestern part of Iraq. The weather maps revealed that the cause, development, and transport of this storm were caused by a low-pressure system. This system was developed just over the source area of dust on the first day of the storm, and two ridges in which one has existed over the north of Iran and the second advanced from Egypt during the second day of the storm. The pattern of the trough and two ridges on the second and third day caused the storm to halt over central and southwestern areas of Iraq and the northern border of Saudi Arabia with Iraq. On the fourth day, the storm was moved by the northwesterly wind towards the south of Iraq and Kuwait.
{"title":"Synoptic Situation of 28-31 October 2017 Severe Dust Storm over Iraq","authors":"Husam T. Majeed, H. Qasim","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.980","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of dust storms occurs in areas that are characterized by drought, and lack of rainfalls. There are many such areas around the world, including the Middle East in general and large parts of Iraq in particular. In the last week of October 2017, a severe dust storm occurred over Iraq and lasted for four days, the aim of this work was to investigate the synoptic situation of this severe storm using remote sensing data. Data include daily true-color images, Aerosols Index (AI), surface weather maps, and 850 Mb weather maps. These data were analyzed for the four days of the storm (28-31 Oct 2017). The results showed that the storm was triggered on the 28th of October over the northwestern part of Iraq. The weather maps revealed that the cause, development, and transport of this storm were caused by a low-pressure system. This system was developed just over the source area of dust on the first day of the storm, and two ridges in which one has existed over the north of Iran and the second advanced from Egypt during the second day of the storm. The pattern of the trough and two ridges on the second and third day caused the storm to halt over central and southwestern areas of Iraq and the northern border of Saudi Arabia with Iraq. On the fourth day, the storm was moved by the northwesterly wind towards the south of Iraq and Kuwait.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89333349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon dioxide intensity (CI) refers to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion that mainly used for electricity, heat, transport, and other life requirements. The objective of this paper is better to understand CI as an indicator of Global Warming, and compared its behavior with two other variables (total CO 2 emissions, and CO 2 emissions per capita). The main data sources an available and activity data from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). Three annual variables used in this study; CI, total CO 2 emissions, and CO 2 per capita for fossil fuel emissions during long time series from (1971 to 2018). The results of CI shown that the highest value found out at the beginning of the study in 1971 was (7.188 kg/kg oil equivalent), and then decreased till reach to lower value was (1.707 kg/kg oil equivalent) in 1997, after that slowly increased in the last decade near to (3.63 kg/kg oil equivalent). The total CO 2 emissions were strongly related to oil prediction. The highest value for total CO 2 emissions was (188.1 Mt) in 2018, with Iraqi oil production more than (4.78 million barrel/day). The total CO 2 emissions increased by (65. 176%) during the study period. The total CO2 emissions were inversely proportional to CI. The level of CO2 emission per capita rate fluctuated around average (3.49 metric tons per capita); the maximum rate was (4.99 metric tons per capita) in 2013.
{"title":"Analysis The Intensity of CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in Iraq","authors":"Ahmed S. A. Hassan, Jasim H. Kadhum","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.982","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide intensity (CI) refers to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion that mainly used for electricity, heat, transport, and other life requirements. The objective of this paper is better to understand CI as an indicator of Global Warming, and compared its behavior with two other variables (total CO 2 emissions, and CO 2 emissions per capita). The main data sources an available and activity data from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). Three annual variables used in this study; CI, total CO 2 emissions, and CO 2 per capita for fossil fuel emissions during long time series from (1971 to 2018). The results of CI shown that the highest value found out at the beginning of the study in 1971 was (7.188 kg/kg oil equivalent), and then decreased till reach to lower value was (1.707 kg/kg oil equivalent) in 1997, after that slowly increased in the last decade near to (3.63 kg/kg oil equivalent). The total CO 2 emissions were strongly related to oil prediction. The highest value for total CO 2 emissions was (188.1 Mt) in 2018, with Iraqi oil production more than (4.78 million barrel/day). The total CO 2 emissions increased by (65. 176%) during the study period. The total CO2 emissions were inversely proportional to CI. The level of CO2 emission per capita rate fluctuated around average (3.49 metric tons per capita); the maximum rate was (4.99 metric tons per capita) in 2013.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73714660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface heat inversion (SHI) is important in determining the spread of pollutants in the lower part of the troposphere. This paper presents the relationship between heat inversion intensity and its height and thickness using the daily radiosonde data (midnight) of the period from (2013-2014) obtained from the Iraq Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS). The results of the study were that heat inversion intensity increases with the increase in height in winter, summer, and autumn, during the spring, so there is no relationship. The relationship of heat inversion thickness with intensity is linear in spring, summer, and autumn, but inverse in winter.
{"title":"Study The Relationship of Thermal Reflection Intensity with Its Height and Thickness","authors":"Shahad R. Al-Ghrybawi, M. Al-Jiboori","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.976","url":null,"abstract":"Surface heat inversion (SHI) is important in determining the spread of pollutants in the lower part of the troposphere. This paper presents the relationship between heat inversion intensity and its height and thickness using the daily radiosonde data (midnight) of the period from (2013-2014) obtained from the Iraq Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS). The results of the study were that heat inversion intensity increases with the increase in height in winter, summer, and autumn, during the spring, so there is no relationship. The relationship of heat inversion thickness with intensity is linear in spring, summer, and autumn, but inverse in winter.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86008116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lead-contaminated water, soil, and air have been perceived as potential sources of lead exposure for a considerable length of time, which continues to threaten human health; particularly that of young children. An Integrated Exposure, Uptake, and Biokinetic (IEUBK) as a human health risk model were applied to predict the Blood lead levels (BLLs) in children. A variety of data for air, soil, and water were obtained from the industrial region in Al-Dorah city in Baghdad for the period 2012- 2014. The result found that the predicted BLLs value of 11.17 μg/dL obtained from the IEUBK model was exceeding the agency’s threshold of concern of 10 μg/jdL which was considered as the lowest level of concern for BLL in children, this result of the IEUBK model was in agreement with the actual value of BLLs which were taken from previous literature for 24 blood samples of school children matched for age curried out in the same Al-Dorah region. This technique propels logical comprehension of the connection between BLLs in children and environmental media in both air and soil for the pollute condition. It can control national health-based benchmarks for lead and related community public health decisions.
{"title":"A multimedia Environmental Model to Predict the Lead Concentration in Children’s Blood Near Al-Dorah Refinery in Baghdad","authors":"A. A. Ajeel, A. Al-lami, A. Al-Maliki","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.981","url":null,"abstract":"Lead-contaminated water, soil, and air have been perceived as potential sources of lead exposure for a considerable length of time, which continues to threaten human health; particularly that of young children. An Integrated Exposure, Uptake, and Biokinetic (IEUBK) as a human health risk model were applied to predict the Blood lead levels (BLLs) in children. A variety of data for air, soil, and water were obtained from the industrial region in Al-Dorah city in Baghdad for the period 2012- 2014. The result found that the predicted BLLs value of 11.17 μg/dL obtained from the IEUBK model was exceeding the agency’s threshold of concern of 10 μg/jdL which was considered as the lowest level of concern for BLL in children, this result of the IEUBK model was in agreement with the actual value of BLLs which were taken from previous literature for 24 blood samples of school children matched for age curried out in the same Al-Dorah region. This technique propels logical comprehension of the connection between BLLs in children and environmental media in both air and soil for the pollute condition. It can control national health-based benchmarks for lead and related community public health decisions.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88915516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Remote sensing techniques are very important for the identification of land cover patterns and monitoring changes that occurred, thus three different periods were taken for the Al-Razaza lake region. The Summer and spring months were chosen because climate changes were observed and their effect on land covers was monitored. According to the applied supervised classification, the study area was divided into four land covers, nearly closed Al – Razaza Lake was deeper in its western portions, thick vegetation cover was found. The eastern and southern portion of the lake was bounded by desertic and semi-desertic land. The water level in the lake was fluctuating with different seasons. During the period 2000 and 2015 the area of the lake was height decreased around 320 Km2. Climate changes led to increasing drying out water areas and a high increase in the number of saline areas in 2015. This study shows a significant decrease in water cover In terms of depth and area of the lake due to the large decline in the value of the NDWI index.
{"title":"Monitoring the Land Covers Around Al- Razaza Lake/ Iraq Based Upon Multi-Temporal Analysis Technique","authors":"Sabah Noori Kadhum, Esraa Salam Alsudani","doi":"10.23851/MJS.V32I2.978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23851/MJS.V32I2.978","url":null,"abstract":"Remote sensing techniques are very important for the identification of land cover patterns and monitoring changes that occurred, thus three different periods were taken for the Al-Razaza lake region. The Summer and spring months were chosen because climate changes were observed and their effect on land covers was monitored. According to the applied supervised classification, the study area was divided into four land covers, nearly closed Al – Razaza Lake was deeper in its western portions, thick vegetation cover was found. The eastern and southern portion of the lake was bounded by desertic and semi-desertic land. The water level in the lake was fluctuating with different seasons. During the period 2000 and 2015 the area of the lake was height decreased around 320 Km2. Climate changes led to increasing drying out water areas and a high increase in the number of saline areas in 2015. This study shows a significant decrease in water cover In terms of depth and area of the lake due to the large decline in the value of the NDWI index.","PeriodicalId":7515,"journal":{"name":"Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77507619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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