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Ultrasonic soldering of Al2O3 ceramics and Ni-SiC composite by use of Bi-based active solder 利用铋基活性焊料对Al2O3陶瓷和Ni-SiC复合材料进行超声波焊接
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023012
Tomáš Meluš, R. Koleňák, J. Drápala, P. Babincová, Matej Pašák
The aim of this research was to study the interaction and solderability of Al2O3 ceramics and Ni-SiC composite by use of an active solder type Bi11Ag1.5Ti1Mg. The chemical composition of the solder is 86.5 wt% Bi, 11 wt% Ag, 1.5 wt% Ti, 1 wt% Mg. Soldering was performed by ultrasonic activation. This solder has a wide melting interval with the initial melting temperature of 263 ℃, what corresponds to the eutectic reaction. The liquidus temperature of this solder was determined at 437 ℃. The bond between the ceramic and the solder is formed by the interaction of the active metals Bi, Ag and Mg with the surface of the substrate Al2O3. The thickness of the Mg reaction layer at the interface was approximately 0.8 μm. The bond at the interface between Ni-SiC and solder was formed due to the interaction of the active metals Bi, Ag, Mg and Ti. Feasibility of Bi11Ag1.5Ti1Mg solder was assessed on the basis of analyses of joint boundaries and joint shear strength measurements. The average shear strength of Al2O3/Bi11Ag1.5Ti1Mg/Ni-SiC joint was 54 MPa.
本研究的目的是利用活性焊料Bi11Ag1.5Ti1Mg研究Al2O3陶瓷与Ni-SiC复合材料的相互作用和可焊性。焊料的化学成分为86.5 wt% Bi, 11wt % Ag, 1.5 wt% Ti, 1wt % Mg。用超声波活化进行焊接。该焊料具有较宽的熔化间隔,初熔温度为263℃,与共晶反应相对应。测定了该焊料的液相温度为437℃。陶瓷和焊料之间的结合是由活性金属Bi、Ag和Mg与衬底表面Al2O3的相互作用形成的。界面处的Mg反应层厚度约为0.8 μm。活性金属Bi、Ag、Mg和Ti的相互作用形成了Ni-SiC与钎料界面的键合。通过对接头边界的分析和接头抗剪强度的测定,对Bi11Ag1.5Ti1Mg焊料的可行性进行了评价。Al2O3/Bi11Ag1.5Ti1Mg/Ni-SiC接头的平均抗剪强度为54 MPa。
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引用次数: 0
A preliminary study of porous ceramics with carbon black contents 含炭黑多孔陶瓷的初步研究
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023041
Mohamed Lokman Jalaluddin, U. Azlan, Mohd Warikh Abd Rashid
This paper is a study of porous ceramics from a mixture of clay (kaolinite), silica (silicon dioxide), and feldspar by adding the carbon black (CB) with different contents. The results were presented in terms of apparent porosity, relative density, microstructure and porous characteristic, flexural strength and phase formation. As observed, the sintering at 1200 ℃ is the optimum temperature in this work. In comparison to the samples without CB content, the apparent porosity and relative density of ceramics are highly dependent on the CB contents. This might be attributed to the presence of porous structure as seen in SEM images on the fracture surface of ceramics. It also revealed that the addition of CB resulted in smaller pore sizes and a more uniform pore distribution. The creation of pores in porous ceramics was mainly attributed to the loss of shape of CB microspheres at high temperatures, as observed from SEM. The flexural strength of the sintered samples exhibited an average decrease from 60 to 55 MPa due to the presence of CB, which is typically known to reduce the mechanical properties with high porosity. In XRD results, the muscovite phase is represented by a few of peaks with significant intensities, while the rest peaks are of undetermined phase. The strongest peak at a 26° of 2θ angle, suggesting the presence of potassium and aluminium in the form of silicate minerals.
本文研究了在粘土(高岭石)、二氧化硅(二氧化硅)和长石的混合物中加入不同含量的炭黑(CB)制备多孔陶瓷。结果包括表观孔隙率、相对密度、微观结构和孔隙特性、抗折强度和相形成。经观察,1200℃的烧结温度是本工作的最佳烧结温度。与不含炭黑的样品相比,炭黑含量对陶瓷的表观孔隙率和相对密度有很大的影响。这可能是由于陶瓷断口表面的SEM图像中存在多孔结构。结果还表明,炭黑的加入使孔隙尺寸变小,孔隙分布更加均匀。扫描电镜观察到,多孔陶瓷中孔洞的形成主要是由于炭黑微球在高温下失去形状。由于炭黑的存在,烧结样品的抗折强度从60 MPa平均降低到55 MPa,这是众所周知的降低高孔隙率的机械性能的典型因素。在XRD结果中,白云母相由少数具有显著强度的峰代表,其余峰为未确定的相。最强的峰在2θ角26°处,表明钾和铝以硅酸盐矿物的形式存在。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of sub-zero treatments on hardness and corrosion properties of low-alloy nickel steel 低温处理对低合金镍钢硬度和腐蚀性能的影响
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023004
Vinda Puspasari, Satrio Herbirowo, A. M. Habieb, Dedi Pria Utama, R. Roberto, B. Adjiantoro
Low alloy nickel steel was chosen for this experiment because it is suitable for grinding balls application due to its high hardness and corrosion resistance. This study aimed to see the effect of different sub-zero treatments on the hardness, fractography and corrosion properties of low alloy nickel steel. The prepared specimens were heated to the austenitizing temperature of 980 ℃ in a furnace for one hour and water-quenched until they reached room temperature. Furthermore, the quenched specimens were chilled in liquid nitrogen for a variated time of 10, 60 or 360 min, followed by tempering treatment at 200 ℃ for one hour. According to the hardness test, the sub-zero treatment is effective in hardening materials, where the hardness value increases as the sub-zero treatment time increases, ranging from 204.93 to 417.98 HV. The fractography test indicated ductile fracture characterized by dimples at the fractured surface. Moreover, the corrosion test showed an enhancement of corrosion resistance with increased sub-zero treatment time.
本实验选用低合金镍钢,其硬度高,耐腐蚀,适合于磨球应用。本研究旨在观察不同的低温处理对低合金镍钢硬度、断口形貌和腐蚀性能的影响。将制备好的试样在炉内加热至980℃奥氏体化温度1小时后,水淬至室温。将淬火后的试样在液氮中冷冻10、60或360分钟,然后在200℃下回火1小时。硬度测试表明,低温处理对材料的硬化是有效的,硬度值随着低温处理时间的增加而增大,范围为204.93 ~ 417.98 HV。断口形貌试验表明,断口表面呈韧窝的韧性断裂。此外,腐蚀试验表明,随着亚零度处理时间的延长,耐蚀性增强。
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引用次数: 2
Investigation of novel turbulator with and without twisted configuration under turbulent forced convection of a CuO/water nanofluid flow inside a parabolic trough solar collector 抛物线槽太阳能集热器内CuO/水纳米流体紊流强迫对流条件下具有和不具有扭曲构型的新型紊流器研究
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023007
O. Ouabouch, Imad Ait Laasri, ounir Kriraa, M. Lamsaadi
In this study, we numerically investigated the hydrothermal performance of a parabolic trough solar collector system in which nanofluids are used to transfer thermal energy. The single-phase model has been used to evaluate the respective influences of the spherical shape of nanoparticles with a volume fraction of (φ = 3%), Reynolds number varying between 50,000 ≤ Re ≤ 250,000 and the insertion of a turbulator with and without a twisted configuration on the hydrothermal characteristics created by the turbulent forced convection of a CuO/water nanofluid. The shaped turbulator (+) inserted in the absorber tube had a length turb_L = 2.4 m, a height turb_H = 40 mm and a width turb_t = 2 mm. In the second configuration, the considered turbulator was twisted (N_twist = 5, 10 and 15 twists). The turbulator was positioned at 0.6 m from the inlet of the tube and 1 m from the outlet of the collector. The studied performances included the heat transfer characteristics, pressure drop, friction factor, thermal efficiency, temperature and velocity distribution of the outlet field. The most significant contribution of this study is the proposal of the best parameters to increase the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of parabolic troughs by adding a new turbulator with the considered twists.
在这项研究中,我们数值研究了利用纳米流体传递热能的抛物槽太阳能集热器系统的热液性能。采用单相模型研究了体积分数为(φ = 3%)的纳米颗粒的球形、雷诺数在50000≤Re≤250000之间以及是否插入具有扭曲构型的湍流器对CuO/水纳米流体湍流强制对流形成的热液特性的影响。插入吸收管的异形湍流器(+)长turb_L = 2.4 m,高turb_H = 40 mm,宽turb_t = 2mm。在第二种配置中,所考虑的湍流器被扭曲(N_twist = 5,10和15扭曲)。紊流器位于距管入口0.6 m处,距集热器出口1m处。研究的性能包括换热特性、压降、摩擦系数、热效率、出口场温度和速度分布。本研究最重要的贡献是提出了通过添加新的紊流器来提高抛物槽的热效率和水力效率的最佳参数。
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引用次数: 1
Understanding of low-carbon steel marine corrosion through simulation in artificial seawater 模拟低碳钢在人工海水中的腐蚀
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023028
Y. M. Pusparizkita, Vivi A. Fardilah, Christian Aslan, J. Jamari, A. Bayuseno
The current laboratory experiments investigated the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in artificial seawater (ASW) using the steel coupons hanging on a closed glass reactor of ASW with volume-to-specimen area ratios ranging from 0.20 to 0.40 mL/mm2. These coupons were immersed in ASW for varying time durations (7 and 14 d) at room temperature without agitation. Further, the corrosion rates based on the weight loss and electrochemical analytical method were determined. Following exposure to carbon steel for 7 and 14 d, corrosion rates were 0.2780 mmpy and 0.3092 mmpy, respectively. The surfaces appeared to be not protected by oxides based on this result. The electrochemical impedance spectrometer in potentiostatic/galvanostatic mode, in conjunction with EDX analysis, predicted the evolution of oxygen reduction. The 7th-day immersion sample had a higher oxygen content, and the 14th-day immersion sample had a slightly lower oxygen content. Methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized the surface morphology and composition of their corrosion product. Corrosion products derived from rust minerals hematite, lepidocrocite and magnetite appeared to cover the carbon steel surface after exposure. This result can get insight into the corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel used in marine environments.
本实验室研究了碳钢在人工海水(ASW)中的耐蚀性,采用钢片悬挂在封闭的ASW玻璃反应器上,体积与试样面积比为0.20 ~ 0.40 mL/mm2。这些薄片在室温下不搅拌的情况下浸泡在ASW中不同的时间(7天和14天)。进一步,通过失重和电化学分析方法确定了腐蚀速率。在碳钢中暴露7天和14天后,腐蚀速率分别为0.2780和0.3092 mmpy。根据这一结果,表面似乎没有受到氧化物的保护。电化学阻抗谱仪在恒电位/恒流模式下,结合EDX分析,预测了氧还原的演化过程。浸渍第7天的样品氧含量较高,浸渍第14天的样品氧含量略低。采用x射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其腐蚀产物的表面形貌和组成进行了表征。暴露后碳钢表面出现了由铁锈矿物赤铁矿、绢云母和磁铁矿产生的腐蚀产物。这一结果可以深入了解海洋环境中使用的低碳钢的腐蚀行为。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of the effect of small additions of some rare earth elements on the structure and mechanical properties of castings from hypereutectic chromium white irons 少量添加稀土元素对过共晶白口铬铸铁铸件组织和力学性能影响的评价
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023029
Aleksander Panichkin, A. Uskenbayeva, A. Kenzhegulov, A. Mamaeva, A. Imbarova, B. Kshibekova, Zhassulan Alibekov, D. Nurhadiyanto, Isti Yunita
Article considers the influence of additions of rare earth elements such as Sm, La, Ce, Nd, and Y on the structure and properties of hypereutectic high-chromium white cast iron of grade G-X300CrMo27-2. To obtain an increased content of carbides in the studied cast iron samples, the carbon content was 3.75–3.9 and 4.1–4.2 wt%. The amount of rare earth elements additives added to the melt is 0.2% by weight. Data were obtained on the effect of overheating and cooling rate in the crystallization interval on the effect of rare earth additives, the structure and properties of white cast iron castings are given. According to the results of the microprobe analysis, it was shown that, under the chosen crystallization conditions, Sm, La, and Ce can form solid solutions with primary and eutectic carbides (FeCr)7C3. La and Ce form solid solutions with austenite. Nd and Y do not dissolve in iron chromium phases. All listed rare earth elements form phosphides and oxyphosphides. Experimental data are presented on the effect of rare earth elements on the size of primary (FeCr)7C3 carbides and a hypothesis is proposed on the effect of rare earth elements on the crystallization process of hypereutectic chromium white cast irons. Experimental data are presented on the effect of REE additives on the microhardness of phases, hardness, strength, and resistance to abrasive wear of cast iron castings. It was found that the introduction of these additives into hypereutectic chromium white cast iron does not contribute to the modification of the structure and leads to an increase in the size of primary crystals, as well as a decrease in their mechanical properties. However, the addition of Y increases the abrasive wear resistance, but reduces the strength of castings made from such white cast iron.
本文研究了稀土元素Sm、La、Ce、Nd、Y的添加对G-X300CrMo27-2等高铬过共晶白口铸铁组织和性能的影响。为了提高所研究的铸铁样品中碳化物的含量,碳含量分别为3.75-3.9和4.1-4.2 wt%。稀土元素添加剂添加到熔体中的量按重量计为0.2%。研究了晶化过程中过热和冷却速度对稀土添加剂效果的影响,给出了白口铸铁铸件的组织和性能。微探针分析结果表明,在选定的结晶条件下,Sm、La和Ce可以与初生和共晶碳化物(FeCr)7C3形成固溶体。La和Ce与奥氏体形成固溶体。Nd和Y不溶于铁铬相。所有列出的稀土元素都形成磷化物和氧磷化物。本文给出了稀土元素对初生(FeCr)7C3碳化物尺寸影响的实验数据,并对稀土元素对过共晶铬白口铸铁结晶过程的影响提出了假设。研究了稀土元素对铸铁铸件相显微硬度、硬度、强度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,在过共晶铬白口铸铁中加入这些添加剂对组织的改变没有作用,反而导致初生晶尺寸增大,力学性能下降。然而,Y的加入增加了磨料耐磨性,但降低了由这种白口铸铁制成的铸件的强度。
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引用次数: 3
Dual-function coatings to protect absorbent surfaces from fouling 双重功能涂层,保护吸收表面免受污染
Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023053
Nikolaos D. Papadopoulos, Polyxeni Vourna, Pinelopi P. Falara, Panagiota Koutsaftiki, Sotirios Xafakis

Fouling of surfaces caused by pollution, contamination, humidity and microorganisms is one of the major sources of the degradation of mineral and composite materials. The inhibition of foulant growth is essential for the prevention of different kinds of damage, ranging from aesthetic, mechanical and chemical, to risks concerning human and environmental health. This study proposes a new approach for the development of a transparent preservative material with water-repellent and biocide attributes through the use of a sol-gel method. It was found that Si–O–Si dense networks can effectively grow into the micro-pores of mineral and cellulose-based materials, promoting self-cleaning properties as well as sufficient protection against bio-fouling.

& lt; abstract>由污染、污染、湿度和微生物引起的表面结垢是矿物和复合材料降解的主要来源之一。抑制污染物的生长对于防止各种损害至关重要,从美学、机械和化学损害到涉及人类和环境健康的风险。本研究提出了一种利用溶胶-凝胶法开发具有拒水性和杀菌剂特性的透明防腐材料的新方法。研究发现,Si-O-Si密集网络可以有效地生长在矿物和纤维素基材料的微孔中,提高其自清洁性能,并充分保护其免受生物污染。& lt; / abstract>
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引用次数: 0
Investigation on the effect of technological parameters of electrolyte-plasma cementation method on phase structure and mechanical properties of structural steel 20X 电解等离子体胶结法工艺参数对结构钢20X相组织和力学性能影响的研究
Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023050
Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Lyaila Bayatanova, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Ravil Sulyubayev, Nurdaulet Shektibayev, Nurbol Berdimuratov

This article presents the results of a study on the effect of electrolyte-plasma cementation on the phase composition of the surface-modified layer and the mechanical properties of 20X steel using different solutions. It has been determined that electrolyte-plasma cementation followed by quenching in solutions containing (a) 10% calcined soda (Na2CO3), 10% urea (CH4N2O), 10% glycerin (C3H8O3) and 70% distilled water and (b) 10% calcined soda (Na2CO3), 20% urea (CH4N2O) and 70% distilled water, results in the formation of a modified structure on the surface of 20X steel. This structure mainly consists of the α-Fe phase, along with separate particles of reinforcing phases, Fe3C and Fe3C7 carbides and martensitic αx-Fe phase. The plasma of the electrolyte was used to heat the samples. Then these samples were partially immersed in the electrolyte and held at a temperature of 950 ℃ for 5 min, followed by quenching. As a result of this process, it was found that 20X steel exhibits higher hardness. After the electrolyte plasma cementation, it was observed that the friction coefficient of the modified surface of the steel samples significantly decreased. Additionally, the wear volume was reduced by more than 6.5 times compared to the initial state. The average microhardness after the electrolyte-plasma cementation is 660 HV, which is nearly four times higher than that of the initial material.

& lt; abstract>本文介绍了采用不同溶液对20X钢表面改性层相组成和力学性能影响的研究结果。已经确定,在含有(a) 10%煅烧纯碱(Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> N<sub>2</sub> 0)、10%甘油(C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)和70%蒸馏水的溶液中淬火后,电解质-等离子体凝固,(b) 10%煅烧纯碱(Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>)20%的尿素(CH<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub> 0)和70%的蒸馏水在20X钢表面形成改性结构。该结构主要由α-Fe相组成,外加增强相Fe<sub>3</sub>C和Fe<sub>3</sub>C<sub>7</sub>碳化物和马氏体αx-Fe相。电解液的等离子体被用来加热样品。然后将这些样品部分浸入电解液中,在950℃下保温5分钟,然后淬火。结果表明,20X钢具有较高的硬度。经电解液等离子体胶结处理后,改性钢试样表面的摩擦系数显著降低。此外,与初始状态相比,磨损量减少了6.5倍以上。电解-等离子体胶结后的平均显微硬度为660 HV,比初始材料提高了近4倍。& lt; / abstract>
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引用次数: 0
Atomistic modeling and molecular dynamic simulation of polymer nanocomposites for thermal and mechanical property characterization: A review 高分子纳米复合材料热力学性能表征的原子模型和分子动力学模拟研究进展
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023014
Nilesh Shahapure, Dattaji K. Shinde, A. Kelkar
Epoxy resins are formed when epoxy monomers react with crosslinkers that have active hydrogen sites on them such as amine and anhydrides. These cross-linked structures are highly unpredictable and depend on different parameters during curing. Epoxy material when reinforced with nanoparticles has got importance because of its extraordinary enhanced mechanical and thermal properties for structural application. Experimentally it is challenging to tailor these nanostructures and manufacture epoxy-based nanocomposites with desired properties. An experimental approach to preparing these is tedious and costly. The improvement of such materials requires huge experimentation and a better level of control of their properties can't be accomplished up till now. There is a need for numerical experimentation to guide these experimental procedures. With the headway of computational techniques, an alternative for these experiments had given an effective method to characterize these nanocomposites and study their reaction kinetics. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is one such technique that works on density function theory and Newton*s second law to characterize these materials with different permutations and combinations during their curing. This review is carried out for MD simulation studies done to date on different epoxies and epoxy-based nanocomposites for their thermal, mechanical, and thermo-mechanical characterization.
当环氧单体与具有活性氢位点的交联剂如胺和酸酐反应时,形成环氧树脂。这些交联结构是高度不可预测的,并且取决于固化过程中的不同参数。纳米颗粒增强环氧树脂材料具有显著的力学性能和热性能,在结构应用中具有重要意义。在实验上,定制这些纳米结构并制造具有所需性能的环氧基纳米复合材料是一项挑战。用实验的方法来准备这些东西既繁琐又昂贵。这种材料的改进需要大量的实验,并且到目前为止还无法实现对其性能的更好控制。有必要用数值实验来指导这些实验过程。随着计算技术的发展,这些实验的替代方法为表征纳米复合材料和研究其反应动力学提供了有效的方法。分子动力学(MD)模拟就是利用密度函数理论和牛顿第二定律来表征这些材料在固化过程中不同排列和组合的一种技术。本文综述了迄今为止对不同环氧树脂和环氧基纳米复合材料的热、力学和热力学特性进行的MD模拟研究。
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引用次数: 0
Developments of pH responsive biodegradable monitoring film based on poly(vinyl alcohol) incorporated with Sappan heartwood extract for food packaging applications 以聚乙烯醇为基材,掺入日本木心材提取物的pH响应生物可降解监测膜的研制
IF 1.8 Q2 Materials Science Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.3934/matersci.2023026
Worraphol Nansu, G. Ross, S. Ross, N. Suphrom, S. Mahasaranon
The major problem leading to substantial waste in the food industry is the spoilage of food products during transportation and storage periods. Consequently, the scope of this research focuses on the development and preparation a pH responsive monitoring films based on biodegradable materials of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and natural colorant extract from Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood (SP). These monitoring films were prepared by a solution casting method and the film stability was improved by crosslinking with citric acid (CA). The red tone of monitoring film without CA was observed, while the crosslinked monitoring film showed a yellow color, which occurs from the structural change of brazilin (structure presenting in SP) to brazilein under acidic conditions. From the SEM and FTIR results, the monitoring film showed high compatibility between phases, improvements in light barrier properties and good WVTR performance. The tensile strength and elongation at break were slightly increased. For pH responsive properties, the monitoring films showed a high response with NH3 gas detection with the change in color from a yellow tone to a red tone. These results indicated that the monitoring films have potential to be applied as food packaging for meat, fish, pork, chicken, and other foods that generate ammonium gas during spoilage. Therefore, these high stable, and non-toxic biodegradable PVA films that incorporated with SP extract and crosslinked by CA have the potential to be used for food spoilage detection in packaging.
导致食品工业大量浪费的主要问题是食品在运输和储存期间的变质。因此,本研究的范围主要集中在以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为可生物降解材料和天然着色剂提取的杉木(SP)为基础的pH响应监测膜的开发和制备。采用溶液浇铸法制备了监测膜,并通过与柠檬酸交联提高了膜的稳定性。无CA的监测膜呈红色调,交联的监测膜呈黄色,这是在酸性条件下巴西蛋白(以SP呈现的结构)向巴西蛋白的结构变化所致。SEM和FTIR结果表明,该监测膜具有较高的相相容性、较好的光阻隔性能和较好的WVTR性能。拉伸强度和断裂伸长率略有提高。对于pH响应特性,监测膜对NH3气体检测具有较高的响应,颜色由黄调变为红调。这些结果表明,该监测膜具有应用于肉类、鱼类、猪肉、鸡肉等在变质过程中产生铵态气体的食品包装的潜力。因此,这些加入SP提取物并经CA交联的高稳定性、无毒可生物降解的PVA薄膜具有用于包装食品腐败检测的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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