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Luxenburger's 1939 Essay on “Schizophrenia and its Hereditary Circle” 卢克森伯格 1939 年关于 "精神分裂症及其遗传循环 "的论文。
IF 1.6 3区 医学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32977
Kenneth S. Kendler, Astrid Klee

In 1939, Hans Luxenburger published a detailed overview of the current status of schizophrenia genetics research, reaching six major conclusions. First, schizophrenia is clearly a hereditary disease. Second, however, schizophrenia is not the hereditary trait itself but rather the consequences of a slowly developing biological progress, the nature of which remains entirely unknown. Third, the full manifestation of the disorder requires certain environmental influences that must come into play. In around 30% of cases, the environment can inhibit hereditary factors so that the predisposition does not manifest in schizophrenia. Fourth, the mode of inheritance of schizophrenia remains unknown, although recessivity is more likely than dominance and monomerism is more likely than polymerism. Fifth, current evidence suggests that schizophrenia is likely etiologically homogenous. Sixth, schizophrenia is part of a hereditary circle that includes “normal” variants of the human personality (schizothymia), a pathological version of this dimension (schizoidia), and other schizophrenia-like delusional syndromes. Luxenburger is skeptical of efforts to clarify further Mendelian transmission models in the absence of pathophysiological markers because schizophrenia cannot serve as a typical phenotype for genetic analysis. By contrast, he strongly supports empirical work on hereditary prognosis, which does not depend on assumptions about any particular phenotype–genotype relationship.

1939 年,汉斯-卢克森伯格(Hans Luxenburger)发表了一篇关于精神分裂症遗传学研究现状的详细综述,得出了六大结论。第一,精神分裂症显然是一种遗传性疾病。然而,第二,精神分裂症并不是遗传性状本身,而是缓慢发展的生物学进程的结果,其本质仍然完全未知。第三,精神分裂症的全面显现需要一定的环境影响。在大约 30% 的病例中,环境可以抑制遗传因素,从而使精神分裂症的易感性不表现出来。第四,尽管隐性遗传比显性遗传更有可能,单体遗传比聚合遗传更有可能,但精神分裂症的遗传方式仍然未知。第五,目前的证据表明,精神分裂症的病因很可能是同源的。第六,精神分裂症是遗传循环的一部分,这个循环包括人类人格的 "正常 "变体(分裂症)、这一维度的病理版本(类分裂症)以及其他类似精神分裂症的妄想综合征。卢森伯格对在没有病理生理标记的情况下进一步阐明孟德尔遗传模型的努力持怀疑态度,因为精神分裂症不能作为遗传分析的典型表型。与此相反,他大力支持有关遗传预后的经验性工作,因为这些工作并不依赖于任何特定表型与基因型关系的假设。
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引用次数: 0
FOXG1 variants can be associated with milder phenotypes than congenital Rett syndrome with unassisted walking and language development 与先天性雷特综合征相比,FOXG1变体可能与较轻的表型有关,即无助行走和语言发育。
IF 1.6 3区 医学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32970
Benoit Mazel, Julian Delanne, Aurore Garde, Caroline Racine, Ange-Line Bruel, Yannis Duffourd, Diego Lopergolo, Filippo Maria Santorelli, Viviana Marchi, Anna Maria Pinto, Maria Antonietta Mencarelli, Roberto Canitano, Floriana Valentino, Filomena Tiziana Papa, Chiara Fallerini, Francesca Mari, Alessandra Renieri, Arnold Munnich, Tanguy Niclass, Gwenaël Le Guyader, Christel Thauvin-Robinet, Christophe Philippe, Laurence Faivre

Since 2008, FOXG1 haploinsufficiency has been linked to a severe neurodevelopmental phenotype resembling Rett syndrome but with earlier onset. Most patients are unable to sit, walk, or speak. For years, FOXG1 sequencing was only prescribed in such severe cases, limiting insight into the full clinical spectrum associated with this gene. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) now enables unbiased diagnostics. Through the European Reference Network for Rare Malformation Syndromes, Intellectual and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders, we gathered data from patients with heterozygous FOXG1 variants presenting a mild phenotype, defined as able to speak and walk independently. We also reviewed data from three previously reported patients meeting our criteria. We identified five new patients with pathogenic FOXG1 missense variants, primarily in the forkhead domain, showing varying nonspecific intellectual disability and developmental delay. These features are not typical of congenital Rett syndrome and were rarely associated with microcephaly and epilepsy. Our findings are consistent with a previous genotype–phenotype analysis by Mitter et al. suggesting the delineation of five different FOXG1 genotype groups. Milder phenotypes were associated with missense variants in the forkhead domain. This information may facilitate prognostic assessments in children carrying a FOXG1 variant and improve the interpretation of new variants identified with genomic sequencing.

自 2008 年以来,FOXG1 单倍体缺乏症与一种严重的神经发育表型有关,这种表型与雷特综合征相似,但发病较早。大多数患者无法坐立、行走或说话。多年来,FOXG1 测序仅用于此类严重病例,从而限制了对与该基因相关的整个临床谱系的了解。现在,下一代测序(NGS)可以实现无偏见的诊断。通过欧洲罕见畸形综合征、智力和其他神经发育障碍参考网络,我们收集了表现为轻度表型的杂合子 FOXG1 变异患者的数据,这些患者被定义为能够独立说话和行走。我们还回顾了之前报道的三名符合我们标准的患者的数据。我们新发现了五名患有致病性 FOXG1 错义变异的患者,这些变异主要发生在叉头结构域,表现出不同程度的非特异性智力障碍和发育迟缓。这些特征在先天性 Rett 综合征中并不典型,而且很少与小头畸形和癫痫有关。我们的研究结果与 Mitter 等人之前进行的基因型-表型分析一致,该分析表明可划分出五个不同的 FOXG1 基因型组。较轻的表型与叉头结构域的错义变异有关。这一信息有助于对携带FOXG1变异的儿童进行预后评估,并改善对基因组测序发现的新变异的解释。
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引用次数: 0
Speech and language in DDX3X-neurodevelopmental disorder: A call for early augmentative and alternative communication intervention DDX3X 神经发育障碍患者的言语和语言:呼吁早期进行辅助和替代性交流干预。
IF 1.6 3区 医学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32971
Elana J. Forbes, Lottie D. Morison, Fatma Lelik, Tegan Howell, Simone Debono, Himanshu Goel, Pauline Burger, Jean-Louis Mandel, David Geneviève, David J. Amor, Angela T. Morgan

Pathogenic variants in DDX3X are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Communication impairments are commonly reported, yet specific speech and language diagnoses have not been delineated, preventing prognostic counseling and targeted therapies. Here, we characterized speech and language in 38 female individuals, aged 1.69–24.34 years, with pathogenic and likely pathogenic DDX3X variants (missense, n = 13; nonsense, n = 12; frameshift, n = 7; splice site, n = 3; synonymous, n = 2; deletion, n = 1). Standardized speech, language, motor, social, and adaptive behavior assessments were administered. All participants had gross motor deficits in infancy (34/34), and fine motor deficits were common throughout childhood (94%; 32/34). Intellectual disability was reported in 86% (24/28) of participants over 4 years of age. Expressive, receptive, and social communication skills were, on average, severely impaired. However, receptive language was significantly stronger than expressive language ability. Over half of the assessed participants were minimally verbal (66%; 22/33; range = 2 years 2 months–24 years 4 months; mean = 8 years; SD = 6 years) and augmented speech with sign language, gestures, or digital devices. A quarter of the cohort had childhood apraxia of speech (25%; 9/36). Despite speech and language impairments, social motivation was a relevant strength. Many participants used augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), underscoring the need for early, tailored, and comprehensive AAC intervention.

DDX3X 的致病变异与神经发育障碍有关。交流障碍是常见的报道,但具体的言语和语言诊断尚未确定,因此无法提供预后咨询和针对性治疗。在此,我们对 38 名年龄在 1.69-24.34 岁之间、患有致病性和可能致病性 DDX3X 变异(错义,n = 13;无义,n = 12;框移,n = 7;剪接位点,n = 3;同义,n = 2;缺失,n = 1)的女性患者的言语和语言特征进行了研究。对参与者进行了标准化的言语、语言、运动、社交和适应行为评估。所有受试者在婴儿期都有粗大运动障碍(34/34),精细运动障碍在整个儿童期都很常见(94%;32/34)。在 4 岁以上的参与者中,86%(24/28)有智力障碍。平均而言,表达、接受和社交沟通能力严重受损。然而,接受性语言能力明显强于表达性语言能力。在接受评估的参与者中,半数以上为最小言语障碍者(66%;22/33;范围 = 2 岁 2 个月-24 岁 4 个月;平均 = 8 岁;标准差 = 6 岁),他们通过手语、手势或数字设备来增强语言能力。四分之一的患者患有儿童语言障碍(25%;9/36)。尽管存在言语和语言障碍,但社交动机却是他们的优势。许多参与者都使用了辅助和替代性交流(AAC),这说明需要对辅助和替代性交流进行早期、有针对性和全面的干预。
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引用次数: 0
Mental health, coping, and protective factors in mothers of children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome 22q11.2 缺失综合征患儿母亲的心理健康、应对能力和保护因素。
IF 1.6 3区 医学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32973
Haley McBride, Nandini Jhawar, Laurie Boucicaut, Carrie E. Bearden, Wendy R. Kates, Sarah E. Woolf-King, Kevin M. Antshel

Compared to the large body of maternal mental health research for other pediatric disorders, we know far less about the experience of mothers of children with 22q11DS. This study investigates the coping methods, protective factors, and mental health of this population. These findings might lead to better support for 22q11DS maternal mental health. An international sample of 71 mothers (M = 40.5 years) of children with 22q11DS (M = 9.2 years) was recruited and completed an online survey assessing maternal mental health (symptoms of depression, anxiety, traumatic stress, general stress, and alcohol consumption), coping methods, and mental health protective factors (social support, dyadic adjustment, parenting competence). Maternal ratings of child mental health symptoms were also obtained. Mothers' self-report revealed a high percentage who screened positive for elevated levels of general stress (69%), hazardous alcohol consumption (30.9%), traumatic stress (33.8%), anxiety (26.8%), and depression (26.8%). After controlling for demographic variables and child mental health symptoms, maternal self-reported maladaptive coping methods were positively associated with maternal symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and traumatic stress. Reducing maladaptive coping methods may be a promising intervention for improving mental health in mothers of children with 22q11DS.

与针对其他儿科疾病的大量孕产妇心理健康研究相比,我们对 22q11DS 患儿母亲的经历知之甚少。本研究调查了这一人群的应对方法、保护因素和心理健康。这些发现可能会为 22q11DS 母亲的心理健康提供更好的支持。本研究招募了 71 位 22q11DS 患儿(男 = 9.2 岁)的母亲(男 = 40.5 岁)作为国际样本,并完成了一项在线调查,评估了母亲的心理健康(抑郁症状、焦虑、创伤性压力、一般压力和饮酒)、应对方法和心理健康保护因素(社会支持、二元适应、养育能力)。此外,还获得了母亲对儿童心理健康症状的评分。从母亲的自我报告中可以看出,有很高比例的母亲在一般压力(69%)、危险饮酒(30.9%)、创伤性压力(33.8%)、焦虑(26.8%)和抑郁(26.8%)方面表现出阳性。在控制了人口统计学变量和儿童心理健康症状后,母亲自我报告的不良应对方法与母亲的抑郁、焦虑、压力和创伤性压力症状呈正相关。减少适应不良的应对方法可能是改善 22q11DS 患儿母亲心理健康的一种有效干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Low-grade parental gonosomal mosaicism in CHD2 siblings with Smith–Magenis-like syndrome 患有史密斯-马盖尼斯样综合征的 CHD2 兄弟姐妹中的低度父母性腺嵌合。
IF 1.6 3区 医学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32976
Francesca Cogliati, Letizia Straniero, Valeria Rimoldi, Maura Masciadri, Sara Perego, Berardo Rinaldi, Donatella Milani, Davide Gentilini, Lidia Larizza, Rosanna Asselta, Silvia Russo, Maria Francesca Bedeschi

Loss-of-function CHD2 (chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2) mutations are associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders often including early-onset generalized seizures, photosensitivity, and epileptic encephalopathies. Patients show psychomotor delay/intellectual disability (ID), autistic features, and behavior disorders, such as aggression and impulsivity. Most reported cases are sporadic with description of germline mosaicism only in two families. We detect the first case of parental gonosomal CHD2 mosaicism disclosed by two brothers showing mild ID, born to healthy parents. The eldest brother has a history of drug-controlled generalized tonic–clonic seizures and displays sleep disorder and aggressive behavior suggestive of Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). Analysis of brothers’ DNAs by next-generation sequencing (NGS) custom gene panel for pediatric epilepsy and/or ID disclosed in both the same pathogenic CHD2 variant. Additional NGS experiment on genomic DNA from parents’ peripheral blood and from buccal swab raised the suspicion of low-grade gonosomal mosaicism in the unaffected mother subsequently confirmed by digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). This report underlines as worthwhile CHD2 screening in individuals presenting ID/developmental delay, with/without epilepsy, and behavior and sleep disorders suggestive of SMS. Detecting a CHD2 variant should prime testing probands' parents by NGS coupled to dPCR on different tissues to exclude/confirm gonosomal mosaicism and define the recurrence risk.

功能缺失型 CHD2(染色质链螺旋酶 DNA 结合蛋白 2)突变与一系列神经发育障碍有关,通常包括早发型全身性癫痫发作、光敏感性和癫痫性脑病。患者表现出精神运动发育迟缓/智力障碍(ID)、自闭症特征和行为障碍,如攻击性和冲动性。大多数报道的病例都是散发性的,只有两个家族描述了种系镶嵌现象。我们发现了首例父母性染色体 CHD2 嵌合的病例,两兄弟表现为轻度 ID,父母均健康。长兄有药物控制的全身强直-阵挛发作病史,并表现出睡眠障碍和攻击性行为,提示患有史密斯-马吉尼斯综合征(SMS)。通过下一代测序(NGS)定制的小儿癫痫和/或 ID 基因面板对兄弟俩的 DNA 进行分析,发现他们都有相同的致病性 CHD2 变异。对来自父母外周血和口腔拭子的基因组 DNA 进行的其他 NGS 实验,使人们怀疑未受影响的母亲体内存在低度性染色体嵌合,随后通过数字聚合酶链反应(dPCR)证实了这一点。该报告强调,在出现 ID/发育迟缓、伴有/不伴有癫痫以及行为和睡眠障碍并提示 SMS 的个体中,CHD2 筛查是值得的。检测 CHD2 变异时,应首先通过 NGS 和 dPCR 对不同组织进行检测,以排除/确认染色体嵌合,并确定复发风险。
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引用次数: 0
Retraction: Population features of alleles and genotypes frequency distribution of polymorphic genetic markers of antipsychotic medications pharmacokinetics in the Kazakh population 撤回:哈萨克族抗精神病药物药代动力学多态遗传标记的等位基因和基因型频率分布的人群特征。
IF 1.6 3区 医学 Q3 GENETICS & HEREDITY Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32972

Saduakassova, K. Z., & Svyatova, G. S. (2022). Population features of alleles and genotypes frequency distribution of polymorphic genetic markers of antipsychotic medications pharmacokinetics in the Kazakh population. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 189B: 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32893

The above article published online on 16 May 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the Editor, Stephen J. Glatt, and Wiley Periodicals, LLC. The retraction has been agreed following concerns raised by a third party regarding the peer review process. Further investigation by the publisher has found manipulation of the peer review process. As a result, the conclusions reported in the article are not considered reliable.

Saduakassova, K. Z., & Svyatova, G. S. (2022)。哈萨克斯坦人口中抗精神病药物药代动力学多态遗传标记的等位基因和基因型频率分布的人口特征。https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32893 上述文章于 2022 年 5 月 16 日在线发表于 Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com),经编辑 Stephen J. Glatt 和 Wiley Periodicals, LLC 协议撤回。撤稿是在第三方对同行评审过程提出质疑后达成的。出版商的进一步调查发现同行评审过程存在操纵行为。因此,文章中报告的结论不可信。
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引用次数: 0
Disentangling differing relationships between internalizing disorders and alcohol use 消除内化障碍与酗酒之间的不同关系。
IF 2.8 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32975
Maizy S. Brasher, Andrew D. Grotzinger, Naomi P. Friedman, Harry R. Smolker, Luke M. Evans

Both internalizing disorders and alcohol use have dramatic, wide-spread implications for global health. Previous work has established common phenotypic comorbidity among these disorders, as well as shared genetic variation underlying them both. We used genomic structural equation modeling to investigate the shared genetics of internalizing, externalizing, and alcohol use traits, as well as to explore whether specific domains of internalizing symptoms mediate the contrasting relationships with problematic alcohol use compared to alcohol consumption. We also examined patterns of genetic correlations between similar traits within additional Finnish and East Asian ancestry groups. When the shared genetic influence of externalizing psychopathology was accounted for, the genetic effect of internalizing traits on alcohol use was reduced, suggesting the important role of common genetic factors underlying multiple psychiatric disorders and their genetic influences on comorbidity of internalizing and alcohol use traits. Individual internalizing domains had contrasting effects on frequency of alcohol consumption, which demonstrate the complex system of pleiotropy that exists, even within similar disorders, and can be missed when evaluating only relationships among formal diagnoses. Future work must consider the broad effects of shared psychopathology along with the fine-scale effects of heterogeneity within disorders to more fully understand the biology underlying complex traits.

内化障碍和酗酒都会对全球健康产生巨大而广泛的影响。先前的研究已经确定了这些疾病的共同表型合并症,以及它们的共同遗传变异。我们利用基因组结构方程模型研究了内化、外化和饮酒特征的共同遗传学,并探讨了内化症状的特定领域是否介导了与饮酒相比与问题性饮酒的对比关系。我们还研究了其他芬兰和东亚血统群体中类似特征之间的遗传相关模式。当考虑到外化性精神病理学的共同遗传影响时,内化性特征对酒精使用的遗传效应有所降低,这表明多种精神障碍的共同遗传因素及其对内化性特征和酒精使用特征合并症的遗传影响发挥着重要作用。个体内化特征对饮酒频率的影响截然不同,这表明即使在相似的疾病中也存在复杂的多效性系统,而如果只评估正式诊断之间的关系,则可能会忽略这些多效性系统。未来的研究工作必须考虑到共同心理病理学的广泛影响以及障碍内部异质性的细微影响,从而更全面地了解复杂特质的生物学基础。
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引用次数: 0
Mediational pathways between aggregate genetic liability and nonfatal suicide attempt: A Swedish population-based cohort 总体遗传责任与非致命自杀企图之间的中介途径:瑞典人群队列
IF 2.8 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32974
Séverine Lannoy, Henrik Ohlsson, Mallory Stephenson, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist, Alexis C. Edwards

Despite recent progress in the genetics of suicidal behavior, the pathway by which genetic liability increases suicide attempt risk is unclear. We investigated the mediational pathways from family/genetic risk for suicide attempt (FGRSSA) to suicide attempt by considering the roles of psychiatric illnesses. In a Swedish cohort, we evaluated time to suicide attempt as a function of FGRSSA and the mediational effects of alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, major depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, and non-affective psychosis. Analyses were conducted by sex in three age periods: 15–25 years (Nfemales = 850,278 and Nmales = 899,366), 26–35 years (Nfemales = 800,189 and Nmales = 861,774), and 36–45 years (Nfemales = 498,285 and Nmales = 535,831). The association between FGRSSA and suicide attempt was mediated via psychiatric disorders. The highest mediation effects were observed for alcohol use disorder in males (15–25 years, HRtotal = 1.60 [1.59; 1.62], mediation = 14.4%), drug use disorder in females (25–36 years, HRtotal = 1.46 [1.44; 1.49], mediation = 11.2%), and major depression (25–36 years) in females (HRtotal = 1.46 [1.44; 1.49], mediation = 7%) and males (HRtotal = 1.50 [1.47;1.52], mediation = 4.7%). While the direct effect of FGRSSA was higher at ages of 15–25, the mediation via psychiatric disorders was more prominent in later adulthood. Our study informs about the psychiatric illnesses via which genetic liability operates to impact suicide attempt risk, with distinct contributions according to age and sex.

尽管最近在自杀行为遗传学方面取得了进展,但遗传因素增加自杀未遂风险的途径尚不清楚。通过考虑精神疾病的作用,我们研究了从自杀未遂的家庭/遗传风险(FGRSSA)到自杀未遂的中介途径。在瑞典的一个队列中,我们评估了自杀未遂时间与 FGRSSA 的函数关系,以及酒精使用障碍、药物使用障碍、注意力缺陷/多动障碍、重度抑郁症、焦虑症、双相情感障碍和非情感性精神病的中介效应。按性别对三个年龄段进行了分析:15-25 岁(女性=850 278 人,男性=899 366 人)、26-35 岁(女性=800 189 人,男性=861 774 人)和 36-45 岁(女性=498 285 人,男性=535 831 人)。FGRSSA与自杀未遂之间的关联是通过精神障碍来调节的。男性酒精使用障碍(15-25 岁,HRtotal = 1.60 [1.59; 1.62],中介 = 14.4%)、女性药物使用障碍(25-36 岁,HRtotal = 1.46[1.44;1.49],调解 = 11.2%),以及女性(HRtotal = 1.46 [1.44;1.49],调解 = 7%)和男性(HRtotal = 1.50 [1.47;1.52],调解 = 4.7%)的重度抑郁症(25-36 岁)。在 15-25 岁年龄段,FGRSSA 的直接影响较高,而通过精神障碍产生的中介作用在成年后更为突出。我们的研究揭示了遗传因子对自杀未遂风险产生影响的精神疾病,不同年龄和性别的遗传因子对自杀未遂风险的影响各不相同。
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引用次数: 0
The role and molecular mechanisms of the early growth response 3 gene in schizophrenia 早期生长反应 3 基因在精神分裂症中的作用和分子机制。
IF 2.8 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32969
Qi He, Ruochun Li, Nannan Zhong, Jie Ma, Fayi Nie, Rui Zhang

Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental illness caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors play a major role in schizophrenia development. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) is a member of the EGR family, which is associated with schizophrenia. Accumulating studies have investigated the relationship between EGR3 and schizophrenia. However, the role of EGR3 in schizophrenia pathogenesis remains unclear. In the present review, we focus on the progress of research related to the role of EGR3 in schizophrenia, including association studies between EGR3 and schizophrenia, abnormal gene expressional analysis of EGR3 in schizophrenia, biological function studies of EGR3 in schizophrenia, the molecular regulatory mechanism of EGR3 and schizophrenia susceptibility candidate genes, and possible role of EGR3 in the immune system function in schizophrenia. In summary, EGR3 is a schizophrenia risk candidate factor and has comprehensive regulatory roles in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Further studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of EGR3 in schizophrenia are warranted for understanding the pathophysiology of this disorder as well as the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment and control of this disorder.

精神分裂症是一种由遗传和环境因素共同导致的慢性、使人衰弱的精神疾病。遗传因素在精神分裂症的发病过程中起着重要作用。早期生长反应 3(EGR3)是 EGR 家族的成员之一,与精神分裂症有关。有关 EGR3 与精神分裂症之间关系的研究不断积累。然而,EGR3 在精神分裂症发病机制中的作用仍不清楚。在本综述中,我们重点介绍了EGR3在精神分裂症中作用的相关研究进展,包括EGR3与精神分裂症的关联研究、EGR3在精神分裂症中的异常基因表达分析、EGR3在精神分裂症中的生物学功能研究、EGR3与精神分裂症易感候选基因的分子调控机制以及EGR3在精神分裂症免疫系统功能中的可能作用。综上所述,EGR3是精神分裂症的候选风险因子,在精神分裂症发病机制中具有全面的调控作用。有必要进一步研究 EGR3 在精神分裂症中的分子机制,以了解该疾病的病理生理学,并为治疗和控制该疾病开发新的治疗策略。
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引用次数: 0
Family-based genetic analysis in schizophrenia by whole-exome sequence to identify rare pathogenic variants 通过全外显子组序列对精神分裂症进行家族遗传分析,以确定罕见的致病变异。
IF 2.8 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32968
Binli Shang, Runxu Yang, Kun Lian, Lei Dong, Hongbing Liu, Tianlan Wang, Guangya Yang, Kang Xi, Xiufeng Xu, Yuqi Cheng

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Although several studies have been conducted to identify the causative loci and genes, few of these loci or genes can be repeated due to the high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of disease, and their mechanisms are not fully understood. There may be some “missing heritability” that has not yet been found. In order to investigate the deleterious heritable mutations, whole-exome sequencing (WES) in pedigrees with SCZ was used in the current work. Two unrelated pedigrees with SCZ were recruited to perform WES. Genetic analysis was next performed to find potential variants in accordance with the prioritized strategy. Followed by genetic analysis to detect candidate variants according to the prioritized strategy. Next, a series of algorithms was used to predict the pathogenicity of variants. Sanger sequencing was finally conducted to verify the co-segregation. Recessive mutations in six genes (TFEB, SNAI2, TFAP2B, PRKDC, ST18 in Pedigree 1 and PKHD1L1 in Pedigree 2) that co-segregated with SCZ in two families were discovered through genetic analysis by WES. Sanger sequencing verified that all of the mutations in the affected siblings were homozygous. These results corroborated the hypothesis that SCZ exhibits strong heterogeneity and complex inheritance patterns. The newly discovered homozygous variations deepen our understanding of the mutation spectrum and offer more proof for the involvement of TFEB, SNAI2, TFAP2B, PRKDC, ST18, and PKHD1L1 in the development of SCZ.

精神分裂症(SCZ)受遗传和环境因素的共同影响。虽然已经开展了多项研究来确定致病位点和基因,但由于疾病的表型和遗传异质性很高,这些位点或基因很少能够重复出现,其机制也尚未完全明了。可能还有一些 "缺失的遗传性 "尚未被发现。为了研究有害的遗传突变,本研究采用了全外显子组测序(WES)技术。我们招募了两个无血缘关系的 SCZ pedigrees 进行 WES 测序。接下来进行遗传分析,按照优先策略寻找潜在变异。然后进行遗传分析,根据优先策略检测候选变异。接着,使用一系列算法预测变异体的致病性。最后进行桑格测序以验证共分离。通过WES遗传分析,发现了两个家族中与SCZ共分离的六个基因(TFEB、SNAI2、TFAP2B、PRKDC、ST18(Pedigree 1)和PKHD1L1(Pedigree 2))的隐性突变。桑格测序验证了受影响兄弟姐妹中的所有突变均为同基因突变。这些结果证实了 SCZ 具有很强的异质性和复杂的遗传模式这一假设。新发现的同源变异加深了我们对突变谱的理解,并进一步证明了TFEB、SNAI2、TFAP2B、PRKDC、ST18和PKHD1L1参与了SCZ的发病。
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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
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