Silicon最新文献

The current study discusses the role of laser etching wavelength in synthesizing and characterizing silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) decorated porous silicon (PS) layers within plasmonics hybrid structure sensors. The porous silicon has been created by laser–supported etching pathway under various laser etching wavelengths of 820nm, 635nm, 536nm and 405nm with fixed laser power density (100 mW/cm²) at room temperature. Morphological, structural attributes, as well as sensing parameters of plasmonics silver nanoparticles were studied through analyses represented by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results. Two distinct morphologies of bare PS, characterized by pores and island-like structures with varying shapes and surface densities, were synthesized. The results revealed a well-structured AgNPs-PS configuration structure by altering the wavelength of laser etching island-like morphologies. This resulted in a 536 nm laser wavelength, which was employed to create excellent sensing parameters of AgNPs-PS plasmonics hybrid structures. The plasmonic features, involving size distribution of hotspot regions and their geometrical shape, were expertly redesigned with the etching laser wavelengths. The histogram of the dimensions, shapes and depths for hot spot regions of AgNPs-PS created with a 536 nm laser wavelength displayed specific sensing parameters; due to the higher nanoparticle accumulation within the hot spot regions and the sharp edge boundaries of hot spot regions.

Silica ceramics have attracted considerable attention across various fields due to their excellent properties, however, traditional preparation methods make it difficult to precisely fabricate complex geometric structures. Additive manufacturing (e.g., light-curing 3D printing) offers a promising approach to address this issue, however, the inherently low strength of pure silica ceramics limits their practical applications. In this study, particle surface modification was employed to reduce light scattering losses and thereby improve the fabrication accuracy of ceramic samples. The light intensity distribution and light scattering of suspensions of different micron-sized particles (ZrO₂, TiO₂ and B₂O₃) during the curing process are systematically analyzed by the finite element method, and an innovative strategy for reducing light scattering and regulating the shrinkage rate through particle surface modification is proposed. Under 405 nm UV irradiation, the zirconia particle suspension exhibits the most uniform light intensity distribution. In addition, among the tested additives (titanium oxide, boron oxide, and zirconia), zirconia exhibits the most pronounced enhancement in the mechanical properties of silica ceramics when used as a sintering aid. At the sintering temperature of 1400 °C, its bulk density and flexural strength increased from 1.855 ± 0.021 g/cm³ and 7.02 ± 0.70 MPa (without sintering aids) to 2.11 ± 0.015 g/cm³ and 11.86 ± 0.35 MPa, respectively. While improving strength, the dimensional accuracy of the printed parts is maintained, offering a feasible solution for applications such as precision casting and biomedical implants that demand both high strength and precision.

Biocomposite material are researched and utilized widely in recent decades due to their sustainability and better strength characteristics. Due to their importance and aims to creation of sustainable material, present study evaluate the mechanical, fatigue, thermal stability properties of bio extracted bamboo fiber and tuber waste derived biosilica particle reinforced composite. The composite are developed under hand layup method and as per ASTM guidelines the material strength are evaluated. The composite EPB2 with reinforcement of 3 vol.% of biosilica and 40 vol.% of fiber shows better tensile, flexural, impact and compressive strength of 137 MPa, 159 MPa, 6.1 J, and 147 MPa respectively. Moreover, with increase filler concentration of about 5 vol.%, the composite EPB3 shows maximum thermal conductivity and better thermal stability of 0.28 W/mK, and with a decomposition temperature of 382 °C respectively. This shows that composite with increase in biosilica particle shows better heat transfer pathway and reduced thermal decomposition. Further, the morphological view of the composite and their bonding arrangements are analysed through Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Because of such features, the biocomposite material could potentially be applied in areas such as automotive, aviation, military industrial, sports, and other infrastructural sectors, etc.

Carrier-selective contacts have proven effective in enhancing the efficiency of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells by reducing interface recombination losses and improving conversion efficiency. This study introduces a novel oxygen-doped titanium carbide (TiC_xO_y) electron transport layer (ETL), fabricated via electron beam evaporation. The TiC_xO_y film demonstrated a low contact resistivity (17.74 mΩ·cm²) and work function (4.12 eV), enabling efficient ohmic contact with lightly doped n-type c-Si. When applied as an ETL in c-Si solar cells, TiC_xO_y significantly increased the open-circuit voltage (V_oc) and fill factor (FF), boosting the cell efficiency from 13.14% to 16.87%. Furthermore, the TiC_xO_y layer enhanced quantum efficiency in the near-infrared spectral range. These findings indicate that TiC_xO_y is a promising ETL material, with potential to advance high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells.

This study explores the DC and optical performance analysis of Si_1-xGe_x pocket-based vertical TFETs across various light wavelengths of spectrum. Initially D.C parameters and electrostatic potential plot are analyzed to investigate the device's switching and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, the device's potential for photonic applications is evaluated by calculating key optical parameters like sensitivity. A comparison table is incorporated to set benchmarks and highlight the importance of vertical TFETs. The device achieves a peak sensitivity of approximately 58 and a responsivity (R) of 0.88 A/W at a wavelength of 250 nm. Additionally, the study examines the influence of light on tunneling and the recombination rate of the TFET-based photodetector by varying the pocket length (L_P) and temperature (T).

Salinity is a major environmental constraint that adversely affects plant growth and productivity by inducing osmotic and oxidative stress. Petroselinum crispum (parsley) is sensitive to salt stress, necessitating strategies to enhance its tolerance. This experiment was conducted at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur in 2023. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) were green-synthesized using Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Parsley seeds were germinated and exposed to 150 mM NaCl to simulate salinity stress. Treatments included melatonin (0.5%), SiNPs (100 mg/L), and their combinations: T0 (control), T1 (NaCl), T2 (melatonin), T3 (SiNPs), T4 (NaCl + melatonin), T5 (NaCl + SiNPs), T6 (melatonin + SiNPs), and T7 (NaCl + melatonin + SiNPs). Growth, photosynthetic pigments, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed after 17 days. Salinity markedly reduced germination, growth, and physiological functions. However, the combined treatment (T6) significantly enhanced germination energy by 70%, shoot length by 83%, and root length by 170% compared to salt-stressed plants. Chlorophyll a and b contents were increased by approximately 479% and 339%, respectively. Proline, soluble sugar, and protein contents increased by 78.5%, 217.4%, and 77.1%, respectively. Phenolic content was also markedly elevated. Antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and APX showed 69.5% and 123.7% increases, respectively, while oxidative stress markers like H₂O₂ and MDA were reduced by 40.8% and 61.7%, respectively, compared to salt-stressed controls. These results demonstrate that melatonin and SiNPs synergistically enhance salt stress tolerance in P. crispum by improving growth, photosynthetic efficiency, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant defense. Further research should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms and validating these effects under field conditions to ensure sustainable agricultural applications.

Bandgap reference (BGR) circuits play a key role in maintaining precise voltage references crucial for the operation of modern integrated circuits (ICs). With the continuous drive towards lower supply voltages and higher energy efficiency, the demand for BGR circuits capable of operating at ultra-low voltages has increased. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements and emerging trends in the design of low-voltage BGR circuits modified for sub-1 V supply voltages. Through critical analysis and synthesis of recent literature, the paper explains novel methodologies, design strategies, and technological innovations employed in the development of robust and efficient low-voltage BGR circuits. The review researches into various areas such as circuit topologies, semiconductor fabrication techniques, and temperature compensation mechanisms, highlighting the underlying principles and design considerations shaping the evolution of low-voltage BGR circuits. Specific applications, such as IoT devices, biomedical systems, and energy-harvesting circuits, demonstrate the practical significance of these advancements. Furthermore, by identifying key challenges—such as thermal stability, voltage sensitivity, and adaptation to new CMOS technologies—the paper outlines pathways for future research and innovation in BGR circuit design. This review aims to inspire researchers and engineers to develop energy-efficient and reliable voltage references, driving progress in next-generation semiconductor electronics.

High-quality film of MgO and Ag₂O on n-Si wafers are prepared herein. The structural properties by XRD show that MgO has a cubic structure., whereas the Ag₂O film exhibit fcc and cubic structures. The average crystallite size of MgO and Ag2O was (20.25 and 16.58) nm, respectively. From SEM of MgO film has looks like a porous structure with the smallest diameter of MgO being approximately 25.52 nm. while the silver oxide film has the shape of the nanoparticles was oval and spherical togather. Only a few individual particles were observed with the smallest diameter of Ag2O NPs being approximately 19.82 nm., while the majority of the nanoparticles had aggregated to formation large sizes. The AFM images depict MgO silver nanoparticles, which have sizes ranging from approximately 24.96 nm for MgO and 29.47 for Ag2O. These nanoparticles exhibit roughly spherical shapes, with a root mean square (grain-wise) of 4.5 nm for MgO and 8.6 nm for Ag₂O. The presence of MgO and the vibration of Ag2O were confirmed by FTIR testing. Based on absorption spectra, the band gaps of MgO and Ag2O are confirmed to be about 5.6 eV and 3.4 eV, respectively. Research gap is to Lack of studies on the use of MgO and Ag2O together in photodetectors, especially when prepared by laser ablation.The research problem is to improve the performance of the photodetector prepared using MgO and Ag2O as deposited layers on silicon, as they work together to improve the spectral response and specific detection, as display the results we have reached. Therefore, a heterostructural photodetector comprising Ag/MgO/n-Si/Ag, Ag/Ag2O NPs/n-Si/Ag and Ag/Ag2O/MgO/n-Si/Ag is assembled. With a bias of –5 V, the peak at 850 nm was 0.36 A/W, indicating that the detector functions in the IR region. In the Ag/Ag2O/MgO/n-Si/Ag sample, a responsivity of 0.25 A/W was observed at short wavelengths of 450 nm and 0.65 A/W at 850 nm. With a value of 5.22 * 10^¹² Jones, the detectivity reaches its optimum at 850 nm, which is favorable for Ag/MgO/n-Si/Ag, Ag/Ag2O NPs/n-Si/Ag photodetectors. The detectivity of the Ag/Ag2O/MgO/n-Si/Ag photodetector was measured at 450 nm and found to be 3.64 * 10^¹² Jones, while at 850 nm, it was 9.3 * 10^¹² Jones.

This study investigates the potential of ultra-fine slag (UFS) as a partial replacement for cement and crushed steel slag (CSS) as a substitute for natural sand in foamed concrete, with the aim of enhancing durability and sustainability. A series of foamed concrete mixes were prepared with varying foam densities (20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/m³), UFS substitutions (0–50%), and CSS substitutions (0%, 25%, and 50%). Mechanical strength, porosity, sorptivity, chloride diffusivity, electrical resistivity, and microstructure were systematically evaluated. Increasing foam content reduced compressive strength and increased porosity due to the introduction of additional voids. UFS improved compressive strength and reduced porosity, attributed to its high pozzolanic activity and fine particle size, which enhanced hydration product formation and pore refinement. CSS decreased porosity through improved interparticle packing, although it caused a slight reduction in strength due to its coarse texture disrupting matrix uniformity. Durability performance improved with both UFS and CSS, as evidenced by reduced sorptivity and chloride permeability. Chloride diffusivity showed strong correlation with electrical resistivity and porosity. A modified chloride transport model incorporating a Freundlich isotherm effectively captured chloride binding behavior, highlighting UFS as more effective than CSS in enhancing resistance to chloride ingress. Microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) confirmed the formation of denser and more homogeneous pore structures in slag-modified foamed concretes. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of UFS and CSS not only reduces the environmental footprint through cement reduction and industrial by-product utilization, but also significantly enhances structural durability, offering a sustainable solution for modern construction.

The separation of quartz and feldspar remains a significant challenge due to the environmental hazards of fluoride-based methods. This work investigated the effects of four organic acids on the flotation separation of quartz from feldspar using dodecylamine (DDA) as a collector under fluoride-free alkaline conditions. Single mineral flotation experiments revealed that under optimized conditions (pH 11, 30℃, 1 × 10^–3 mol/L sodium oxalate (SO), 6 × 10^–5 mol/L DDA, size of 180 ~ 105 μm), a 95.56% quartz-feldspar recovery difference was achieved. Artificial mixed mineral at a feldspar/quartz mass ratio of 20% flotation results obtained a yield of 86.14%, SiO₂ grade of 96.01%, SiO₂ recovery of 88.80%, and selectivity index (SI) of 1.89. Adsorption capacity, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle, surface energy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that SO selectively adsorbs onto the feldspar surface through chelation with exposed Al sites, forming stable complexes. This process enhances surface polarity while blocking active sites, thereby disrupting feldspar hydrophobicity by inhibiting DDA adsorption, while quartz maintains hydrophobicity with minimal effect. This work pioneered the use of low-cost, non-toxic organic acids as selective inhibitors, offering a sustainable alternative to fluoride reagents for high-purity quartz sand industries.