Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116602
Noa Park, Junghyun Oh, Beob Gyun Kim
The objective of the present study was to determine the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of crude protein (CP) and Val in Val biomass (VB; 737 g/kg Val) fed to pigs with the hypothesis that the CSID of Val in VB is comparable to that in crystalline L-Val. Eight barrows (initial body weight = 58.4 ± 3.3 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 4 diets for 4 periods in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to obtain 8 replications for each experimental diet. A basal diet consisted of 759 g/kg corn and 110 g/kg soybean meal as the sole source of amino acids (AA). Two experimental diets were prepared by adding L-Val at 75 g/kg and VB at 100 g/kg to the basal diet at the expense of corn and soybean meal. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide was included at 5 g/kg as an indigestible index in all diets. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 2-day ileal digesta collection period. The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and CSID of CP and Val in the L-Val and VB were calculated using the difference procedure. The CAID of Lys in the crystalline L-Val diet was less than that in the VB diet (P < 0.05). The values for CSID of most AA except for Lys (P = 0.049) and Val (P < 0.001) did not differ among the three experimental diets. Based on the difference procedure, the values for CSID of Val were not different between crystalline L-Val and VB (0.996 and 0.998, respectively). In conclusion, the Val biomass used in the present work contains 737 g/kg of Val and the Val in the Val biomass is highly digestible, which is comparable to crystalline L-Val.
{"title":"Standardized ileal digestibility of valine in granulated valine biomass is not different from that in crystalline L-valine in growing pigs","authors":"Noa Park, Junghyun Oh, Beob Gyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the present study was to determine the coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of crude protein (CP) and Val in Val biomass (VB; 737 g/kg Val) fed to pigs with the hypothesis that the CSID of Val in VB is comparable to that in crystalline <span>L</span>-Val. Eight barrows (initial body weight = 58.4 ± 3.3 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 4 diets for 4 periods in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to obtain 8 replications for each experimental diet. A basal diet consisted of 759 g/kg corn and 110 g/kg soybean meal as the sole source of amino acids (AA). Two experimental diets were prepared by adding <span>L</span>-Val at 75 g/kg and VB at 100 g/kg to the basal diet at the expense of corn and soybean meal. Additionally, a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide was included at 5 g/kg as an indigestible index in all diets. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 2-day ileal digesta collection period. The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and CSID of CP and Val in the <span>L</span>-Val and VB were calculated using the difference procedure. The CAID of Lys in the crystalline <span>L</span>-Val diet was less than that in the VB diet (P < 0.05). The values for CSID of most AA except for Lys (P = 0.049) and Val (P < 0.001) did not differ among the three experimental diets. Based on the difference procedure, the values for CSID of Val were not different between crystalline <span>L</span>-Val and VB (0.996 and 0.998, respectively). In conclusion, the Val biomass used in the present work contains 737 g/kg of Val and the Val in the Val biomass is highly digestible, which is comparable to crystalline <span>L</span>-Val.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116601
Jian Chen, Ziyi Jiang, Lingpeng Kong, Huanle Zhang, Lihua Wang
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics on growth performance and intestinal health in growing male mink. A total of 88 male white mink was selected and randomly allocated into four treatments, each with 11 replicates of 2 mink. The mink in the four treatments received a basal diet supplemented with 0 % (control), 0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.15 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics, respectively. Compared to the control group, 0.1 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics decreased feed to weight ratio during the 0–8 weeks period (P < 0.05) and increased average daily gain during 0–4 and 0–8 weeks of the experiment (P < 0.05), resulting in greater body weight (P < 0.05). Compared to the control, all Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics treatments had greater the ether extract apparent digestibility, secretory immunoglobulin A, and less interleukin 6 (all P < 0.05). The 0.05 % and 0.1 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics treatments exhibited higher apparent digestibility of crude protein and glutathione peroxidase capacity (P < 0.05). The 0.1 % and 0.15 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics treatments had greater interleukin 10 levels and trypsin activity (P < 0.05). The 0.05 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics treatment had less interleukin 1 beta levels (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, dietary supplementation with 0.1 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics significantly enhanced duodenal villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and jejunum villus height (P < 0.05), decreased crypt depth. Compared to the control group, the abundance of Lactococcus increased and Paraclostridium declined in all Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics supplementation treatments, and 0.1 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics treatment increased the abundance of Sphingomonas (P < 0.05). Based on these results, dietary supplementation with 0.1 % Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics is recommended for growing male mink. Quadratic regression analysis of growth performance and immune responses in relation to Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics inclusion levels indicate an optimal range of 0.091–0.114 %.
{"title":"Effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus brevis postbiotics on nutrient digestibility, growth and intestinal health in growing mink","authors":"Jian Chen, Ziyi Jiang, Lingpeng Kong, Huanle Zhang, Lihua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics on growth performance and intestinal health in growing male mink. A total of 88 male white mink was selected and randomly allocated into four treatments, each with 11 replicates of 2 mink. The mink in the four treatments received a basal diet supplemented with 0 % (control), 0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.15 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics, respectively. Compared to the control group, 0.1 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics decreased feed to weight ratio during the 0–8 weeks period (<em>P</em> < 0.05) and increased average daily gain during 0–4 and 0–8 weeks of the experiment (<em>P</em> < 0.05), resulting in greater body weight (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Compared to the control, all <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics treatments had greater the ether extract apparent digestibility, secretory immunoglobulin A, and less interleukin 6 (all <em>P</em> < 0.05). The 0.05 % and 0.1 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics treatments exhibited higher apparent digestibility of crude protein and glutathione peroxidase capacity (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The 0.1 % and 0.15 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics treatments had greater interleukin 10 levels and trypsin activity (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The 0.05 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics treatment had less interleukin 1 beta levels (<em>P</em> < 0.05<em>)</em>. Compared to the control group, dietary supplementation with 0.1 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics significantly enhanced duodenal villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and jejunum villus height (<em>P</em> < 0.05), decreased crypt depth. Compared to the control group, the abundance of <em>Lactococcus</em> increased and <em>Paraclostridium</em> declined in all <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics supplementation treatments, and 0.1 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics treatment increased the abundance of <em>Sphingomonas</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Based on these results, dietary supplementation with 0.1 % <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics is recommended for growing male mink. Quadratic regression analysis of growth performance and immune responses in relation to <em>Lactobacillus brevis</em> postbiotics inclusion levels indicate an optimal range of 0.091–0.114 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116595
Sari Kajava, Auvo Sairanen, Marketta Rinne
Environmental and societal pressures are encouraging to reduce the proportion of concentrate feeds in grass-based dairy production systems. The objective of this experiment was to compare two concentrate feeding strategies to reduce the concentrate use in dairy cow diets: 1) a constant concentrate proportion of 35 % throughout the lactation period, and 2) an adjusted strategy with 45 % in early lactation (EL) and 25 % in late lactation (LL). The strategies were simulated in two separate and parallel 8-week sub-experiments for EL and LL, each including a common concentrate level of 35 %. In EL, the comparison was made against 45 %, and in LL against 25 %. The strategies were indirectly compared based on production responses. Sub-experiments were conducted with 20 multiparous Nordic Red cows per lactation stage. Higher concentrate in EL (EL-45) increased energy-corrected milk, fat and protein yields compared to EL-35, with no significant differences in body weight change, energy balance or plasma BHBA and NEFA concentrations. The production response to concentrate supplementation was greater in EL than LL (1.3 and 0.9 kg ECM per kg additional concentrate, respectively). In LL, feed efficiency was higher, and body weight gain was lower with the lower concentrate diet. These findings suggest that under current feed prices, prioritising concentrate use in early lactation and reducing it in late lactation is more cost-effective and helps limit excessive body weight gain in late lactation.
{"title":"Evaluation of concentrate feeding strategies in an intensive grass silage-based dairy production system","authors":"Sari Kajava, Auvo Sairanen, Marketta Rinne","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental and societal pressures are encouraging to reduce the proportion of concentrate feeds in grass-based dairy production systems. The objective of this experiment was to compare two concentrate feeding strategies to reduce the concentrate use in dairy cow diets: 1) a constant concentrate proportion of 35 % throughout the lactation period, and 2) an adjusted strategy with 45 % in early lactation (EL) and 25 % in late lactation (LL). The strategies were simulated in two separate and parallel 8-week sub-experiments for EL and LL, each including a common concentrate level of 35 %. In EL, the comparison was made against 45 %, and in LL against 25 %. The strategies were indirectly compared based on production responses. Sub-experiments were conducted with 20 multiparous Nordic Red cows per lactation stage. Higher concentrate in EL (EL-45) increased energy-corrected milk, fat and protein yields compared to EL-35, with no significant differences in body weight change, energy balance or plasma BHBA and NEFA concentrations. The production response to concentrate supplementation was greater in EL than LL (1.3 and 0.9 kg ECM per kg additional concentrate, respectively). In LL, feed efficiency was higher, and body weight gain was lower with the lower concentrate diet. These findings suggest that under current feed prices, prioritising concentrate use in early lactation and reducing it in late lactation is more cost-effective and helps limit excessive body weight gain in late lactation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116600
Yahia A. Amin , Fares A. Eldeeb , Enas A. Noseer , Amna H.M. Nour , Abdellah Hassan Mahmoud , Basma Gamal , Safaa El‑Nahas , Alaa H. Said
To promote the growth of the fetus and the subsequent initiation of lactation, the dam experiences a significant demand for minerals during late gestation. This study investigated the effects of supplementing pregnant goats in late gestation with Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA), either alone or in combination with iron, on various aspects of parturition, uterine involution, postpartum disorders, placental retention, milk and offspring production, as well as serum and milk mineral concentrations. Pregnant goats were allocated into three dietary treatment groups (25 goats per group): The first group served as the control (non-supplemented) and received a basal ration, while the second and third groups were supplemented with Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) for the second group, and Nano-hydroxyapatite plus iron (NHAI) for the third group. Goats were fed their respective supplements from day 90 of pregnancy until the onset of parturition. Blood samples were collected at four time points: five weeks prior to the expected kidding date, within 12 h post-kidding, two weeks post-kidding, and four weeks post-kidding, for serum liver enzymes evaluations. Milk samples were collected from the mothers at + 12 h, two weeks, and four weeks post-kidding. Productive variables from both the dams and offspring were evaluated and uterine involution and postpartum complications were tracked using sonographic measurements. Additionally, histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence staining were performed on the placenta following its shedding. The results reveal that offspring in the NHA and NHAI groups showed improvements in birth weight, postnatal growth patterns, and lower mortality rates compared to the control group. Sonographic measurements indicated delayed uterine involution in the control group when compared to the supplemented groups. Postpartum disorders such as placental retention, metritis, and mastitis were absent in the supplemented groups, while they were observed in the control group. Serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe) concentrations in the dams significantly increased at all-time points after kidding in the supplemented groups, compared to the control group. Meanwhile, liver enzyme levels significantly decreased in the supplemented groups. The milk mineral profile and some milk compositions improved in the supplemented groups. Histopathological examination of the placenta revealed reduced collagen fiber thickness, along with increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and occludin in both the NHA and NHAI groups, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that mineral supplementation with Nano-hydroxyapatite, either alone or combined with iron, during pregnancy can enhance productivity.
{"title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with nano-hydroxyapatite in pregnant goats on obstetrical outcomes: Parturition, placental shedding, postpartum disorders, uterine involution, and milk and offspring production","authors":"Yahia A. Amin , Fares A. Eldeeb , Enas A. Noseer , Amna H.M. Nour , Abdellah Hassan Mahmoud , Basma Gamal , Safaa El‑Nahas , Alaa H. Said","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To promote the growth of the fetus and the subsequent initiation of lactation, the dam experiences a significant demand for minerals during late gestation. This study investigated the effects of supplementing pregnant goats in late gestation with Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA), either alone or in combination with iron, on various aspects of parturition, uterine involution, postpartum disorders, placental retention, milk and offspring production, as well as serum and milk mineral concentrations. Pregnant goats were allocated into three dietary treatment groups (25 goats per group): The first group served as the control (non-supplemented) and received a basal ration, while the second and third groups were supplemented with Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) for the second group, and Nano-hydroxyapatite plus iron (NHAI) for the third group. Goats were fed their respective supplements from day 90 of pregnancy until the onset of parturition. Blood samples were collected at four time points: five weeks prior to the expected kidding date, within 12 h post-kidding, two weeks post-kidding, and four weeks post-kidding, for serum liver enzymes evaluations. Milk samples were collected from the mothers at + 12 h, two weeks, and four weeks post-kidding. Productive variables from both the dams and offspring were evaluated and uterine involution and postpartum complications were tracked using sonographic measurements. Additionally, histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence staining were performed on the placenta following its shedding. The results reveal that offspring in the NHA and NHAI groups showed improvements in birth weight, postnatal growth patterns, and lower mortality rates compared to the control group. Sonographic measurements indicated delayed uterine involution in the control group when compared to the supplemented groups. Postpartum disorders such as placental retention, metritis, and mastitis were absent in the supplemented groups, while they were observed in the control group. Serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and iron (Fe) concentrations in the dams significantly increased at all-time points after kidding in the supplemented groups, compared to the control group. Meanwhile, liver enzyme levels significantly decreased in the supplemented groups. The milk mineral profile and some milk compositions improved in the supplemented groups. Histopathological examination of the placenta revealed reduced collagen fiber thickness, along with increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and occludin in both the NHA and NHAI groups, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that mineral supplementation with Nano-hydroxyapatite, either alone or combined with iron, during pregnancy can enhance productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116598
E. Li , Na Na , Nier Wu , Wencan Ke , Chunsheng Bai , Yanlin Xue
This study aimed to investigate the impact of lactic acid bacteria and sucrose on the bacterial community dynamics and fermentation quality of wheat straw silage. Wheat straw was chopped into 1–2 cm pieces, moistened to 60 %, and ensiled with no additives (CK), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L, 1 × 105 colony-forming units/g fresh weight), sucrose (S, 1 % fresh weight), or their combination (LS). The silages were stored at room temperature and sampled at 1, 3, 6, 15, 35, and 150 days. The S treatment exhibited higher concentrations of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), and ammonia nitrogen (AN) between days 15 and 35 compared to other treatments. Lactobacillaceae predominated in the CK and L treatments from days 3–35, while Lactobacillaceae-noname became the dominant group by day 150. In contrast, Pantoea remained the dominant genus throughout the fermentation period in the S and LS treatments. Additionally, Enterobacteriaceae abundance fluctuated significantly during fermentation. The abundance of lactic acid bacteria was positively correlated with lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations, and negatively correlated with pH. In conclusion, the addition of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and sucrose to wheat straw silage improved both the microbial community structure and fermentation quality, providing new strategies for agricultural waste utilization.
{"title":"Dynamics of bacterial community and fermentation quality of wheat straw silage treated with lactic acid bacteria and/or sucrose","authors":"E. Li , Na Na , Nier Wu , Wencan Ke , Chunsheng Bai , Yanlin Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the impact of lactic acid bacteria and sucrose on the bacterial community dynamics and fermentation quality of wheat straw silage. Wheat straw was chopped into 1–2 cm pieces, moistened to 60 %, and ensiled with no additives (CK), <em>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</em> (L, 1 × 10<sup>5</sup> colony-forming units/g fresh weight), sucrose (S, 1 % fresh weight), or their combination (LS). The silages were stored at room temperature and sampled at 1, 3, 6, 15, 35, and 150 days. The S treatment exhibited higher concentrations of lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), and ammonia nitrogen (AN) between days 15 and 35 compared to other treatments. <em>Lactobacillaceae</em> predominated in the CK and L treatments from days 3–35, while <em>Lactobacillaceae-noname</em> became the dominant group by day 150. In contrast, <em>Pantoea</em> remained the dominant genus throughout the fermentation period in the S and LS treatments. Additionally, <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> abundance fluctuated significantly during fermentation. The abundance of lactic acid bacteria was positively correlated with lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations, and negatively correlated with pH. In conclusion, the addition of <em>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</em> and sucrose to wheat straw silage improved both the microbial community structure and fermentation quality, providing new strategies for agricultural waste utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116599
Marina Elizabeth Barbosa Andrade , Juliana Duarte Messana , Marcelo Gindri , Jéssica Rocha Sousa Gervásio , Matheus Mello Silva , Carlos Henrique Silveira Rabêlo , Ricardo Andrade Reis
Corn silage (Zea mays L.) is a key forage in dairy and beef production due to its high starch content, which is a major energy source for ruminants. In flint-type hybrids, commonly used in Brazil, starch digestibility is limited by the dense protein matrix (prolamin) surrounding starch granules. This study evaluated the effects of mechanical grain processing during harvest and varying storage lengths on fermentation profile, chemical composition, physical characteristics, and in situ degradability (ISD) of dry matter (DM) and starch in corn silage harvested with less than 30 % DM. A flint corn hybrid was harvested using two forage harvesters: one equipped with kernel processing rolls (P-corn) and one without (UP-corn). Forages were chopped to 10 mm and ensiled in minisilos for 90, 150, 240, or 360 days. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with repeated measures over time. Kernel processing increased kernel processing score (KPS; +78.2 %) and starch ISD (12 h; +12 %), while reducing concentrations of starch (−16 %), prolamin (−18 %), and non-protein nitrogen (−33.8 %) (P < 0.05). P-corn also had higher values of aNDFom, ADFom, lignin, WSC, and lactic acid, but lower pH, DM losses, effluent, and propionic acid compared to UP-corn (P < 0.05). Storage time affected fermentation dynamics: 1,2-propanediol and acetic acid concentrations increased over time, whereas lactic and propionic acid decreased from 90 to 360 days (P < 0.05). Ammonia-N was higher in P-corn at 240 days but lower than UP-corn at 360 days. Although storage length did not influence starch ISD (12 or 24 h), the aerobic stability was improved after 150 days. In summary, kernel processing enhanced starch availability and fermentation quality, while prolonged storage improved silage stability.
{"title":"Kernel processing and storage length: Effect on the fermentation, nutritional, and physical characteristics of flint corn silage with low DM","authors":"Marina Elizabeth Barbosa Andrade , Juliana Duarte Messana , Marcelo Gindri , Jéssica Rocha Sousa Gervásio , Matheus Mello Silva , Carlos Henrique Silveira Rabêlo , Ricardo Andrade Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corn silage (<em>Zea mays L.)</em> is a key forage in dairy and beef production due to its high starch content, which is a major energy source for ruminants. In flint-type hybrids, commonly used in Brazil, starch digestibility is limited by the dense protein matrix (prolamin) surrounding starch granules. This study evaluated the effects of mechanical grain processing during harvest and varying storage lengths on fermentation profile, chemical composition, physical characteristics, and <em>in situ</em> degradability (ISD) of dry matter (DM) and starch in corn silage harvested with less than 30 % DM. A flint corn hybrid was harvested using two forage harvesters: one equipped with kernel processing rolls (P-corn) and one without (UP-corn). Forages were chopped to 10 mm and ensiled in minisilos for 90, 150, 240, or 360 days. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with repeated measures over time. Kernel processing increased kernel processing score (KPS; +78.2 %) and starch ISD (12 h; +12 %), while reducing concentrations of starch (−16 %), prolamin (−18 %), and non-protein nitrogen (−33.8 %) (P < 0.05). P-corn also had higher values of aNDFom, ADFom, lignin, WSC, and lactic acid, but lower pH, DM losses, effluent, and propionic acid compared to UP-corn (P < 0.05). Storage time affected fermentation dynamics: 1,2-propanediol and acetic acid concentrations increased over time, whereas lactic and propionic acid decreased from 90 to 360 days (P < 0.05). Ammonia-N was higher in P-corn at 240 days but lower than UP-corn at 360 days. Although storage length did not influence starch ISD (12 or 24 h), the aerobic stability was improved after 150 days. In summary, kernel processing enhanced starch availability and fermentation quality, while prolonged storage improved silage stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116597
Xinjian Lou , Muhammad Irfan Malik , Yingkui Yang , Yayu Huang , Xinsheng Zhao , Qunying Zhang , Zhenhua Xu , Jilong Wang , Shengping Zhang , Guojun Zhao , Lei Wang , Xueyan Du , Yanfen Cheng , Binqiang Bai , Lizhuang Hao
The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of unfermented and fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum indices, rumen fermentation and rumen flora structure of Tibetan lambs. Twenty healthy male Tibetan lambs randomly divided into 2 treatment groups with 10 lambs/treatment. The TMR group was fed a non-fermented total mixed ration and the FTMR group was fed a fermented total mixed ration. The average daily gain was not statistically significant (P = 0.487). The total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly higher (P = 0.005) in FTMR as compared TMR. The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P= 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P= 0.002), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P= 0.019), creatinine (CR) (P= 0.047) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P= 0.041) were significantly lower in FTMR group as compared to TMR. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in Ace index, Chao1 index, Simpson index and Shannon index of Tibetan sheep in FTMR group compared to TMR group. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota was significantly higher in FTMR group than in the TMR group (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Prevotella was significantly higher, Methanobrevibacter was significantly lower in the FTMR group. In conclusion the FTMR can be fed to lambs without any adverse effects on serum chemistry, additionally FTMR improves average daily gain by 12 %, increase in Prevotella abundance and decrease in Methanobrevibacter.
{"title":"Effects of fermented total mixed diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum indicators, rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota in Tibetan sheep","authors":"Xinjian Lou , Muhammad Irfan Malik , Yingkui Yang , Yayu Huang , Xinsheng Zhao , Qunying Zhang , Zhenhua Xu , Jilong Wang , Shengping Zhang , Guojun Zhao , Lei Wang , Xueyan Du , Yanfen Cheng , Binqiang Bai , Lizhuang Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of unfermented and fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum indices, rumen fermentation and rumen flora structure of Tibetan lambs. Twenty healthy male Tibetan lambs randomly divided into 2 treatment groups with 10 lambs/treatment. The TMR group was fed a non-fermented total mixed ration and the FTMR group was fed a fermented total mixed ration. The average daily gain was not statistically significant (P = 0.487). The total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly higher (<em>P</em> = 0.005) in FTMR as compared TMR. The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (<em>P=</em> 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (<em>P=</em> 0.002), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (<em>P=</em> 0.019), creatinine (CR) (<em>P=</em> 0.047) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (<em>P=</em> 0.041) were significantly lower in FTMR group as compared to TMR. There were no significant differences (<em>P</em> > 0.05) in Ace index, Chao1 index, Simpson index and Shannon index of Tibetan sheep in FTMR group compared to TMR group. The relative abundance of <em>Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota</em> was significantly higher in FTMR group than in the TMR group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The relative abundance of <em>Prevotella</em> was significantly higher, <em>Methanobrevibacter</em> was significantly lower in the FTMR group. In conclusion the FTMR can be fed to lambs without any adverse effects on serum chemistry, additionally FTMR improves average daily gain by 12 %, increase in <em>Prevotella</em> abundance and decrease in <em>Methanobrevibacter</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116596
Jian Sun , Yingyi Xu , Jieyi Zhang , Guangyong Zhao , Delin Duan , Ning Wu , Meng M. Li
Ruminants are major contributors to global methane (CH4) emissions, thus mitigating CH4 production in the rumen can reduce their carbon footprint and improve the sustainability of livestock production. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of seaweed species and dosages on ruminal fermentation, CH4 production, and microbial communities associated with methanogenesis in vitro. Five seaweed species, including Enteromorpha prolifera (E. prolifera), Sargassum horneri (S. horneri), Sargassum serratum (S. serratum), Laurencia tristicha (L. tristicha), and Asparagopsis taxiformis (A. taxiformis), were analyzed at 2 supplementation dosages (2.5 % and 5.0 % of DM) to evaluate their impact on CH4 mitigation. All seaweed additions significantly decreased CH4 production, except for E. prolifera at the 2.5 % dosage. Notably, a 5.0 % of A. taxiformis supplementation reduced CH4 production by 24 % relative to the control (CON) (P < 0.01). Adding 2.5 % of A. taxiformis decreased 48 h DM degradability compared to CON (P < 0.05). Additionally, total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were lower in all seaweed supplementation treatments than CON (P < 0.05), except for propionate in the 2.5 % S. horneri and A. taxiformis treatments. The inclusion of A. taxiformis shifted the composition of microbial taxa at the genus level according to the principal-coordinate analysis. Adding E. prolifera, S. horneri, and A. taxiformis enhanced positive correlations within Bacteroidota, suggesting seaweed could modulate the stability of Bacteroidota. Co-occurrence network analysis identified keystone taxa with distinct structural roles. Succinivibrio and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008 served as module hubs regulating VFA production, while Papillibacter acted as connectors stabilizing interactions among modules. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis indicated that UCG_004, Butyrivibrio, UCG_002, Ruminobacter, Anaerovibrio, and Family_XIII_AD3011 could serve as biomarkers for E. prolifera, S. horneri, and A. taxiformis supplementation to reduce ruminal methanogenesis. Anaerobibrio was positively correlated with CH4 production, while Mogibacterium was negatively correlated with CH4 production (P < 0.05). In conclusion, seaweed supplementation can effectively reduce CH4 emissions from ruminants by altering the rumen microbiota and potentially stabilizing the microbiota involved in fermentation.
{"title":"Dietary supplementation of seaweed reduces methanogenesis from rumen microbial fermentation in vitro via changing keystone microbiota","authors":"Jian Sun , Yingyi Xu , Jieyi Zhang , Guangyong Zhao , Delin Duan , Ning Wu , Meng M. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ruminants are major contributors to global methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions, thus mitigating CH<sub>4</sub> production in the rumen can reduce their carbon footprint and improve the sustainability of livestock production. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of seaweed species and dosages on ruminal fermentation, CH<sub>4</sub> production, and microbial communities associated with methanogenesis <em>in vitro</em>. Five seaweed species, including <em>Enteromorpha prolifera</em> (<em>E. prolifera</em>), <em>Sargassum horneri</em> (<em>S. horneri</em>), <em>Sargassum serratum</em> (<em>S. serratum</em>), <em>Laurencia tristicha</em> (<em>L. tristicha</em>), and <em>Asparagopsis taxiformis</em> (<em>A. taxiformis</em>), were analyzed at 2 supplementation dosages (2.5 % and 5.0 % of DM) to evaluate their impact on CH<sub>4</sub> mitigation. All seaweed additions significantly decreased CH<sub>4</sub> production, except for <em>E. prolifera</em> at the 2.5 % dosage. Notably, a 5.0 % of <em>A. taxiformis</em> supplementation reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production by 24 % relative to the control (CON) (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Adding 2.5 % of <em>A. taxiformis</em> decreased 48 h DM degradability compared to CON (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) were lower in all seaweed supplementation treatments than CON (<em>P</em> < 0.05), except for propionate in the 2.5 % <em>S. horneri</em> and <em>A. taxiformis</em> treatments. The inclusion of <em>A. taxiformis</em> shifted the composition of microbial taxa at the genus level according to the principal-coordinate analysis. Adding <em>E. prolifera</em>, <em>S. horneri</em>, and <em>A. taxiformis</em> enhanced positive correlations within Bacteroidota, suggesting seaweed could modulate the stability of Bacteroidota. Co-occurrence network analysis identified keystone taxa with distinct structural roles. <em>Succinivibrio</em> and <em>Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008</em> served as module hubs regulating VFA production, while <em>Papillibacter</em> acted as connectors stabilizing interactions among modules. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis indicated that <em>UCG_004</em>, <em>Butyrivibrio</em>, <em>UCG_002</em>, <em>Ruminobacter</em>, <em>Anaerovibrio</em>, and <em>Family_XIII_AD3011</em> could serve as biomarkers for <em>E. prolifera</em>, <em>S. horneri</em>, and <em>A. taxiformis</em> supplementation to reduce ruminal methanogenesis. <em>Anaerobibrio</em> was positively correlated with CH<sub>4</sub> production, while <em>Mogibacterium</em> was negatively correlated with CH<sub>4</sub> production (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In conclusion, seaweed supplementation can effectively reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from ruminants by altering the rumen microbiota and potentially stabilizing the microbiota involved in fermentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116594
Clàudia Baila , Mohamed Hassanien , Pablo G. Toral , Esther Barrio , Pilar Frutos , Gonzalo Hervás
There is a global need for the search for alternative energy sources for livestock, with insect oils being a promising option. The use of Tenebrio molitor oil (TMO) in ruminant feeding has barely been investigated. However, its inclusion in fattening lamb diets could be of interest not only as an energy source, but also as a potential modulator of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH). This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing soybean oil (SBO) and palm distillate fatty acids (PFA) by TMO on in vitro ruminal BH and fermentation. A 10:90 forage:concentrate substrate, mimicking a diet typically used for lamb fattening, was supplemented with 2 % DM of TMO, SBO or PFA and incubated for 8 h using batch cultures of rumen microorganisms. A comprehensive analysis of the TMO allowed the identification of several minor FA that are rarely reported (e.g., iso 15:0, anteiso 15:0, cis-9 trans-11 18:2, 10-oxo-18:0). Effects on the digesta fatty acid (FA) composition were mainly related to the contribution to the rumen digesta of the major FA provided by the lipid supplements (e.g., 16:0 with PFA, cis-9 18:1 and 14:0 with TMO, and cis-9 cis-12 18:2 with SBO) or to the BH of dietary unsaturated FA (e.g., trans-11 18:1 and other trans-MUFA with SBO and TMO, and cis-MUFA with TMO). Results of ruminal fermentation suggest no significant negative effects of TMO compared to PFA and SBO. Overall, the use of 2 % DM of TMO could be a suitable alternative energy source to replace PFA and SBO in diets for fattening lambs.
{"title":"Use of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) oil in a concentrate-base diet for lamb fattening: Effect on in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation and fermentation","authors":"Clàudia Baila , Mohamed Hassanien , Pablo G. Toral , Esther Barrio , Pilar Frutos , Gonzalo Hervás","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a global need for the search for alternative energy sources for livestock, with insect oils being a promising option. The use of <em>Tenebrio molitor</em> oil (TMO) in ruminant feeding has barely been investigated. However, its inclusion in fattening lamb diets could be of interest not only as an energy source, but also as a potential modulator of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH). This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing soybean oil (SBO) and palm distillate fatty acids (PFA) by TMO on <em>in vitro</em> ruminal BH and fermentation. A 10:90 forage:concentrate substrate, mimicking a diet typically used for lamb fattening, was supplemented with 2 % DM of TMO, SBO or PFA and incubated for 8 h using batch cultures of rumen microorganisms. A comprehensive analysis of the TMO allowed the identification of several minor FA that are rarely reported (e.g., <em>iso</em> 15:0, <em>anteiso</em> 15:0, <em>cis</em>-9 <em>trans</em>-11 18:2, 10-oxo-18:0). Effects on the digesta fatty acid (FA) composition were mainly related to the contribution to the rumen digesta of the major FA provided by the lipid supplements (e.g., 16:0 with PFA, <em>cis</em>-9 18:1 and 14:0 with TMO, and <em>cis</em>-9 <em>cis</em>-12 18:2 with SBO) or to the BH of dietary unsaturated FA (e.g., <em>trans</em>-11 18:1 and other <em>trans</em>-MUFA with SBO and TMO, and <em>cis</em>-MUFA with TMO). Results of ruminal fermentation suggest no significant negative effects of TMO compared to PFA and SBO. Overall, the use of 2 % DM of TMO could be a suitable alternative energy source to replace PFA and SBO in diets for fattening lambs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116589
Xuan Wang , Lijuan Ran , Fujiang Hou
Regulating supplementation levels can convert toxic weeds (functional native herbage, FNH) into edible forage resources, thereby alleviating forage shortages for grazing livestock and promoting sustainable grazing. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different levels of whole-plant Capparis spinosa L. (CS) on serum biochemical indices, rumen fermentation parameters, and microbial (bacteria and fungi) communities of grazing sheep. 24 healthy 6-month-old small-tailed Han sheep♀ × Hu sheep♂ hybrid generation rams (24.4 ± 0.59 kg) were selected to graze on pastures of Medicago sativa and Festuca arundinacea Schreb (1:1) supplemented with 0, 0.83, 1.67, and 3.33 g/kg BW of CS, respectively. Results showed that compared with the 0 supplementation level, the 1.67 g/kg BW supplementation level showed increases in β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB, P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (SOD, P < 0.001), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, P < 0.001), and n-valerate molar proportion (P = 0.010) by 16.7 %, 14.2 %, 5.02 %, and 27.2 % respectively, while malondialdehyde (P < 0.001) and acetate molar proportion (P = 0.046) decreased by 10.1 % and 6.5 %. The β-HB, SOD, GSH-Px, and n-valerate molar proportion increased linearly (P ≤ 0.001) and quadratically (P ≤ 0.041) with increasing levels of supplementation, suggesting that CS has a dose-dependent effect. Microbiological analyses revealed that Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Butyrivibrio_2 affected serum urea nitrogen and total protein content by regulating iso-valerate production and protein metabolism. Fungal genera (Verticillium, Sarocladium) modulated antioxidant capacity in sheep by altering the composition of volatile fatty acids (VFA). At the 1.67 g/kg BW supplementation level, network complexity increased in both bacterial and fungal communities, alongside upregulated bacterial metabolic pathways and enhanced fungal functions. In conclusion, the supplementation level of 1.67 g/kg BW of CS established a foundation for the application of natural additives in the healthy breeding of grazing sheep by optimizing the rumen microbial composition, regulating the composition of VFA, and improving the antioxidant capacity of sheep, and providing theoretical support for the development and utilization of FNH in ruminant production.
{"title":"Functional native herbage (Capparis spinosa L.) modulates rumen fermentation and antioxidant capacity in grazing sheep by optimizing rumen microbial composition","authors":"Xuan Wang , Lijuan Ran , Fujiang Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regulating supplementation levels can convert toxic weeds (functional native herbage, FNH) into edible forage resources, thereby alleviating forage shortages for grazing livestock and promoting sustainable grazing. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different levels of whole-plant <em>Capparis spinosa</em> L. (CS) on serum biochemical indices, rumen fermentation parameters, and microbial (bacteria and fungi) communities of grazing sheep. 24 healthy 6-month-old small-tailed Han sheep♀ × Hu sheep♂ hybrid generation rams (24.4 ± 0.59 kg) were selected to graze on pastures of <em>Medicago sativa</em> and <em>Festuca arundinacea Schreb</em> (1:1) supplemented with 0, 0.83, 1.67, and 3.33 g/kg BW of CS, respectively. Results showed that compared with the 0 supplementation level, the 1.67 g/kg BW supplementation level showed increases in β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB, <em>P</em> < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (SOD, <em>P</em> < 0.001), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, <em>P</em> < 0.001), and n-valerate molar proportion (<em>P</em> = 0.010) by 16.7 %, 14.2 %, 5.02 %, and 27.2 % respectively, while malondialdehyde (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and acetate molar proportion (<em>P</em> = 0.046) decreased by 10.1 % and 6.5 %. The β-HB, SOD, GSH-Px, and n-valerate molar proportion increased linearly (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001) and quadratically (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.041) with increasing levels of supplementation, suggesting that CS has a dose-dependent effect. Microbiological analyses revealed that <em>Christensenellaceae_R-7_group</em> and <em>Butyrivibrio_2</em> affected serum urea nitrogen and total protein content by regulating iso-valerate production and protein metabolism. Fungal genera (<em>Verticillium</em>, <em>Sarocladium</em>) modulated antioxidant capacity in sheep by altering the composition of volatile fatty acids (VFA). At the 1.67 g/kg BW supplementation level, network complexity increased in both bacterial and fungal communities, alongside upregulated bacterial metabolic pathways and enhanced fungal functions. In conclusion, the supplementation level of 1.67 g/kg BW of CS established a foundation for the application of natural additives in the healthy breeding of grazing sheep by optimizing the rumen microbial composition, regulating the composition of VFA, and improving the antioxidant capacity of sheep, and providing theoretical support for the development and utilization of FNH in ruminant production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 116589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145616065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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