Long-term feeding of high-concentrate diets will lead to rumen metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation of ruminants, and affect production performance. Niacin (NA) has been shown to mitigate these adverse effects by regulating the rumen environment and alleviating damage to the gastrointestinal barrier caused by high-concentrate diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of niacin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. A total of forty-eight 1/2 Dorper × 1/2 thin-tailed Han crossbred male lambs (means body weight (BW) of 22.8 ± 1.86 kg) were divided into four levels (0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg/kg diet dry matter) of NA supplementation in lamb diet, respectively control (CON), 400NA, 800NA, and 1200NA. After the adaptation period, the feeding experiment lasted for 60 days, and then six lambs in each group were randomly selected for the digestion and metabolism trial. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG) during 30–60 days and the whole feeding period increased linearly with the increase of niacin supplementation (P < 0.05), and the dry matter intake (DMI) tended to increase linearly (P = 0.098). Dietary NA supplementation significantly increased rumen pH value (P < 0.05), with the 800NA group exhibiting significantly higher pH value compared to the CON group at 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours post-feeding (P < 0.05). In particular, ruminal pH values showed a positive quadratic (P < 0.05) response with incremental levels of NA at 8, 10, and 12 hours post-feeding, and the highest pH value was observed in the 800NA group. As the dietary supplementation with niacin increased, the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) linearly increased (P < 0.05), and gross energy and nitrogen intake (N intake) also increased linearly (P < 0.05). The energy loss in feces, urine, and methane (CH4) was not affected by niacin supplementation (P > 0.05). Niacin supplementation linearly decreased the feces and urinary nitrogen (g/kg nitrogen-intake) (P < 0.05), thus, the retained nitrogen linearly increased (P < 0.05). In addition, the total urine purine derivatives (PDs) and the estimated MCP increased linearly with increasing niacin levels (P < 0.05). Overall, the administration of niacin to finishing lambs fed a high-concentrate diet resulted in enhanced nutrient utilization and MCP synthesis, thereby promoting superior growth performance.
{"title":"Effects of niacin supplementation in a high-concentrate diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis of finishing lambs","authors":"Xuanzi Zhang, Xiaoyan Hao, Yingrui Dong, Xinggang Wang, Jianxin Zhang, Chunxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term feeding of high-concentrate diets will lead to rumen metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation of ruminants, and affect production performance. Niacin (NA) has been shown to mitigate these adverse effects by regulating the rumen environment and alleviating damage to the gastrointestinal barrier caused by high-concentrate diets. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of niacin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein (MCP) synthesis in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. A total of forty-eight 1/2 Dorper × 1/2 thin-tailed Han crossbred male lambs (means body weight (BW) of 22.8 ± 1.86 kg) were divided into four levels (0, 400, 800, and 1200 mg/kg diet dry matter) of NA supplementation in lamb diet, respectively control (CON), 400NA, 800NA, and 1200NA. After the adaptation period, the feeding experiment lasted for 60 days, and then six lambs in each group were randomly selected for the digestion and metabolism trial. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG) during 30–60 days and the whole feeding period increased linearly with the increase of niacin supplementation (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and the dry matter intake (DMI) tended to increase linearly (<em>P</em> = 0.098). Dietary NA supplementation significantly increased rumen pH value (<em>P</em> < 0.05), with the 800NA group exhibiting significantly higher pH value compared to the CON group at 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours post-feeding (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In particular, ruminal pH values showed a positive quadratic (<em>P</em> < 0.05) response with incremental levels of NA at 8, 10, and 12 hours post-feeding, and the highest pH value was observed in the 800NA group. As the dietary supplementation with niacin increased, the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) linearly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and gross energy and nitrogen intake (N intake) also increased linearly (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The energy loss in feces, urine, and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) was not affected by niacin supplementation (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Niacin supplementation linearly decreased the feces and urinary nitrogen (g/kg nitrogen-intake) (<em>P</em> < 0.05), thus, the retained nitrogen linearly increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In addition, the total urine purine derivatives (PDs) and the estimated MCP increased linearly with increasing niacin levels (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Overall, the administration of niacin to finishing lambs fed a high-concentrate diet resulted in enhanced nutrient utilization and MCP synthesis, thereby promoting superior growth performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116123
Xi Wang , Fucan Li , Xiaorui Cai , Yanling Huang , Haitao Shi
The study aimed to explore the interaction between wilting pretreatment and different types of ensiling additives on silage quality, nutritional value, molecular structural features, and ruminal degradability of highland alfalfa. A total of 48 bags of alfalfa forage were randomly assigned into one of eight treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (6 replication bags/treatment). One kg of either unwilted (72 % moisture) or wilted (60 %) alfalfa forage was inoculated with acidic salt, lactic acid bacteria, organic acids, or left without additive (control). Our results indicated that the wilting process increased lactic acid and crude protein levels, decreased the NH3-N level in silage, and increased its in vitro DM digestibility (all P < 0.05). The wilting treatment increased the amide I/II ratio by 31.7 % and the total carbohydrate II regions by 19.6 % (both P < 0.05). Inoculating pre-wilted alfalfa with lactic acid bacteria further reduced the pH and NH3-N levels and increased the lactic acid level and DM digestibility in silage (all P < 0.05). The addition of organic acids decreased silage pH and increased lactic acid, crude protein, and starch contents, and DM digestibility (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that silage with a higher amide I/II peak height ratio and TC2 areas had more digestible nutrients and higher DM digestibility. In conclusion, wilting pretreatment combined with lactic acid bacteria inoculant is an effective approach to improve quality and nutrient availability of highland alfalfa silage. The non-invasion spectrometer has the potential to reveal the molecular spectral characteristics of alfalfa silage and predict nutrient availability.
本研究旨在探讨枯萎预处理和不同类型的贮藏添加剂对高原紫花苜蓿青贮质量、营养价值、分子结构特征和瘤胃降解性的交互作用。总共 48 袋紫花苜蓿牧草被随机分配到 8 个处理中的一个，采用 2 × 4 的因子排列（6 个重复袋/处理）。在一公斤未枯萎（72% 水分）或已枯萎（60% 水分）的紫花苜蓿牧草中接种酸性盐、乳酸菌、有机酸或不加添加剂（对照）。我们的研究结果表明，枯萎过程提高了乳酸和粗蛋白含量，降低了青贮饲料中的 NH3-N 含量，并提高了其体外 DM 消化率（所有 P < 0.05）。萎蔫处理使酰胺 I/II 比率提高了 31.7%，总碳水化合物 II 区域提高了 19.6%（均为 P < 0.05）。用乳酸菌接种预萎蔫苜蓿可进一步降低 pH 和 NH3-N 水平，提高青贮饲料中的乳酸水平和 DM 消化率（均为 P < 0.05）。添加有机酸降低了青贮的 pH 值，提高了乳酸、粗蛋白、淀粉含量和 DM 消化率（均为 P <0.05）。相关分析表明，酰胺 I/II 峰高比和 TC2 面积越大的青贮饲料可消化的营养物质越多，DM 消化率越高。总之，枯萎预处理与乳酸菌接种剂相结合是提高高原苜蓿青贮质量和养分利用率的有效方法。非侵入式光谱仪有可能揭示苜蓿青贮的分子光谱特征并预测养分的可用性。
{"title":"Exploring the combination of wilting and different types of additives to improve silage quality of highland alfalfa: Fermentation quality, nutritional values, molecular structural features, and ruminal degradability","authors":"Xi Wang , Fucan Li , Xiaorui Cai , Yanling Huang , Haitao Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to explore the interaction between wilting pretreatment and different types of ensiling additives on silage quality, nutritional value, molecular structural features, and ruminal degradability of highland alfalfa. A total of 48 bags of alfalfa forage were randomly assigned into one of eight treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (6 replication bags/treatment). One kg of either unwilted (72 % moisture) or wilted (60 %) alfalfa forage was inoculated with acidic salt, lactic acid bacteria, organic acids, or left without additive (control). Our results indicated that the wilting process increased lactic acid and crude protein levels, decreased the NH<sub>3</sub>-N level in silage, and increased its <em>in vitro</em> DM digestibility (all P < 0.05). The wilting treatment increased the amide I/II ratio by 31.7 % and the total carbohydrate II regions by 19.6 % (both P < 0.05). Inoculating pre-wilted alfalfa with lactic acid bacteria further reduced the pH and NH<sub>3</sub>-N levels and increased the lactic acid level and DM digestibility in silage (all P < 0.05). The addition of organic acids decreased silage pH and increased lactic acid, crude protein, and starch contents, and DM digestibility (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that silage with a higher amide I/II peak height ratio and TC2 areas had more digestible nutrients and higher DM digestibility. In conclusion, wilting pretreatment combined with lactic acid bacteria inoculant is an effective approach to improve quality and nutrient availability of highland alfalfa silage. The non-invasion spectrometer has the potential to reveal the molecular spectral characteristics of alfalfa silage and predict nutrient availability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116117
Tadeu E. da Silva , Cristhiane V.R. de Oliveira , Aline N. Rodrigues , Málber N.N. Palma , Larissa F. Camacho , Luciana N. Rennó , Marcia O. Franco , Edenio Detmann
Our objective was to evaluate the nutritional performance and metabolism of cattle fed low-quality tropical grass forage and supplemented at different frequencies. Five rumen and abomasum fistulated Nellore heifers (386 kg body weight) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The five treatments were: control (without supplementation) and supplementation every 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. The amount of supplement provided was equivalent to 2.5 g/kg of body weight in a daily basis. Overall, supplementation had a positive effect (P<0.01) on voluntary forage intake. However, among the supplemented treatments, a decreasing linear effect (P<0.04) on forage intake was observed as the intervals between supplementations extended. The provision of supplements increased (P<0.02) body N accretion, rumen N balance, and microbial N production in the rumen. However, microbial N production responded quadratically (P<0.04) to the supplementation frequency, reflecting a sharp drop when supplement was provided every 96 h. An interaction between treatments and days of the supplementation cycle was observed for ruminal ammonia N (RAN; P<0.01). The interaction indicated day-to-day variations (P<0.01) when supplementation occurred every 48 or 96 hours. In these cases, RAN concentrations peaked (P<0.05) on supplement provision days. Urinary N excretion (UN) was higher (P<0.01) with the provision of supplements. However, UN showed an interaction effect between treatments and days of the supplementation cycle (P<0.01), where variations across days were only observed for supplementation every 96 hours. In this case, N excretion peaked (P<0.05) the day following supplementation. Infrequent supplementation strategies do not adversely affect the nutritional performance of cattle consuming low-quality tropical forages as long as supplementation intervals do not exceed two days.
{"title":"Effects of supplementation frequency on nutritional performance and metabolism of cattle fed low-quality tropical forage","authors":"Tadeu E. da Silva , Cristhiane V.R. de Oliveira , Aline N. Rodrigues , Málber N.N. Palma , Larissa F. Camacho , Luciana N. Rennó , Marcia O. Franco , Edenio Detmann","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our objective was to evaluate the nutritional performance and metabolism of cattle fed low-quality tropical grass forage and supplemented at different frequencies. Five rumen and abomasum fistulated Nellore heifers (386 kg body weight) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The five treatments were: control (without supplementation) and supplementation every 12, 24, 48, and 96 h. The amount of supplement provided was equivalent to 2.5 g/kg of body weight in a daily basis. Overall, supplementation had a positive effect (P<0.01) on voluntary forage intake. However, among the supplemented treatments, a decreasing linear effect (P<0.04) on forage intake was observed as the intervals between supplementations extended. The provision of supplements increased (P<0.02) body N accretion, rumen N balance, and microbial N production in the rumen. However, microbial N production responded quadratically (P<0.04) to the supplementation frequency, reflecting a sharp drop when supplement was provided every 96 h. An interaction between treatments and days of the supplementation cycle was observed for ruminal ammonia N (RAN; P<0.01). The interaction indicated day-to-day variations (P<0.01) when supplementation occurred every 48 or 96 hours. In these cases, RAN concentrations peaked (P<0.05) on supplement provision days. Urinary N excretion (UN) was higher (P<0.01) with the provision of supplements. However, UN showed an interaction effect between treatments and days of the supplementation cycle (P<0.01), where variations across days were only observed for supplementation every 96 hours. In this case, N excretion peaked (P<0.05) the day following supplementation. Infrequent supplementation strategies do not adversely affect the nutritional performance of cattle consuming low-quality tropical forages as long as supplementation intervals do not exceed two days.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116118
Eslam Ahmed , Takehiro Nishida
The seaweed Aspragopsis taxiformis has been shown to be a successful intervention to mitigate methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants due to the content of halogenated components, including bromoform. Some groups have been exploring extracting or synthesizing bromoform to be used as a feed additive rather than using whole seaweed biomass. This study was conducted to understand the differences between whole A. taxiformis biomass and bromoform in their ability to reduce CH4 production when included in ruminant diets. A series of in vitro experiments were conducted, with a control group consisting of a 50 % hay:50 % concentrate. A. taxiformis biomass supplementation levels of 0.25 and 0.50 %, containing 0.0037 and 0.0077 mg bromoform on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, were evaluated. Bromoform was evaluated at 0.0018, 0.0036, and 0.0073 mg. The two highest levels of bromoform were comparable to the bromoform content in the seaweed biomass. Adding A. taxiformis biomass led to significant reductions in CH4 yield (mL/g) of 62.5 and 95.6 %, respectively, without compromising in vitro fermentation characteristics. The addition of bromoform resulted in a decrease in the CH4 yield (mL/g) by 7.6, 23.0, and 59.6 %, respectively. In conclusion, while bromoform led to a dose-dependent reduction in CH4 production, A. taxiformis has a greater effect at equivalent doses of bromoform, suggesting that the other components in the biomass, which were responsible for up to 40 % of the reduction, play a significant role in the anti-methanogenic efficiency of A. taxiformis.
{"title":"The anti-methanogenic efficacy of Asparagopsis taxiformis: Could it be attributable solely to its bromoform content?","authors":"Eslam Ahmed , Takehiro Nishida","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seaweed <em>Aspragopsis taxiformis</em> has been shown to be a successful intervention to mitigate methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from ruminants due to the content of halogenated components, including bromoform. Some groups have been exploring extracting or synthesizing bromoform to be used as a feed additive rather than using whole seaweed biomass. This study was conducted to understand the differences between whole <em>A. taxiformis</em> biomass and bromoform in their ability to reduce CH<sub>4</sub> production when included in ruminant diets. A series of <em>in vitro</em> experiments were conducted, with a control group consisting of a 50 % hay:50 % concentrate. <em>A. taxiformis</em> biomass supplementation levels of 0.25 and 0.50 %, containing 0.0037 and 0.0077 mg bromoform on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, were evaluated. Bromoform was evaluated at 0.0018, 0.0036, and 0.0073 mg. The two highest levels of bromoform were comparable to the bromoform content in the seaweed biomass. Adding <em>A. taxiformis</em> biomass led to significant reductions in CH<sub>4</sub> yield (mL/g) of 62.5 and 95.6 %, respectively, without compromising <em>in vitro</em> fermentation characteristics. The addition of bromoform resulted in a decrease in the CH<sub>4</sub> yield (mL/g) by 7.6, 23.0, and 59.6 %, respectively. In conclusion, while bromoform led to a dose-dependent reduction in CH<sub>4</sub> production, <em>A. taxiformis</em> has a greater effect at equivalent doses of bromoform, suggesting that the other components in the biomass, which were responsible for up to 40 % of the reduction, play a significant role in the anti-methanogenic efficiency of <em>A. taxiformis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142320062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116114
Cecilia T. Oluwabiyi, Zhigang Song
Chicken meat has been one of the most important sources of quality animal protein in human diets, and the increasing human population has increased its demand. However, nitrogen excretion has been one of the challenges of increased production in poultry. Protein is one of the most expensive nutrients, and the use of synthetic amino acids improves feed efficiency in poultry. Therefore, nutritionists have sought to adopt low-protein diets supplemented with essential amino acids as a nutritional strategy to limit nitrogen excretion, reduce the cost of production, and improve feed efficiency in poultry. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), including isoleucine, leucine, and valine, are essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized endogenously in animals, and the diet remains the main source. Branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low-protein broiler diets is progressing. This review summarizes the effects of BCAA in low-protein broiler diets and finds that the dietary protein level, age of the broilers, and composition of the experimental diets have constituted inconsistencies in the response of the broilers across studies. Supplementation of balanced and optimal BCAA levels in low-protein diets improved broiler performance, carcass traits, and meat quality, but BCAA antagonism remains a concern.
{"title":"Branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low-protein broiler diets: A review","authors":"Cecilia T. Oluwabiyi, Zhigang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chicken meat has been one of the most important sources of quality animal protein in human diets, and the increasing human population has increased its demand. However, nitrogen excretion has been one of the challenges of increased production in poultry. Protein is one of the most expensive nutrients, and the use of synthetic amino acids improves feed efficiency in poultry. Therefore, nutritionists have sought to adopt low-protein diets supplemented with essential amino acids as a nutritional strategy to limit nitrogen excretion, reduce the cost of production, and improve feed efficiency in poultry. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), including isoleucine, leucine, and valine, are essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized endogenously in animals, and the diet remains the main source. Branched-chain amino acids supplementation in low-protein broiler diets is progressing. This review summarizes the effects of BCAA in low-protein broiler diets and finds that the dietary protein level, age of the broilers, and composition of the experimental diets have constituted inconsistencies in the response of the broilers across studies. Supplementation of balanced and optimal BCAA levels in low-protein diets improved broiler performance, carcass traits, and meat quality, but BCAA antagonism remains a concern.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116115
José Antonio Mata-Sotres , Abraham Cano-Vera , Bruno C. Araújo , Aurora Tinajero , Oscar Basílio del Rio-Zaragoza , Eulalio Arambul-Muñoz , Emyr Saul Peña-Marín , María Teresa Viana
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different diets with similar nutrient core (protein/lipid/micronutrient ratio) but different starch amounts (nutrient core/filler; NC/F) on the productive performance of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) juveniles exposed to different temperatures. Within this purpose, four extruded experimental diets were formulated, decreasing the amount of starch as filler with the same nutrient core with the following protein/lipid/micronutrients (vitamins+choline chloride) (P/L/Mn) ratios: 45.3/11/2.8, 47.3/12.4/3.5, 51.7/13.3/3.7, and 53.3/13.5/4.0 %. Despite the proportions of the nutrient core being the same among diets, the dietary treatments were called according to protein content in the extruded pellet: D45, D47.3, D51.7, and D53.3, respectively. Juveniles of striped bass with an average weight of 7.7 ± 0.24 g were distributed (15 fish per tank) in three recirculating systems (12 tanks each with 500 L water volume). Each system was kept at different temperatures (18, 22, and 26 °C). After eight weeks of the feeding trial, there are clear tendencies after a polynomial regression analysis for growth, feed intake, and hepatosomatic index. However, after a two-way ANOVA analysis considering all temperatures, only feed intake presented an interaction with lower values accordingly at the higher nutrient core. There is no clear tendency at suboptimal temperature, where fish probably survived at basal metabolism. The latter suggests that M. saxatilis mainly depends on the protein/lipid/micronutrient ratio at optimal temperatures to enhance performance.
{"title":"Effect of diets with similar nutrient core with increasing starch as filler in growth performance and survival of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) cultured at three different temperatures","authors":"José Antonio Mata-Sotres , Abraham Cano-Vera , Bruno C. Araújo , Aurora Tinajero , Oscar Basílio del Rio-Zaragoza , Eulalio Arambul-Muñoz , Emyr Saul Peña-Marín , María Teresa Viana","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different diets with similar nutrient core (protein/lipid/micronutrient ratio) but different starch amounts (nutrient core/filler; NC/F) on the productive performance of striped bass (<em>Morone saxatilis</em>) juveniles exposed to different temperatures. Within this purpose, four extruded experimental diets were formulated, decreasing the amount of starch as filler with the same nutrient core with the following protein/lipid/micronutrients (vitamins+choline chloride) (P/L/Mn) ratios: 45.3/11/2.8, 47.3/12.4/3.5, 51.7/13.3/3.7, and 53.3/13.5/4.0 %. Despite the proportions of the nutrient core being the same among diets, the dietary treatments were called according to protein content in the extruded pellet: D45, D47.3, D51.7, and D53.3, respectively. Juveniles of striped bass with an average weight of 7.7 ± 0.24 g were distributed (15 fish per tank) in three recirculating systems (12 tanks each with 500 L water volume). Each system was kept at different temperatures (18, 22, and 26 °C). After eight weeks of the feeding trial, there are clear tendencies after a polynomial regression analysis for growth, feed intake, and hepatosomatic index. However, after a two-way ANOVA analysis considering all temperatures, only feed intake presented an interaction with lower values accordingly at the higher nutrient core. There is no clear tendency at suboptimal temperature, where fish probably survived at basal metabolism. The latter suggests that <em>M. saxatilis</em> mainly depends on the protein/lipid/micronutrient ratio at optimal temperatures to enhance performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116116
E.S. García Martínez , L. Stumpf , M. Planas , A.V. Fernández Gimenez , L.S. López Greco
One of the challenges in aquaculture is reducing the use of fishmeal to alleviate pressure on aquatic ecosystems while maintaining protein quality and digestibility. A promising approach is the supplementation of diets with exogenous enzymes, a strategy widely used in aquaculture nutrition but scarcely explored in crustaceans. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a diet composed of 65 % plant-based and 25 % animal-based ingredients, supplemented with a multienzyme extract derived from discards of the native Argentine shrimp Pleoticus muelleri, on juveniles of the red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Growth performance, endogenous digestive enzyme activities, and biochemical reserves (proteins, lipids, and glycogen) in hepatopancreas and pleon muscle were analyzed. Sixty-two crayfish weighting ⁓1.5 g were assigned to one of the following treatments: a control diet (C) or a diet supplemented with multienzyme extract (E). Crayfish were individually housed under optimal growing conditions and fed daily 3 % of their body mass; deaths and molts were recorded throughout the experiment. At day 45, fifteen replicates from each treatment were selected, weighed, anesthetized, and sacrificed. The hepatopancreas and pleon were dissected and weighed for biochemical analysis and assessment of digestive enzyme activity. The remaining replicates were subjected to the same procedure at the end of the experiment (day 90). Results showed that endogenous digestive enzymes were modulated by the multienzyme extract. Juveniles fed diet E significantly increased the specific activity of endogenous digestive peptidases and showed a trend of increasing lipases. The multienzyme extract also promoted lipid accumulation in hepatopancreas, increased glycogen in muscle, and reduced protein content in both tissues. These metabolic changes did not improve growth, as no significant differences in final weight were observed between treatments. The results highlight the need to analyze the synergy between varying concentrations of the multienzyme extract and endogenous enzymes within different protein: lipid ratios in diets, to enhance the digestive potential of crayfish and to improve growth.
{"title":"Fishery wastes as feed additive for the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus: Impact on growth, biochemical composition, and digestive activity","authors":"E.S. García Martínez , L. Stumpf , M. Planas , A.V. Fernández Gimenez , L.S. López Greco","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the challenges in aquaculture is reducing the use of fishmeal to alleviate pressure on aquatic ecosystems while maintaining protein quality and digestibility. A promising approach is the supplementation of diets with exogenous enzymes, a strategy widely used in aquaculture nutrition but scarcely explored in crustaceans. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a diet composed of 65 % plant-based and 25 % animal-based ingredients, supplemented with a multienzyme extract derived from discards of the native Argentine shrimp <em>Pleoticus muelleri</em>, on juveniles of the red claw crayfish, <em>Cherax quadricarinatus.</em> Growth performance, endogenous digestive enzyme activities, and biochemical reserves (proteins, lipids, and glycogen) in hepatopancreas and pleon muscle were analyzed. Sixty-two crayfish weighting ⁓1.5 g were assigned to one of the following treatments: a control diet (C) or a diet supplemented with multienzyme extract (E). Crayfish were individually housed under optimal growing conditions and fed daily 3 % of their body mass; deaths and molts were recorded throughout the experiment. At day 45, fifteen replicates from each treatment were selected, weighed, anesthetized, and sacrificed. The hepatopancreas and pleon were dissected and weighed for biochemical analysis and assessment of digestive enzyme activity. The remaining replicates were subjected to the same procedure at the end of the experiment (day 90). Results showed that endogenous digestive enzymes were modulated by the multienzyme extract. Juveniles fed diet E significantly increased the specific activity of endogenous digestive peptidases and showed a trend of increasing lipases. The multienzyme extract also promoted lipid accumulation in hepatopancreas, increased glycogen in muscle, and reduced protein content in both tissues. These metabolic changes did not improve growth, as no significant differences in final weight were observed between treatments. The results highlight the need to analyze the synergy between varying concentrations of the multienzyme extract and endogenous enzymes within different protein: lipid ratios in diets, to enhance the digestive potential of crayfish and to improve growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116113
Martino Musati , Gonzalo Hervás , Antonio Natalello , Pablo G. Toral , Giuseppe Luciano , Alessandro Priolo , Pilar Frutos
Agro-industrial by-products might substitute conventional feedstuff in animal nutrition, in order to decrease the cost of their disposal, limit the environmental impact of feed production, and reduce feed-food competition. Nut industries generate a huge amount of fibrous by-products that are also a source of bioactive compounds, such as tannins, and have a notable lipid content, largely composed by unsaturated fatty acids (FA). Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the effects of partial replacement of maize with almond, hazelnut, and pistachio kernel skins at three doses [70, 140, and 210 g/kg dry matter (DM)] on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation. The study was performed in vitro with batch cultures of rumen microorganisms, using cannulated ewes as donors of rumen inocula. Total gas and methane production, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid concentration, and dry matter disappearance were analysed as indicators of rumen fermentation. To study ruminal biohydrogenation, in vitro digesta fatty acid profile was examined by gas chromatography. Pistachio skins did not affect any ruminal fermentation parameter. On the contrary, the highest doses of almond and hazelnut skins were capable of reducing gas and methane production and ammonia concentration. However, the highest levels of almond and hazelnut skins, as well as the medium dose of the latter, also reduced the production of volatile fatty acids. Most of these effects were probably due to the presence of tannins. Concerning in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation, FA profile showed that the inclusion of nut skins in the diet favored the accumulation of potentially health-promoting poly- and mono-unsaturated FA (e.g., trans-11 18:1), without a trans-10 shift. On the other hand, medium and high levels of almond and pistachio caused an increase in undesirable FA, such as trans-10 18:1 and trans-10 cis-12 18:2. Effects on biohydrogenation are mainly attributed to the phenolic compounds in nut skins. Further research would be advisable to verify if these findings are maintained under in vivo conditions.
{"title":"Could we partially replace maize with nut skins for more sustainable sheep diets? In vitro ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation","authors":"Martino Musati , Gonzalo Hervás , Antonio Natalello , Pablo G. Toral , Giuseppe Luciano , Alessandro Priolo , Pilar Frutos","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agro-industrial by-products might substitute conventional feedstuff in animal nutrition, in order to decrease the cost of their disposal, limit the environmental impact of feed production, and reduce feed-food competition. Nut industries generate a huge amount of fibrous by-products that are also a source of bioactive compounds, such as tannins, and have a notable lipid content, largely composed by unsaturated fatty acids (FA). Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the effects of partial replacement of maize with almond, hazelnut, and pistachio kernel skins at three doses [70, 140, and 210 g/kg dry matter (DM)] on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation. The study was performed <em>in vitro</em> with batch cultures of rumen microorganisms, using cannulated ewes as donors of rumen inocula. Total gas and methane production, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid concentration, and dry matter disappearance were analysed as indicators of rumen fermentation. To study ruminal biohydrogenation, <em>in vitro</em> digesta fatty acid profile was examined by gas chromatography. Pistachio skins did not affect any ruminal fermentation parameter. On the contrary, the highest doses of almond and hazelnut skins were capable of reducing gas and methane production and ammonia concentration. However, the highest levels of almond and hazelnut skins, as well as the medium dose of the latter, also reduced the production of volatile fatty acids. Most of these effects were probably due to the presence of tannins. Concerning <em>in vitro</em> ruminal biohydrogenation, FA profile showed that the inclusion of nut skins in the diet favored the accumulation of potentially health-promoting poly- and mono-unsaturated FA (e.g., <em>trans</em>-11 18:1), without a <em>trans</em>-10 shift. On the other hand, medium and high levels of almond and pistachio caused an increase in undesirable FA, such as <em>trans</em>-10 18:1 and <em>trans</em>-10 <em>cis</em>-12 18:2. Effects on biohydrogenation are mainly attributed to the phenolic compounds in nut skins. Further research would be advisable to verify if these findings are maintained under <em>in vivo</em> conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840124002414/pdfft?md5=c220afdcad4b23733c36c4ce906092e3&pid=1-s2.0-S0377840124002414-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116112
M. Sandri , F. Balouei , E. Scarsella , B. Stefanon
This research investigates the properties of grape proanthocyanidins (GPAC) in dogs of varying ages and breeds housed in the kennel, with a focus on the interaction between GPAC and gut microbiota. The study also examines the impact of GPAC on endocrine responses measured in saliva and hair. Faecal samples were collected before administration (T0), as well as 14 days (T14) and 28 days (T28) thereafter, with dogs subjected to a control diet (D0), and a diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg body weight (D1), or 3 mg/kg body weight (D3) of GPAC. The alpha diversity, as measured by the Shannon index, remained stable between diets at the study's outset (T0), after 14 days (T14), and 28 days (T28). Differences were observed in the Shannon index between T0 and T14 (P < 0.05), while the variation was lower between T0 and T28 (P < 0.10). In essence, the beta diversity of microbial composition remained unaffected by the variation of GPAC doses at T0, T14, and T28. Instead, specific taxa were affected by the addition of GPAC. The relative abundance (RA, %) of Dorea increased from T14 to T28, with a notable rise in the D1 group (P ≤ 0.05). The RA of the Clostridium genus also increased, particularly in D3 at T28 (P ≤ 0.05). After 28 days, there was a significant increase in the RA of Clostridium perfringens, rising from median of 6.15 at D0 to 10.58 at D1 and further increasing to 11.53 at D3 (P<0.05). GPAC supplementation influenced the RA of the Fusobacteriaceae family at T28, with D3 showing a lower value than D1 and D0 (P ≤ 0.05). The RA of Enterobacteriaceae family varied under different dietary conditions at T14, with a lower value at D3 (P ≤ 0.05). Salivary concentrations of kynurenine varied between diets at T28, with D0 having the highest concentration. The serotonin to cortisol ratios were higher (P<0.05) at T28 for D3, indicating a potentially more favourable balance with this level of supplementation compared to D0 and D1. Our study provides insights into the dynamic interplay between GPAC, faecal microbiota, and endocrine responses in dogs, shedding light on potential effects associated with the supplementation.
{"title":"Dietary grape proanthocyanidins modulate gut microbiome and neuroendocrine response in dogs","authors":"M. Sandri , F. Balouei , E. Scarsella , B. Stefanon","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research investigates the properties of grape proanthocyanidins (GPAC) in dogs of varying ages and breeds housed in the kennel, with a focus on the interaction between GPAC and gut microbiota. The study also examines the impact of GPAC on endocrine responses measured in saliva and hair. Faecal samples were collected before administration (T0), as well as 14 days (T14) and 28 days (T28) thereafter, with dogs subjected to a control diet (D0), and a diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg body weight (D1), or 3 mg/kg body weight (D3) of GPAC. The alpha diversity, as measured by the Shannon index, remained stable between diets at the study's outset (T0), after 14 days (T14), and 28 days (T28). Differences were observed in the Shannon index between T0 and T14 (P < 0.05), while the variation was lower between T0 and T28 (P < 0.10). In essence, the beta diversity of microbial composition remained unaffected by the variation of GPAC doses at T0, T14, and T28. Instead, specific taxa were affected by the addition of GPAC. The relative abundance (RA, %) of <em>Dorea</em> increased from T14 to T28, with a notable rise in the D1 group (P ≤ 0.05). The RA of the <em>Clostridium</em> genus also increased, particularly in D3 at T28 (P ≤ 0.05). After 28 days, there was a significant increase in the RA of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em>, rising from median of 6.15 at D0 to 10.58 at D1 and further increasing to 11.53 at D3 (P<0.05). GPAC supplementation influenced the RA of the Fusobacteriaceae family at T28, with D3 showing a lower value than D1 and D0 (P ≤ 0.05). The RA of Enterobacteriaceae family varied under different dietary conditions at T14, with a lower value at D3 (P ≤ 0.05). Salivary concentrations of kynurenine varied between diets at T28, with D0 having the highest concentration. The serotonin to cortisol ratios were higher (P<0.05) at T28 for D3, indicating a potentially more favourable balance with this level of supplementation compared to D0 and D1. Our study provides insights into the dynamic interplay between GPAC, faecal microbiota, and endocrine responses in dogs, shedding light on potential effects associated with the supplementation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840124002402/pdfft?md5=572fe5f06195977ac4d986e74b72bb3d&pid=1-s2.0-S0377840124002402-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142167325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116110
Liang Li , Yin-Tao Wang , Si-Tong Meng , Xiao-Fang Wei , Zhi-Yong Yang , Rui Zhu , Deng-Lai Li , Li-Fang Wu
<div><p>This study aims to assess single or conjoint administration of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> on growth, the function and morphology of hepatopancreas and intestines, antioxidant capacity, inflammation and apoptosis in common carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>). In this study, four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, including control diet (without PHB and <em>B. subtilis</em>), <em>B. subtilis</em> diet (with 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em>), PHB diet (4 %PHB) and PHB+<em>B. subtilis</em> diet (with 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em>). Common carp (3.50 ± 0.03 g) were allocated into 4 groups (3 replicates per group, 30 fish per replicate) and fed for 8 weeks. Results demonstrated that single or conjoint administration of 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> promoted the growth performance and feed utilization, with interaction (<em>P</em><0.05). 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> increased the levels of protease in intestines, lipase and amylase in hepatopancreas and intestines, AST and ALT in hepatopancreas, intestinal permeability (DAO, D-LA, 5-HT and ET-1), intestinal tight junction protein-related mRNA, intestinal growth indexes (fold height and muscular layer thickness), antioxidant capacity (CAT, T-AOC, T-SOD and GSH-PX in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>Nrf2</em>, <em>SOD</em>, <em>CAT</em> and <em>GSH-PX</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>HO-1</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas), anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis (<em>TGF-β</em>, <em>IL-10</em> and <em>Bcl-2</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines) (<em>P</em><0.05), decreased the levels AST and ALT in serum, intestinal growth indexes (lamina propria width), oxidative stress indicator (MDA) and <em>Keap1</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptosis (<em>NF-κB</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-1β</em>, <em>IL-6</em>, <em>Bax</em>, <em>Caspase-3</em>, <em>Caspase-8</em> and <em>Caspase-9</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines) (<em>P</em><0.05), improved the morphology of hepatopancreas and intestines. Whereas the levels of protease in hepatopancreas were only increased by 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> (<em>P</em><0.05), the levels of <em>HO-1</em> mRNA in intestines were only up-regulated by 4 %PHB (<em>P</em><0.05). Furthermore, the interaction between 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> was discovered for the levels of AST, ALT and 5-HT in serum, intestinal <em>Occludin</em> mRNA, MDA in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>Keap1</em>, <em>HO-1</em> and <em>IL-1β</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas, <em>GSH-PX</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>Bcl-2</em> and <em>Caspase-3</em> mRNA in intestines (<em>P</em><0.05). In conclusion, this study indicated that conjoint administration of 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> had synergi
{"title":"Effects of single or conjoint administration of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and Bacillus subtilis on growth, antioxidant capacity and apoptosis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","authors":"Liang Li , Yin-Tao Wang , Si-Tong Meng , Xiao-Fang Wei , Zhi-Yong Yang , Rui Zhu , Deng-Lai Li , Li-Fang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to assess single or conjoint administration of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> on growth, the function and morphology of hepatopancreas and intestines, antioxidant capacity, inflammation and apoptosis in common carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>). In this study, four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, including control diet (without PHB and <em>B. subtilis</em>), <em>B. subtilis</em> diet (with 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em>), PHB diet (4 %PHB) and PHB+<em>B. subtilis</em> diet (with 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em>). Common carp (3.50 ± 0.03 g) were allocated into 4 groups (3 replicates per group, 30 fish per replicate) and fed for 8 weeks. Results demonstrated that single or conjoint administration of 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> promoted the growth performance and feed utilization, with interaction (<em>P</em><0.05). 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> increased the levels of protease in intestines, lipase and amylase in hepatopancreas and intestines, AST and ALT in hepatopancreas, intestinal permeability (DAO, D-LA, 5-HT and ET-1), intestinal tight junction protein-related mRNA, intestinal growth indexes (fold height and muscular layer thickness), antioxidant capacity (CAT, T-AOC, T-SOD and GSH-PX in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>Nrf2</em>, <em>SOD</em>, <em>CAT</em> and <em>GSH-PX</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>HO-1</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas), anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis (<em>TGF-β</em>, <em>IL-10</em> and <em>Bcl-2</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines) (<em>P</em><0.05), decreased the levels AST and ALT in serum, intestinal growth indexes (lamina propria width), oxidative stress indicator (MDA) and <em>Keap1</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptosis (<em>NF-κB</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-1β</em>, <em>IL-6</em>, <em>Bax</em>, <em>Caspase-3</em>, <em>Caspase-8</em> and <em>Caspase-9</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines) (<em>P</em><0.05), improved the morphology of hepatopancreas and intestines. Whereas the levels of protease in hepatopancreas were only increased by 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> (<em>P</em><0.05), the levels of <em>HO-1</em> mRNA in intestines were only up-regulated by 4 %PHB (<em>P</em><0.05). Furthermore, the interaction between 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> was discovered for the levels of AST, ALT and 5-HT in serum, intestinal <em>Occludin</em> mRNA, MDA in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>Keap1</em>, <em>HO-1</em> and <em>IL-1β</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas, <em>GSH-PX</em> mRNA in hepatopancreas and intestines, <em>Bcl-2</em> and <em>Caspase-3</em> mRNA in intestines (<em>P</em><0.05). In conclusion, this study indicated that conjoint administration of 4 %PHB and 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> CFU/g <em>B. subtilis</em> had synergi","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 116110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142161532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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