Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116524
Markus Rueckel, Guilherme Aguiar Mateus Pasquali
Feed enzymes, such as xylanases, have the potential to enhance feed utilization and thereby promote improved growth performance in poultry and swine. Maize is the most widely used grain source for animal feed, but at which cellular compartments xylanases exert their effects in maize seeds is not known so far. By employing a highly sensitive, fluorescence-based approach, this study revealed that xylanases are not only active at the cell wall of endosperm cells, but, surprisingly, also within an intracellular matrix, surrounding the starch granules. This matrix is composed of agglomerated protein bodies, where the xylanase was found to be highly active. Thus, xylanases might render the protein bodies more accessible for enzymatic degradation by other endogenous digestive enzymes. This enhanced accessibility of the proteins can ultimately contribute to better growth performance in livestock.
{"title":"Spatial mapping of xylanase activity on maize meal","authors":"Markus Rueckel, Guilherme Aguiar Mateus Pasquali","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed enzymes, such as xylanases, have the potential to enhance feed utilization and thereby promote improved growth performance in poultry and swine. Maize is the most widely used grain source for animal feed, but at which cellular compartments xylanases exert their effects in maize seeds is not known so far. By employing a highly sensitive, fluorescence-based approach, this study revealed that xylanases are not only active at the cell wall of endosperm cells, but, surprisingly, also within an intracellular matrix, surrounding the starch granules. This matrix is composed of agglomerated protein bodies, where the xylanase was found to be highly active. Thus, xylanases might render the protein bodies more accessible for enzymatic degradation by other endogenous digestive enzymes. This enhanced accessibility of the proteins can ultimately contribute to better growth performance in livestock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116522
Mostafa Bokharaeian
This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of clove essential oil (CEO) supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in fattening lambs under heat stress conditions. A total of 32 crossbred male lambs (Ile-de-France × Dalagh × Romanov) were assigned to four dietary groups: control (CTRL), 300 mg CEO/kg concentrate (CL300), 600 mg CEO/kg concentrate (CL600), and 900 mg CEO/kg concentrate (CL900). The experiment, conducted over 67 days in Minudasht, Iran, included a 7-day adaptation phase. The lambs were housed individually, with ad libitum access to water and a total mixed ration (TMR). Heat stress was monitored via the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), which indicated severe heat stress throughout most of the study period. Growth performance, feed intake, and nutrient digestibility were measured, along with rumen fermentation characteristics. Carcass and meat quality assessments, including color, pH, water-holding capacity, fatty acid profile, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), were conducted post-slaughter. The results indicated that CEO supplementation improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation under heat stress. Moreover, CEO had positive effects on meat quality, particularly at 600 mg CEO/kg concentrate, enhancing fatty acid composition by increasing vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11) and improving health-related indices, atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI), without altering total SFA, UFA, MUFA, PUFA, or the n-6/n-3 ratio. These findings suggest that CEO may serve as a viable feed additive to improve growth performance and meat quality in lambs under heat stress conditions.
{"title":"Dose-dependent effects of clove essential oil supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in fattening lambs under heat stress conditions","authors":"Mostafa Bokharaeian","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of clove essential oil (CEO) supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in fattening lambs under heat stress conditions. A total of 32 crossbred male lambs (Ile-de-France × Dalagh × Romanov) were assigned to four dietary groups: control (CTRL), 300 mg CEO/kg concentrate (CL300), 600 mg CEO/kg concentrate (CL600), and 900 mg CEO/kg concentrate (CL900). The experiment, conducted over 67 days in Minudasht, Iran, included a 7-day adaptation phase. The lambs were housed individually, with <em>ad libitum</em> access to water and a total mixed ration (TMR). Heat stress was monitored via the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), which indicated severe heat stress throughout most of the study period. Growth performance, feed intake, and nutrient digestibility were measured, along with rumen fermentation characteristics. Carcass and meat quality assessments, including color, pH, water-holding capacity, fatty acid profile, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), were conducted post-slaughter. The results indicated that CEO supplementation improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation under heat stress. Moreover, CEO had positive effects on meat quality, particularly at 600 mg CEO/kg concentrate, enhancing fatty acid composition by increasing vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11) and improving health-related indices, atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI), without altering total SFA, UFA, MUFA, PUFA, or the n-6/n-3 ratio. These findings suggest that CEO may serve as a viable feed additive to improve growth performance and meat quality in lambs under heat stress conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116523
T. Freitas-Kirk, K. Eyre, K. McCosker, L.F.P. Silva
Forage-based beef cattle production systems commonly provide supplements to optimise production. However, current methods assess supplement intake at the herd level, failing to capture individual variation. This study aimed to 1) evaluate the use of Bluetooth ear tags to estimate individual supplement intake by tracking time spent at the feeder; and 2) assess the performance of Bluetooth ear tags in predicting individual time spent at the feeder. Fourteen Droughtmaster heifers (268 ± 32.7 kg) were fitted with Bluetooth ear tags, allocated to a 10-ha paddock with low-quality pasture, and provided two protein supplements (low intake and high intake) over 12 weeks. The time spent at the feeder was recorded through visual observation, supported by camera footage, and Bluetooth receiver, which logged the presence and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from the ear tags. RSSI values ≥ -50 dBm were found to accurately estimate time spent at the feeder when compared with video data (R2adj = 0.47, P < 0.001). Incorporating the acceleration index mean further improved the predictive power of the model (R2adj = 0.70, P < 0.001). Significant individual variation in supplement intake was observed, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 26 % in period 1–14 % in period 2. Overall, Bluetooth ear tags demonstrated potential for predicting time spent at the feeder, a key factor in estimating individual supplement intake. Bluetooth ear tags could be valuable for developing phenotyping metrics, selecting animals with efficient responses to supplements, and improving productivity and sustainability in beef cattle production.
以饲料为基础的肉牛生产系统通常提供补充剂以优化生产。然而，目前的方法在牛群水平上评估补充剂摄入量，未能捕捉个体差异。本研究的目的是：1)评估蓝牙耳标的使用，通过跟踪在喂食器上花费的时间来估计个体补充剂摄入量；2)评估蓝牙耳标在预测个体在馈线上花费的时间方面的性能。14头Droughtmaster小母牛（268 ± 32.7 kg）安装蓝牙耳标，分配到10公顷的低品质牧场，在12周内提供低摄入量和高摄入量两种蛋白质补充。通过视觉观察记录在喂食器上花费的时间，并辅以摄像机镜头和蓝牙接收器，蓝牙接收器记录存在并接收来自耳标的信号强度指示器（RSSI）值。与视频数据相比，RSSI值≥ -50 dBm可以准确估计在喂料器上花费的时间（R2adj = 0.47, P <； 0.001）。纳入加速指数均值进一步提高了模型的预测能力（R2adj = 0.70, P <； 0.001）。观察到补充剂摄入量的显著个体差异，变异系数在1-14期为26 %，在2期为 %。总的来说，蓝牙耳标显示了预测喂食时间的潜力，这是估计个体补充剂摄入量的关键因素。蓝牙耳标可用于开发表型指标，选择对补充剂有有效反应的动物，以及提高肉牛生产的生产力和可持续性。
{"title":"Innovative monitoring of supplement intake in grazing beef cattle using bluetooth ear tags","authors":"T. Freitas-Kirk, K. Eyre, K. McCosker, L.F.P. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forage-based beef cattle production systems commonly provide supplements to optimise production. However, current methods assess supplement intake at the herd level, failing to capture individual variation. This study aimed to 1) evaluate the use of Bluetooth ear tags to estimate individual supplement intake by tracking time spent at the feeder; and 2) assess the performance of Bluetooth ear tags in predicting individual time spent at the feeder. Fourteen Droughtmaster heifers (268 ± 32.7 kg) were fitted with Bluetooth ear tags, allocated to a 10-ha paddock with low-quality pasture, and provided two protein supplements (low intake and high intake) over 12 weeks. The time spent at the feeder was recorded through visual observation, supported by camera footage, and Bluetooth receiver, which logged the presence and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from the ear tags. RSSI values ≥ -50 dBm were found to accurately estimate time spent at the feeder when compared with video data (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0.47, <em>P</em> < 0.001). Incorporating the acceleration index mean further improved the predictive power of the model (R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj</sub> = 0.70, <em>P</em> < 0.001). Significant individual variation in supplement intake was observed, with a coefficient of variation ranging from 26 % in period 1–14 % in period 2. Overall, Bluetooth ear tags demonstrated potential for predicting time spent at the feeder, a key factor in estimating individual supplement intake. Bluetooth ear tags could be valuable for developing phenotyping metrics, selecting animals with efficient responses to supplements, and improving productivity and sustainability in beef cattle production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116518
Ruixia Lan, Fan Wu, Yuchen Wang, Zhihui Zhao
<div><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) supplementation on abdominal fat deposition, hepatic lipid metabolism, anti-oxidant capacity and inflammatory response in frizzled chicken. A total of 144 35-day-old female frizzled chicken was randomly allocated to 4-treatment with 6 replication pens and 6 chickens per pen for this 56-day experiment. Dietary treatments were subjected to the basal diet with 0, 300, 600, or 900 mg/kg COS (CON, COS<sub>300</sub>, COS<sub>600</sub>, COS<sub>900</sub>), respectively. Compared with the CON group, average daily feed intake, hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activity in the COS<sub>600</sub> and COS<sub>900</sub> groups were higher (<em>P<</em>0.05), while had lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) serum triacylglycerols (TG) level, hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) level, adipocyte area and diameter, and mRNA expression level of fatty acid synthase (<em>FAS</em>). Compared with the CON group, abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat to body weight ratio, serum TC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hepatic HDL-C, LDL-C, NEFA, and lipase content, and the mRNA expression level of hepatic interleukin-6 (<em>IL-6</em>) and tumor necrosis factor<em>-</em>alpha (<em>TNF-α</em>) in the COS<sub>300</sub>, COS<sub>600</sub> and COS<sub>900</sub> groups were decreased (<em>P<</em>0.05), while increased (<em>P<</em>0.05) serum GSH-Px, the mRNA expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (<em>CPT1</em>) in abdominal fat, hepatic proliferator-activated regulator-α (<em>PPARα</em>), <em>CPT1</em> and heme oxygenase-1 (<em>HO-1</em>). Compared with the CON group, serum lipase content and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in the COS<sub>900</sub> group were higher (<em>P<</em>0.05), while had lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) mRNA expression level of <em>PPARγ</em> in abdominal fat. Compared with the CON group, the mRNA expression level of <em>PPARα</em> in abdominal fat, hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (<em>SREBP-1c</em>), acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase (<em>ACC</em>), lipoprotein lipase (<em>LPL</em>), nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 (<em>Nrf2</em>), glutathione peroxidase (<em>GPX1</em>), and <em>IL-10</em> in the COS<sub>600</sub> group were increased (<em>P<</em>0.05)<em>,</em> while decreased hepatic MDA content, and mRNA expression level of hepatic <em>IL-1β</em>. Compared with the CON group, hepatic T-SOD in the COS<sub>300</sub> group, and the mRNA expression level of hepatic fatty acid binding protein-1(<em>FABP1</em>) in the COS<sub>300</sub> and COS<sub>600</sub> groups were increased (<em>P<</em>0.05). In conclusion, COS supplementation decreased the abdominal fat deposition was mainly depending on regulating hepa
{"title":"Chitosan oligosaccharides reduced abdominal fat deposition by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, anti-oxidant capacity and inflammatory response in frizzled chicken","authors":"Ruixia Lan, Fan Wu, Yuchen Wang, Zhihui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) supplementation on abdominal fat deposition, hepatic lipid metabolism, anti-oxidant capacity and inflammatory response in frizzled chicken. A total of 144 35-day-old female frizzled chicken was randomly allocated to 4-treatment with 6 replication pens and 6 chickens per pen for this 56-day experiment. Dietary treatments were subjected to the basal diet with 0, 300, 600, or 900 mg/kg COS (CON, COS<sub>300</sub>, COS<sub>600</sub>, COS<sub>900</sub>), respectively. Compared with the CON group, average daily feed intake, hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activity in the COS<sub>600</sub> and COS<sub>900</sub> groups were higher (<em>P<</em>0.05), while had lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) serum triacylglycerols (TG) level, hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) level, adipocyte area and diameter, and mRNA expression level of fatty acid synthase (<em>FAS</em>). Compared with the CON group, abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat to body weight ratio, serum TC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hepatic HDL-C, LDL-C, NEFA, and lipase content, and the mRNA expression level of hepatic interleukin-6 (<em>IL-6</em>) and tumor necrosis factor<em>-</em>alpha (<em>TNF-α</em>) in the COS<sub>300</sub>, COS<sub>600</sub> and COS<sub>900</sub> groups were decreased (<em>P<</em>0.05), while increased (<em>P<</em>0.05) serum GSH-Px, the mRNA expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (<em>CPT1</em>) in abdominal fat, hepatic proliferator-activated regulator-α (<em>PPARα</em>), <em>CPT1</em> and heme oxygenase-1 (<em>HO-1</em>). Compared with the CON group, serum lipase content and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in the COS<sub>900</sub> group were higher (<em>P<</em>0.05), while had lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) mRNA expression level of <em>PPARγ</em> in abdominal fat. Compared with the CON group, the mRNA expression level of <em>PPARα</em> in abdominal fat, hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (<em>SREBP-1c</em>), acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase (<em>ACC</em>), lipoprotein lipase (<em>LPL</em>), nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 (<em>Nrf2</em>), glutathione peroxidase (<em>GPX1</em>), and <em>IL-10</em> in the COS<sub>600</sub> group were increased (<em>P<</em>0.05)<em>,</em> while decreased hepatic MDA content, and mRNA expression level of hepatic <em>IL-1β</em>. Compared with the CON group, hepatic T-SOD in the COS<sub>300</sub> group, and the mRNA expression level of hepatic fatty acid binding protein-1(<em>FABP1</em>) in the COS<sub>300</sub> and COS<sub>600</sub> groups were increased (<em>P<</em>0.05). In conclusion, COS supplementation decreased the abdominal fat deposition was mainly depending on regulating hepa","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116520
Yanan Yin , Xin Zhang , Haitao Fan, Lefei Jiao
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary leucine supplementation (3.40 %, 3.82 %, 4.41 %, 4.91 %, 5.38 % and 7.90 %) on the ovarian development in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A total of 540 shrimp were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, with three replicate tanks per treatment and 30 shrimp per tank. Shrimp were fed three times daily (6:00, 11:00 and 18:00). Shrimp fed diets containing 4.41 % and 4.91 % leucine exhibited the most pronounced ovarian development. This was evidenced by the highest gonadosomatic index, ovaries predominantly filled with Stage IV oocytes accompanied by abundant yolk protein deposition, significantly elevated serum concentrations of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and vitellogenin (Vg), and marked upregulation of key genes associated with vitellogenesis and nutrient-sensing pathways. Further analysis revealed that these optimal leucine levels (4.41 % and 4.91 %) promoted exogenous Vg synthesis in the hepatopancreas. This hepatopancreas-derived Vg was then transported to the ovary via the vitellogenin receptor, further facilitating ovarian maturation. Concurrently, the highest Vg expression levels observed in the ovary indicated enhanced endogenous Vg synthesis. Moreover, dietary leucine supplementation levels significantly enhanced the expression levels of genes associated with the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and insulin-like peptide (ILP) nutrient-sensing pathways. In conclusion, dietary leucine supplementation at 4.41 % and 4.91 % optimally enhanced both endogenous and exogenous vitellogenin synthesis, thereby promoting ovarian development in L. vannamei. This leucine-mediated effect was orchestrated through the activation of the TORC1 and ILP nutrient-sensing pathways. These findings provided crucial insights for optimizing dietary leucine levels in broodstock diets to enhance reproductive performance in L. vannamei aquaculture.
{"title":"ILP/TORC1 nutrient-sensing pathways mediated leucine regulation on the vitellogenin synthesis to promote ovary development of Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Yanan Yin , Xin Zhang , Haitao Fan, Lefei Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary leucine supplementation (3.40 %, 3.82 %, 4.41 %, 4.91 %, 5.38 % and 7.90 %) on the ovarian development in Pacific white shrimp (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>). A total of 540 shrimp were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, with three replicate tanks per treatment and 30 shrimp per tank. Shrimp were fed three times daily (6:00, 11:00 and 18:00). Shrimp fed diets containing 4.41 % and 4.91 % leucine exhibited the most pronounced ovarian development. This was evidenced by the highest gonadosomatic index, ovaries predominantly filled with Stage IV oocytes accompanied by abundant yolk protein deposition, significantly elevated serum concentrations of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and vitellogenin (Vg), and marked upregulation of key genes associated with vitellogenesis and nutrient-sensing pathways. Further analysis revealed that these optimal leucine levels (4.41 % and 4.91 %) promoted exogenous Vg synthesis in the hepatopancreas. This hepatopancreas-derived Vg was then transported to the ovary via the vitellogenin receptor, further facilitating ovarian maturation. Concurrently, the highest Vg expression levels observed in the ovary indicated enhanced endogenous Vg synthesis. Moreover, dietary leucine supplementation levels significantly enhanced the expression levels of genes associated with the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and insulin-like peptide (ILP) nutrient-sensing pathways. In conclusion, dietary leucine supplementation at 4.41 % and 4.91 % optimally enhanced both endogenous and exogenous vitellogenin synthesis, thereby promoting ovarian development in <em>L. vannamei.</em> This leucine-mediated effect was orchestrated through the activation of the TORC1 and ILP nutrient-sensing pathways. These findings provided crucial insights for optimizing dietary leucine levels in broodstock diets to enhance reproductive performance in <em>L. vannamei</em> aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116519
K. Damaziak , M. Łukasiewicz-Mierzejewska , A. Marzec , A. Matuszewski , W. Wójcik , D. Adamek-Urbańska , J. Riedel , M. Raś , J. Niemiec , D. Gozdowski
The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of nanocalcium (NCC) in hens’ diets on production performance and egg quality, particularly shell quality. A total of 264 hens were placed in cages with 12 hens in each, with 6 replications for each of the 4 groups: control (C): 4.1/100 g fodder chalk + 4.0/100 g limestone; negative control (NC): 2.75/100 g fodder chalk + 4.0/100 g limestone; lower proportion of NCC (Nano-L): 1.50/100 g fodder chalk + 4.0/100 g limestone + 1.25/100 g NCC; and higher proportion of NCC (Nano-H): 4.0/100 g limestone + 1.75/100 g NCC. The hens were kept for 12 weeks, with production results including laying rate, egg weight, feed intake, and mortality being monitored. Egg quality and shell quality analyses (thickness, strength, ultrastructure, and microstructure) were performed. At 24 and 28 weeks of age, 6 hens from each group underwent histological bone analysis to determine the medullary bone (MB) area. The use of NCC in the diet had a beneficial effect on hens’ laying performance (P < 0.001) and average egg weight (P < 0.001). The eggshell of Nano-H hens had a thicker mammillary layer (P = 0.035) and was more saturated with calcium (P < 0.001), resulting in the highest crush strength (P = 0.001). However, the high NCC level contributed to the highest shell porosity (largest air channel diameter) and consequently the highest water vapor conductance (P < 0.001). At 24 weeks of age, a greater MB area was noted for hens receiving NCC regardless of dose (Nano-L and Nano-H) (P < 0.001), while at 28 weeks, the greatest MB area was observed in the NC group, the smallest in the Nano-H group, and intermediate in the C and Nano-L groups (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the use of NCC in the diets of laying hens during the early laying stage enable a reduction in calcium levels while contributing to improved laying rate, egg weight, and shell strength. However, higher shell porosity may limit the use of NCC in diets for laying hens whose eggs are intended for longer storage. Future research should focus on the use of NCC in the diets of laying hens during later production periods.
{"title":"Nanocalcium carbonate in laying hens’ diet increases its assimilation and accumulation in the medullary bone, improving egg production and eggshell quality","authors":"K. Damaziak , M. Łukasiewicz-Mierzejewska , A. Marzec , A. Matuszewski , W. Wójcik , D. Adamek-Urbańska , J. Riedel , M. Raś , J. Niemiec , D. Gozdowski","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of nanocalcium (NCC) in hens’ diets on production performance and egg quality, particularly shell quality. A total of 264 hens were placed in cages with 12 hens in each, with 6 replications for each of the 4 groups: control (C): 4.1/100 g fodder chalk + 4.0/100 g limestone; negative control (NC): 2.75/100 g fodder chalk + 4.0/100 g limestone; lower proportion of NCC (Nano-L): 1.50/100 g fodder chalk + 4.0/100 g limestone + 1.25/100 g NCC; and higher proportion of NCC (Nano-H): 4.0/100 g limestone + 1.75/100 g NCC. The hens were kept for 12 weeks, with production results including laying rate, egg weight, feed intake, and mortality being monitored. Egg quality and shell quality analyses (thickness, strength, ultrastructure, and microstructure) were performed. At 24 and 28 weeks of age, 6 hens from each group underwent histological bone analysis to determine the medullary bone (MB) area. The use of NCC in the diet had a beneficial effect on hens’ laying performance (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and average egg weight (<em>P</em> < 0.001). The eggshell of Nano-H hens had a thicker mammillary layer (<em>P</em> = 0.035) and was more saturated with calcium (<em>P</em> < 0.001), resulting in the highest crush strength (<em>P</em> = 0.001). However, the high NCC level contributed to the highest shell porosity (largest air channel diameter) and consequently the highest water vapor conductance (<em>P</em> < 0.001). At 24 weeks of age, a greater MB area was noted for hens receiving NCC regardless of dose (Nano-L and Nano-H) (<em>P</em> < 0.001), while at 28 weeks, the greatest MB area was observed in the NC group, the smallest in the Nano-H group, and intermediate in the C and Nano-L groups (<em>P</em> < 0.001). In conclusion, the use of NCC in the diets of laying hens during the early laying stage enable a reduction in calcium levels while contributing to improved laying rate, egg weight, and shell strength. However, higher shell porosity may limit the use of NCC in diets for laying hens whose eggs are intended for longer storage. Future research should focus on the use of NCC in the diets of laying hens during later production periods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116516
N.F. Sari , S. Stergiadis , P.P. Ray , C. Rymer , L.A. Crompton , K.E. Kliem
Garlic contains bioactive organosulphur compounds reported to be effective in reducing methane (CH4) emissions, but garlic dietary supplements are inconsistent in reducing rumen CH4 production, possibly due to matrix or inclusion level effects. To assess this, the effects of garlic matrix (freeze-dried, FD; garlic extract, GE), source (Chinese; Spanish) and inclusion level (30, 60, 120 mg extract/g DM) on gas, CH4 and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured using an in vitro gas production rumen fermentation system. Garlic extract was extracted from both sources, and this or FD garlic was incubated at the same oil inclusion levels in flasks with a dried, milled total mixed ration (TMR; forage:concentrate 50:50, DM basis) for 72 h, with strained rumen fluid and incubation medium (1:9, v/v). Flasks containing just TMR (control, CON) or no substrate (negative control) were also included. Gas pressure measured at intervals during the fermentation was converted to volume, and gas samples were analysed for CH4 concentration using gas chromatography. Dry matter degradability and VFA concentrations in the medium were measured after 72 h. In vitro gas and CH4 production was fitted to previously published models to obtain gas production kinetic characteristics. Data were analysed using linear mixed models, with processing method, origin, and their interaction as fixed, and run as random factors. Dry matter degradability (g/kg DM) was higher (P < 0.001) with all treatments (both FD and GE) for both Chinese and Spanish garlic across all inclusion rates (79.8 and 80.1) compared to CON (78.3). Total gas production (ml) was higher (P < 0.05) in the GE treatments than the CON (145.2) for both Chinese and Spanish garlic (164.1 and 169.1, respectively). Acetate:propionate ratio was lower (P < 0.001) for both garlic treatments and origin across all inclusion rates (2.4–2.9) compared with CON (3.0). Increasing the inclusion rate did not change in vitro CH4 production compared with CON. The results suggest that the bioactive components in garlic, when presented in an extracted matrix, might enhance overall fermentation efficiency without directly mitigating CH4 emissions. This finding implies that while garlic-based supplements might not consistently reduce CH4 emissions, they could be used to improve feed efficiency and animal productivity in ruminant systems.
{"title":"Effect of the garlic matrix and inclusion level on in vitro methane production and fermentation","authors":"N.F. Sari , S. Stergiadis , P.P. Ray , C. Rymer , L.A. Crompton , K.E. Kliem","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Garlic contains bioactive organosulphur compounds reported to be effective in reducing methane (<strong>CH</strong><sub><strong>4</strong></sub>) emissions, but garlic dietary supplements are inconsistent in reducing rumen CH<sub>4</sub> production, possibly due to matrix or inclusion level effects. To assess this, the effects of garlic matrix (freeze-dried, <strong>FD</strong>; garlic extract, <strong>GE</strong>), source (Chinese; Spanish) and inclusion level (30, 60, 120 mg extract/g DM) on gas, CH<sub>4</sub> and volatile fatty acid (<strong>VFA</strong>) production were measured using an in <em>vitro</em> gas production rumen fermentation system. Garlic extract was extracted from both sources, and this or FD garlic was incubated at the same oil inclusion levels in flasks with a dried, milled total mixed ration (<strong>TMR</strong>; forage:concentrate 50:50, DM basis) for 72 h, with strained rumen fluid and incubation medium (1:9, v/v). Flasks containing just TMR (control, <strong>CON</strong>) or no substrate (negative control) were also included. Gas pressure measured at intervals during the fermentation was converted to volume, and gas samples were analysed for CH<sub>4</sub> concentration using gas chromatography. Dry matter degradability and VFA concentrations in the medium were measured after 72 h. <em>In vitro</em> gas and CH<sub>4</sub> production was fitted to previously published models to obtain gas production kinetic characteristics. Data were analysed using linear mixed models, with processing method, origin, and their interaction as fixed, and run as random factors. Dry matter degradability (g/kg DM) was higher (<em>P</em> < 0.001) with all treatments (both FD and GE) for both Chinese and Spanish garlic across all inclusion rates (79.8 and 80.1) compared to CON (78.3). Total gas production (ml) was higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in the GE treatments than the CON (145.2) for both Chinese and Spanish garlic (164.1 and 169.1, respectively). Acetate:propionate ratio was lower (<em>P</em> < 0.001) for both garlic treatments and origin across all inclusion rates (2.4–2.9) compared with CON (3.0). Increasing the inclusion rate did not change <em>in vitro</em> CH<sub>4</sub> production compared with CON. The results suggest that the bioactive components in garlic, when presented in an extracted matrix, might enhance overall fermentation efficiency without directly mitigating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. This finding implies that while garlic-based supplements might not consistently reduce CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, they could be used to improve feed efficiency and animal productivity in ruminant systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116517
F. Costa Filho, N.S. Barbosa, L.O. Brito, R. Soares, C. Craveiro, V.K. Takahashi, S. Peixoto
This study evaluated the use of Lithothamnium, a natural organic mineral, as a dietary supplement for Penaeus vannamei in oligohaline waters, focusing on its effects on shrimp performance and feeding behavior monitored through passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). Five experimental treatments were tested: a control diet with inorganic minerals (CT), a control diet supplemented with 2 % (CTLT2) and 4 % (CTLT4) Lithothamnium applied as a surface coating using a commercial binder, and diets where 2 % (LT2) and 4 % (LT4) Lithothamnium replaced inorganic minerals and were added into the feed formulation. During the growth trial, juvenile shrimp (3.1 ± 0.2 g) fed these diets over a 50-day period, and subsequently, groups of shrimp (7.3 ± 1.1 g) were used in PAM and feed consumption trial. Results of growth performance indicated that diets supplemented with Lithothamnium, especially LT2, improved relative weight gain, biomass increase, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control diet (CT). The use of Lithothamnium did not affect the palatability of diets, as evidenced by the lack of differences in the acoustic feeding behavior (total number of clicks and clicking rate per min) and feed consumption (g) across treatments during 30-min recordings. The strong positive correlation (r² = 0.72, p < 0.001) between clicking sounds produced during feed ingestion and feed consumption, reinforce the use of PAM as a reliable tool for assessing shrimp feeding behavior. These findings highlight the potential of Lithothamnium as an alternative to inorganic mineral supplements in shrimp diets, without deleterious effects on feeding behavior and improved shrimp performance in low-salinity aquaculture systems.
{"title":"Acoustic feeding behavior, growth performance and feed consumption using Lithothamnium as organic mineral dietary supplement for Penaeus vannamei in oligohaline water","authors":"F. Costa Filho, N.S. Barbosa, L.O. Brito, R. Soares, C. Craveiro, V.K. Takahashi, S. Peixoto","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the use of <em>Lithothamnium</em>, a natural organic mineral, as a dietary supplement for <em>Penaeus vannamei</em> in oligohaline waters, focusing on its effects on shrimp performance and feeding behavior monitored through passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). Five experimental treatments were tested: a control diet with inorganic minerals (CT), a control diet supplemented with 2 % (CTLT2) and 4 % (CTLT4) <em>Lithothamnium</em> applied as a surface coating using a commercial binder, and diets where 2 % (LT2) and 4 % (LT4) <em>Lithothamnium</em> replaced inorganic minerals and were added into the feed formulation. During the growth trial, juvenile shrimp (3.1 ± 0.2 g) fed these diets over a 50-day period, and subsequently, groups of shrimp (7.3 ± 1.1 g) were used in PAM and feed consumption trial. Results of growth performance indicated that diets supplemented with <em>Lithothamnium</em>, especially LT2, improved relative weight gain, biomass increase, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control diet (CT). The use of <em>Lithothamnium</em> did not affect the palatability of diets, as evidenced by the lack of differences in the acoustic feeding behavior (total number of clicks and clicking rate per min) and feed consumption (g) across treatments during 30-min recordings. The strong positive correlation (r² = 0.72, p < 0.001) between clicking sounds produced during feed ingestion and feed consumption, reinforce the use of PAM as a reliable tool for assessing shrimp feeding behavior. These findings highlight the potential of <em>Lithothamnium</em> as an alternative to inorganic mineral supplements in shrimp diets, without deleterious effects on feeding behavior and improved shrimp performance in low-salinity aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the face of high-carbon concerns, the rising demand for livestock goods has prompted the industry to find safe and effective ways to boost production while minimizing environmental impact. The use of functional native herbage as a green additive to promote livestock production is gaining increasing attention. This study evaluated the effects of Przewalskia tangutica supplementation at 1.5 % (LP), 3 % (MP), and 4.5 % (HP) on the digestive metabolism, production performance, methane emissions, and grazing behavior of sheep grazing mixed sown pastures. Twenty-four male sheep were randomly assigned to four groups, and animals grazed from 07:00–19:00 and received evening supplements of soybean meal mixed with P. tangutica. Results revealed a significant 77.77 % increase in live weight gain (P < 0.001) in the HP group, along with significantly decreased methane emissions compared with the CON group. Behavioral changes included increases in bite rate (3.75–12.62 %) and decreases in bolus chewing time (10.13–11.99 %) and interbolus interval (7.50–27.72 %). Notably, sheep in the HP group showed increased ruminating time in the afternoon (P < 0.05), which contributed to improved grazing and rumination efficiency. Furthermore, P. tangutica supplementation resulted in elevated levels of total protein (P < 0.05), albumin (P < 0.05), and globulin (P < 0.05), along with reductions in blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde concentrations (P < 0.05) in the HP group. In conclusion, P. tangutica supplementation enhances the immune and antioxidant capacity of sheep, improves feeding and rumination efficiency, increases live weight gain, and reduces methane emissions, with an optimal inclusion rate of 4.5 %.
{"title":"Przewalskia tangutica dietary supplementation enhances performance, modifies grazing behavior, and mitigates methane emissions in sheep on saline-alkali pastures","authors":"Xiaoyun Zhang , Lijuan Ran , Kaili Xie , Fujiang Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the face of high-carbon concerns, the rising demand for livestock goods has prompted the industry to find safe and effective ways to boost production while minimizing environmental impact. The use of functional native herbage as a green additive to promote livestock production is gaining increasing attention. This study evaluated the effects of <em>Przewalskia tangutica</em> supplementation at 1.5 % (LP), 3 % (MP), and 4.5 % (HP) on the digestive metabolism, production performance, methane emissions, and grazing behavior of sheep grazing mixed sown pastures. Twenty-four male sheep were randomly assigned to four groups, and animals grazed from 07:00–19:00 and received evening supplements of soybean meal mixed with <em>P. tangutica</em>. Results revealed a significant 77.77 % increase in live weight gain (P < 0.001) in the HP group, along with significantly decreased methane emissions compared with the CON group. Behavioral changes included increases in bite rate (3.75–12.62 %) and decreases in bolus chewing time (10.13–11.99 %) and interbolus interval (7.50–27.72 %). Notably, sheep in the HP group showed increased ruminating time in the afternoon (P < 0.05), which contributed to improved grazing and rumination efficiency. Furthermore, <em>P. tangutica</em> supplementation resulted in elevated levels of total protein (P < 0.05), albumin (P < 0.05), and globulin (P < 0.05), along with reductions in blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde concentrations (P < 0.05) in the HP group. In conclusion, <em>P. tangutica</em> supplementation enhances the immune and antioxidant capacity of sheep, improves feeding and rumination efficiency, increases live weight gain, and reduces methane emissions, with an optimal inclusion rate of 4.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116515
Xueying Zhang , Yali Song , Chongyang Liu, Yuanyuan Kong, Fadi Li, Long Guo, Xiangpeng Yue
Exploration of alternative roughage to improve meat quality has driven the growing demand for sustainable sheep production and premium meat. In this study, forty-five male Hu lambs were randomly assigned into three groups: CS (a basal diet with corn stalk), LS (licorice stalk replaced 15 % CS), and FR (fennel residue replaced 15 % CS) to evaluate the effects of LS and FR on production performance, meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics, metabolite profiles and flavor quality. Consequently, dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly increased in the LS group (P < 0.001), although no significant differences were observed in other growth or slaughter performance among the groups (P > 0.05). Meat redness (a*), lightness (L*), and cooking loss were reduced by both LS and FR (P < 0.05). A decreasing trend in shear force was observed, along with a promoted shift in muscle fiber type from I to II. In addition, springiness was significantly enhanced by LS, while gumminess and chewiness were reduced by FR. Volatilomics analysis found that hexanal, nonanal, and paraldehyde levels were increased in the LS and FR groups, contributing to enhanced aromatic, sweet and leafy flavors. These changes were primarily attributed to variations of phosphatidic acid, amino acids, and carbohydrates levels. In summary, LS and FR were shown to modulate lamb meat quality through changes in muscle metabolism. These findings demonstrate that LS and FR, as by-products-based roughage sources, can reduce feed costs while improving meat quality traits desirable for upscale markets.
{"title":"Effects of licorice stalk and fennel residue on the meat quality, muscle metabolites, and flavor characteristics of Hu lambs","authors":"Xueying Zhang , Yali Song , Chongyang Liu, Yuanyuan Kong, Fadi Li, Long Guo, Xiangpeng Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploration of alternative roughage to improve meat quality has driven the growing demand for sustainable sheep production and premium meat. In this study, forty-five male Hu lambs were randomly assigned into three groups: CS (a basal diet with corn stalk), LS (licorice stalk replaced 15 % CS), and FR (fennel residue replaced 15 % CS) to evaluate the effects of LS and FR on production performance, meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics, metabolite profiles and flavor quality. Consequently, dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly increased in the LS group (<em>P</em> < 0.001), although no significant differences were observed in other growth or slaughter performance among the groups (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Meat redness (<em>a*</em>), lightness (<em>L*</em>), and cooking loss were reduced by both LS and FR (<em>P</em> < 0.05). A decreasing trend in shear force was observed, along with a promoted shift in muscle fiber type from I to II. In addition, springiness was significantly enhanced by LS, while gumminess and chewiness were reduced by FR. Volatilomics analysis found that hexanal, nonanal, and paraldehyde levels were increased in the LS and FR groups, contributing to enhanced aromatic, sweet and leafy flavors. These changes were primarily attributed to variations of phosphatidic acid, amino acids, and carbohydrates levels. In summary, LS and FR were shown to modulate lamb meat quality through changes in muscle metabolism. These findings demonstrate that LS and FR, as by-products-based roughage sources, can reduce feed costs while improving meat quality traits desirable for upscale markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 116515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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