Pub Date : 2024-06-22DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116045
Mateus N.S. Souza , Melissa D. Ferrer , Leilson R. Bezerra , Ederson A. de Andrade , José M. Pereira Filho , Analívia M. Barbosa , Thadeu M. Silva , Elzânia S. Pereira , Jarbas M. da Silva Júnior , Tainan da S. Batista , Pedro H.S. Mazza , Ronaldo L. Oliveira
Using agricultural wastes as substrates of mushroom cultivation can minimize environmental pollution and provide a high-quality substrate that might be used for animal feeding after cultivation, which is beneficial for ruminants. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of cultivated mushroom residue in lamb diets. Seven inoculation times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of cultivation) of mushroom substrates by Pleurotus ostreatus were evaluated in a completely randomized design with five replications to characterize the mushroom crop substrate. Within 30 days of cultivation, the mushroom crop residue (MCR) was sun-dried and tested on the lambs’ diet. The first experiment involved 40 uncastrated crossbred lambs (Santa Ines × Dorper), with a mean body weight (BW) of 27.8 ± 2.37 kg (mean ± SD), which were randomly assigned to five groups of six lambs each. They received five levels of MCR replacing Tifton-85 hay: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % on dry matter basis (DM) to evaluate performance, carcass traits, ingestive behavior, and blood parameters. In the second experiment, 25 lambs (40.0 ± 3.0 kg BW) were distributed in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design with the same five treatments of experiment 1 (MRC replacing Tifton-85 hay) and six replications to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. To evaluate ruminal parameters, a third experiment was conducted with five Santa Ines × Dorper crossbreed rumen-cannulated sheep weighing 42.0 ± 4.0 kg, which were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. After 30 days of cultivation of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, there was a reduction in the MCR contents of DM, ether extract (EE), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). In contrast, ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash (aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and in vitro DM digestibility coefficient (IVDMD) increased (P ≤ 0.05) over the cultivation time. The intake of DM, CP, aNDF and NFC quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.05) with the addition of dehydrated MCR in the lambs’ diet. The effective consumed CP composition and the digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, and aNDF decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) due dehydrated MCR addition in the lambs’ diet. The time spent eating and idling, and the rumination efficiency rates (g DM and NDF/h) increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with the replacement of Tifton-85 hay by the dehydrated MCR. The time spent on rumination and chewing, the nº of boli chewed, and the DM intake efficiency rate reduced linearly (P ≤ 0.05). There was a linear (P ≤ 0.05) increase in N-intake, N-fecal, and N-retention and linear reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in N-urinary excretion and rumen protozoa count due to the inclusion of MCR in the lambs’ diet. Growth performance, carcass traits, rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and blood parameters were not changed by the replacement of hay with MCR. D
{"title":"Effect of mushroom crop residue on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior, ruminal and blood parameters of lambs","authors":"Mateus N.S. Souza , Melissa D. Ferrer , Leilson R. Bezerra , Ederson A. de Andrade , José M. Pereira Filho , Analívia M. Barbosa , Thadeu M. Silva , Elzânia S. Pereira , Jarbas M. da Silva Júnior , Tainan da S. Batista , Pedro H.S. Mazza , Ronaldo L. Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using agricultural wastes as substrates of mushroom cultivation can minimize environmental pollution and provide a high-quality substrate that might be used for animal feeding after cultivation, which is beneficial for ruminants. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of cultivated mushroom residue in lamb diets. Seven inoculation times (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of cultivation) of mushroom substrates by Pleurotus ostreatus were evaluated in a completely randomized design with five replications to characterize the mushroom crop substrate. Within 30 days of cultivation, the mushroom crop residue (MCR) was sun-dried and tested on the lambs’ diet. The first experiment involved 40 uncastrated crossbred lambs (Santa Ines × Dorper), with a mean body weight (BW) of 27.8 ± 2.37 kg (mean ± SD), which were randomly assigned to five groups of six lambs each. They received five levels of MCR replacing Tifton-85 hay: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % on dry matter basis (DM) to evaluate performance, carcass traits, ingestive behavior, and blood parameters. In the second experiment, 25 lambs (40.0 ± 3.0 kg BW) were distributed in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design with the same five treatments of experiment 1 (MRC replacing Tifton-85 hay) and six replications to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. To evaluate ruminal parameters, a third experiment was conducted with five Santa Ines × Dorper crossbreed rumen-cannulated sheep weighing 42.0 ± 4.0 kg, which were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. After 30 days of cultivation of the fungus <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em>, there was a reduction in the MCR contents of DM, ether extract (EE), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). In contrast, ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash (<sub>a</sub>NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and <em>in vitro</em> DM digestibility coefficient (<em>IV</em>DMD) increased (P ≤ 0.05) over the cultivation time. The intake of DM, CP, <sub>a</sub>NDF and NFC quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.05) with the addition of dehydrated MCR in the lambs’ diet. The effective consumed CP composition and the digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, and <sub>a</sub>NDF decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) due dehydrated MCR addition in the lambs’ diet. The time spent eating and idling, and the rumination efficiency rates (g DM and NDF/h) increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with the replacement of Tifton-85 hay by the dehydrated MCR. The time spent on rumination and chewing, the nº of boli chewed, and the DM intake efficiency rate reduced linearly (P ≤ 0.05). There was a linear (P ≤ 0.05) increase in N-intake, N-fecal, and N-retention and linear reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in N-urinary excretion and rumen protozoa count due to the inclusion of MCR in the lambs’ diet. Growth performance, carcass traits, rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N), and blood parameters were not changed by the replacement of hay with MCR. D","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141479468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116044
Jimena A. Ibagon , Su A Lee , C. Martin Nyachoti , Hans H. Stein
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size or origin of field peas does not influence apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) or standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, but that increasing levels of phytase will increase ATTD and STTD of P in field peas when fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1, one source of field peas was obtained from the U.S., and two sources were obtained from Canada (i.e., Canada 1 and Canada 2). The U.S. field peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the Canada 1 peas were ground to 253 µm, and the Canada 2 source was ground to 411 µm. The five batches of field peas were each included in one diet and fed to 50 growing pigs (16.36 ± 1.19 kg) with 10 replicate pigs per diet. In experiment 2, six diets based on the U.S. field peas ground to 678 µm were formulated to contain 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 units per kg of microbial phytase and fed to 48 pigs (15.26 ± 0.91 kg) with eight replicate pigs per diet. In both experiments, field peas were the only source of P in the diets. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces were collected for four days. Results of experiment 1 indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by source of peas or by particle size of the field peas and it was concluded that growing location and variety do not influence STTD of P in field peas. Results of experiment 2 indicated that the ATTD of Ca and P and the STTD of P increased (linear, P < 0.001) as phytase increased in the diets, and fecal excretion of Ca and P was reduced as the concentration of dietary phytase increased (linear, P < 0.001). It was, therefore, concluded that if microbial phytase is included in diets containing field peas, the inclusion of feed phosphate can be reduced, and manure concentration of P will also be reduced. In conclusion, the hypotheses that neither growing location nor particle size influences STTD of P were confirmed, and the hypothesis that increased concentration of dietary phytase increases STTD of P was also confirmed.
{"title":"Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in field peas fed to growing pigs is increased by microbial phytase, but particle size and origin of field peas do not affect digestibility of phosphorus","authors":"Jimena A. Ibagon , Su A Lee , C. Martin Nyachoti , Hans H. Stein","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size or origin of field peas does not influence apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) or standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, but that increasing levels of phytase will increase ATTD and STTD of P in field peas when fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1, one source of field peas was obtained from the U.S., and two sources were obtained from Canada (i.e., Canada 1 and Canada 2). The U.S. field peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the Canada 1 peas were ground to 253 µm, and the Canada 2 source was ground to 411 µm. The five batches of field peas were each included in one diet and fed to 50 growing pigs (16.36 ± 1.19 kg) with 10 replicate pigs per diet. In experiment 2, six diets based on the U.S. field peas ground to 678 µm were formulated to contain 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 units per kg of microbial phytase and fed to 48 pigs (15.26 ± 0.91 kg) with eight replicate pigs per diet. In both experiments, field peas were the only source of P in the diets. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces were collected for four days. Results of experiment 1 indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P were not affected by source of peas or by particle size of the field peas and it was concluded that growing location and variety do not influence STTD of P in field peas. Results of experiment 2 indicated that the ATTD of Ca and P and the STTD of P increased (linear, P < 0.001) as phytase increased in the diets, and fecal excretion of Ca and P was reduced as the concentration of dietary phytase increased (linear, P < 0.001). It was, therefore, concluded that if microbial phytase is included in diets containing field peas, the inclusion of feed phosphate can be reduced, and manure concentration of P will also be reduced. In conclusion, the hypotheses that neither growing location nor particle size influences STTD of P were confirmed, and the hypothesis that increased concentration of dietary phytase increases STTD of P was also confirmed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116033
Rafael V.P. Lago , Gabriel J. Wolschick , Mateus H. Signor , Gabrielly C. Giraldi , Vitor L. Molosse , Guilherme L. Deolindo , Bruno G.O. Cecere , Andrei L.R. Brunetto , Diego C. Cucco , Pedro D.B. Benedeti , Bárbara C. Deon , Roger Wagner , Bianca F. Bissacotti , Jelson Nauderer , Camila T.K. Jung , Gilberto V. Kozloski , Miklos M. Bajay , Aleksandro S. Da Silva
The study was conducted to evaluate whether adding a blend containing free and microencapsulated essential oils, combined with turmeric and tannin, can replace monensin as a performance improver, positively influencing animal health and meat quality. Fourteen male cattle with an average initial body weight of 253 kg and ten females with an average initial body weight of 239 kg were included in the experiment in a confinement system. The animals were divided into four independent groups: Males (M-PHYTO, inclusion of the phytogenic mixture; M-MONEN, inclusion of monensin); Females (F-PHYTO, inclusion of phytogenic; F-MONEN, inclusion of monensin). The diets were formulated for an average daily gain of 1.5 kg, with food provided twice daily. Data and biological samples were collected on days 33, 100, and 153. M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO showed greater average daily gain and body weight, with a tendency to consume more dry matter and feed efficiency. However, the apparent digestibility of nutrients was higher in animals in the MONEN group than those in the PHYTO group, regardless of sex. The total number of leukocytes in cattle in the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups was higher due to the higher lymphocyte count in the blood of these animals. The activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in animals that consumed the phytogenic mixture was lower compared to animals that consumed monensin. TBARS levels were lower in the serum and meat of cattle in the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups, as were the total thiol concentration and glutathione S-transferase activity in the blood and meat of these animals. Bacterial activity was greater in the rumen fluid of cattle that consumed the phytogenic, as demonstrated by the methylene blue reduction test. The total production of short-chain fatty acids and acetic acid showed an interaction between treatment and days for both sex classes and an effect of treatment for females, with a higher concentration in the rumen in the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups. Propionic acid affected treatment and the treatment x day interaction for males and females, with the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups showing higher concentrations. There was an interaction between treatment and day in the acetate/propionate ratio, being lower in M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO cattle. Treatment between ruminal microbiota groups had no effect. The rib eye area had more significant gains when consumed phytogenic by males and females. The subcutaneous and sirloin fat thickness was greater in F-PHYTO animals than in the control group; however, in males, the result was the opposite. The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat was higher in M-PHYTO compared to M-MONEN and lower in F-PHYTO meat compared to F-MONEN. These results indicate that the phytogenic mixture is a potential performance improver in the diet of growing and finishing cattle, regardless of sex, but meat characteristics differ between males and females.
{"title":"A mixture of free and microencapsulated essential oils combined with turmeric and tannin in the diet of cattle in the growing and finishing phase: A new tool to enhance productivity","authors":"Rafael V.P. Lago , Gabriel J. Wolschick , Mateus H. Signor , Gabrielly C. Giraldi , Vitor L. Molosse , Guilherme L. Deolindo , Bruno G.O. Cecere , Andrei L.R. Brunetto , Diego C. Cucco , Pedro D.B. Benedeti , Bárbara C. Deon , Roger Wagner , Bianca F. Bissacotti , Jelson Nauderer , Camila T.K. Jung , Gilberto V. Kozloski , Miklos M. Bajay , Aleksandro S. Da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study was conducted to evaluate whether adding a blend containing free and microencapsulated essential oils, combined with turmeric and tannin, can replace monensin as a performance improver, positively influencing animal health and meat quality. Fourteen male cattle with an average initial body weight of 253 kg and ten females with an average initial body weight of 239 kg were included in the experiment in a confinement system. The animals were divided into four independent groups: Males (M-PHYTO, inclusion of the phytogenic mixture; M-MONEN, inclusion of monensin); Females (F-PHYTO, inclusion of phytogenic; F-MONEN, inclusion of monensin). The diets were formulated for an average daily gain of 1.5 kg, with food provided twice daily. Data and biological samples were collected on days 33, 100, and 153. M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO showed greater average daily gain and body weight, with a tendency to consume more dry matter and feed efficiency. However, the apparent digestibility of nutrients was higher in animals in the MONEN group than those in the PHYTO group, regardless of sex. The total number of leukocytes in cattle in the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups was higher due to the higher lymphocyte count in the blood of these animals. The activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in animals that consumed the phytogenic mixture was lower compared to animals that consumed monensin. TBARS levels were lower in the serum and meat of cattle in the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups, as were the total thiol concentration and glutathione S-transferase activity in the blood and meat of these animals. Bacterial activity was greater in the rumen fluid of cattle that consumed the phytogenic, as demonstrated by the methylene blue reduction test. The total production of short-chain fatty acids and acetic acid showed an interaction between treatment and days for both sex classes and an effect of treatment for females, with a higher concentration in the rumen in the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups. Propionic acid affected treatment and the treatment x day interaction for males and females, with the M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO groups showing higher concentrations. There was an interaction between treatment and day in the acetate/propionate ratio, being lower in M-PHYTO and F-PHYTO cattle. Treatment between ruminal microbiota groups had no effect. The rib eye area had more significant gains when consumed phytogenic by males and females. The subcutaneous and sirloin fat thickness was greater in F-PHYTO animals than in the control group; however, in males, the result was the opposite. The sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat was higher in M-PHYTO compared to M-MONEN and lower in F-PHYTO meat compared to F-MONEN. These results indicate that the phytogenic mixture is a potential performance improver in the diet of growing and finishing cattle, regardless of sex, but meat characteristics differ between males and females.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141395848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116043
Meimei Wang , Yan Li , Shuai Ren , Yizhao Shen , Panliang Chen , Qiujia Cui , Yufeng Cao , Qiufeng Li , Hongjian Xu , Fengli Sun , Ning Ma , Yanxia Gao , Jianguo Li
Tannins have been extensively studied to decrease nitrogen excretion, however, the effects of tannins on animal production were inconsistent. The objective was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of quebracho-chestnut tannin extract (QCTE) supplementation on the production performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, and N partitioning in dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± standard deviation; average 717 ± 51 kg of body weight, 2.5 ± 0.2 of parity, 47 ± 1.9 kg/d of milk production, 78 ± 3.2 d of days in milk were randomly divided into four groups. Cows in different groups were provided QCTE at doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/d per cow for 56 d. Although QCTE supplementation did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) and total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, milk yield and milk protein yield increased linearly (P = 0.01), and a trend for a linear (P = 0.07) increase in milk/DMI were observed with increasing QCTE supplementation. Increasing QCTE supplementation decreased the milk urea-N concentration and somatic cell count linearly (P < 0.05), tended to linearly (P < 0.1) decrease the concentration of blood urea-N and ruminal ammonia nitrogen, linearly (P < 0.05) increased levels of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, and the molar proportions of ruminal propionate. Additionally, total N excretion was not affected by QCTE treatments, but QCTE supplementation linearly (P = 0.04) increased N utilization efficiency and tended to linearly (P = 0.1) decrease urea-N excretion in the urine. In conclusion, feeding QCTE at a dose of 30 g/d per head to cows in early lactation could increase antioxidant enzyme activities, improve production performance, and decrease environmentally labile urinary N excretion under the conditions of the study.
{"title":"Effects of quebracho–chestnut tannin extract supplementation on production performance, nitrogen partitioning, and rumen fermentation patterns in early-lactating Holstein cows","authors":"Meimei Wang , Yan Li , Shuai Ren , Yizhao Shen , Panliang Chen , Qiujia Cui , Yufeng Cao , Qiufeng Li , Hongjian Xu , Fengli Sun , Ning Ma , Yanxia Gao , Jianguo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tannins have been extensively studied to decrease nitrogen excretion, however, the effects of tannins on animal production were inconsistent. The objective was to evaluate the effects of a mixture of quebracho-chestnut tannin extract (QCTE) supplementation on the production performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, and N partitioning in dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± standard deviation; average 717 ± 51 kg of body weight, 2.5 ± 0.2 of parity, 47 ± 1.9 kg/d of milk production, 78 ± 3.2 d of days in milk were randomly divided into four groups. Cows in different groups were provided QCTE at doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/d per cow for 56 d. Although QCTE supplementation did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) and total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, milk yield and milk protein yield increased linearly (<em>P</em> = 0.01), and a trend for a linear (<em>P</em> = 0.07) increase in milk/DMI were observed with increasing QCTE supplementation. Increasing QCTE supplementation decreased the milk urea-N concentration and somatic cell count linearly (<em>P</em> < 0.05), tended to linearly (<em>P</em> < 0.1) decrease the concentration of blood urea-N and ruminal ammonia nitrogen, linearly (<em>P</em> < 0.05) increased levels of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, and the molar proportions of ruminal propionate. Additionally, total N excretion was not affected by QCTE treatments, but QCTE supplementation linearly (<em>P</em> = 0.04) increased N utilization efficiency and tended to linearly (<em>P</em> = 0.1) decrease urea-N excretion in the urine. In conclusion, feeding QCTE at a dose of 30 g/d per head to cows in early lactation could increase antioxidant enzyme activities, improve production performance, and decrease environmentally labile urinary N excretion under the conditions of the study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141409250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116036
N. Schlau , D.R. Mertens , D.M. Taysom
The objectives were to 1) determine whether genetic differences can be detected for carbohydrate fermentability among corn hybrids at silage maturities when the effects of drying and grinding are eliminated and 2) determine if in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD), a routine laboratory method used by commercial laboratories for hybrid evaluation, can detect differences when DM is controlled. Samples of whole corn plants from 3 hybrids (Brevant): B99B79SX (BMR, n = 7), B96T79SX, standard (STAN, n = 6), and B95U78SXE, floury-BMR (FL, n = 7), that had similar range of DM were selected. Sets of 8 ears were harvested concurrently and kernels removed from the ears by hand. Samples of undried kernels were quartered (QKERN) and in vitro gas production (IVGP) was measured for 120 h. More gas was produced by QKERN of FL than of STAN and BMR from 9 to 18 h (P < 0.05), and QKERN of FL produced more gas than BMR through 21 h (P < 0.05). The QKERN of FL had a shorter lag than STAN or BMR (P < 0.001) and a faster rate of gas production than BMR (P < 0.01), establishing that genetic differences are present at silage maturities. To determine whether the routine laboratory method can detect these differences, kernels (GKERN) and whole corn plants (GWP) were dried and ground to pass a 4-mm screen to measure IVSD after 3, 8, and 24 h. Particle size of GKERN was determined by dry sieving using a set of 13 sieves. For both GKERN and GWP, IVSD was lowest for BMR and highest for FL after 8 h. The IVSD8h of GKERN decreased as particle size increased at a similar rate for the 3 hybrids but the intercepts were different, with BMR being lowest and FL highest. Similarly, the IVSD8h of both GKERN and GWP decreased with increasing whole plant DM at a similar rate for the 3 hybrids and the magnitude of difference for IVSD8h was larger for the range in DM than the range in intercepts for the hybrids (0.123 vs 0.071 and 0.117 vs. 0.100, for GKERN and GWP, respectively). Plant maturity, or DM, has a larger effect on IVSD than hybrid type, and should therefore be controlled when evaluating genetic differences.
{"title":"Detecting differences in starch digestibility using in vitro methods among corn hybrids harvested at silage maturities","authors":"N. Schlau , D.R. Mertens , D.M. Taysom","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objectives were to 1) determine whether genetic differences can be detected for carbohydrate fermentability among corn hybrids at silage maturities when the effects of drying and grinding are eliminated and 2) determine if in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD), a routine laboratory method used by commercial laboratories for hybrid evaluation, can detect differences when DM is controlled. Samples of whole corn plants from 3 hybrids (Brevant): B99B79SX (BMR, n = 7), B96T79SX, standard (STAN, n = 6), and B95U78SXE, floury-BMR (FL, n = 7), that had similar range of DM were selected. Sets of 8 ears were harvested concurrently and kernels removed from the ears by hand. Samples of undried kernels were quartered (QKERN) and in vitro gas production (IVGP) was measured for 120 h. More gas was produced by QKERN of FL than of STAN and BMR from 9 to 18 h (P < 0.05), and QKERN of FL produced more gas than BMR through 21 h (P < 0.05). The QKERN of FL had a shorter lag than STAN or BMR (P < 0.001) and a faster rate of gas production than BMR (P < 0.01), establishing that genetic differences are present at silage maturities. To determine whether the routine laboratory method can detect these differences, kernels (GKERN) and whole corn plants (GWP) were dried and ground to pass a 4-mm screen to measure IVSD after 3, 8, and 24 h. Particle size of GKERN was determined by dry sieving using a set of 13 sieves. For both GKERN and GWP, IVSD was lowest for BMR and highest for FL after 8 h. The IVSD8h of GKERN decreased as particle size increased at a similar rate for the 3 hybrids but the intercepts were different, with BMR being lowest and FL highest. Similarly, the IVSD8h of both GKERN and GWP decreased with increasing whole plant DM at a similar rate for the 3 hybrids and the magnitude of difference for IVSD8h was larger for the range in DM than the range in intercepts for the hybrids (0.123 vs 0.071 and 0.117 vs. 0.100, for GKERN and GWP, respectively). Plant maturity, or DM, has a larger effect on IVSD than hybrid type, and should therefore be controlled when evaluating genetic differences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840124001640/pdfft?md5=99cf1ef9dd950a983d2909c1bfca8fee&pid=1-s2.0-S0377840124001640-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141314936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116034
Abdelhamid Awad , Eman Y. Mohammady , Mohamed R. Souady , Nastaran Rabetimarghezar , Ehab R. El-Haroun , Mohamed S. Hassaan
This study aimed to assess the effects of diets containing a blend of plant protein sources (cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and jojoba meal) fermented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at three different levels (25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) instead of fishmeal (FM) on the growth performance, anti-nutritional factors content, and blood profile response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four experimental diet (33.6 % crude protein) and (18.61 MJ kg−1 gross energy) were formulated. The study included four diets: a control diet, FCSJM-25 %, FCSJM-50 %, FCSJM-75 % which replaced fishmeal based on protein content. Fries (3.53± 0.07 g) were randomly allocated into twelve glass aquaria (180 L capacity) in triplicate per each treatment (25 fish/ aquarium) for 90 days. After the 90-day feeding trial, the results showed that fish fed the control diet, FCSJM-25 %, and FCSJM-50 % had the highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and average daily gain, whereas fish fed FCSJM-75 % had the lowest values for these parameters. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed FCSJM-25 % or FCSJM-50 % (P < 0.05). The highest apparent protein digestibility was found in fish fed the control diet or FCSJM-25 %. Diets with FCSJM-25 % had the highest white blood cells (WBCs) values (P < 0.05). Control diet, FCSJM-25 %, and FCSJM-50 % resulted in the highest levels of complement component (C3), C4, growth hormone, and IgM (P < 0.05). However, control diet had the highest triglyceride and HDL levels, while fish fed FCSJM-25 % had the highest levels of LDL (P < 0.05). Fish fed a diet with FCSJM-50 % recorded the highest cholesterol content. The control or FCSJM-25 % diets showed the highest values of creatinine, phosphorus, and calcium (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ALT, AST, and uric acid among the treatments. The study concluded that FM can be replaced with either FCSJM-25 % and FCSJM-50 % without affecting growth performance and feed utilization.
{"title":"Growth and physiological response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed a fermented mixture of plant protein sources","authors":"Abdelhamid Awad , Eman Y. Mohammady , Mohamed R. Souady , Nastaran Rabetimarghezar , Ehab R. El-Haroun , Mohamed S. Hassaan","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to assess the effects of diets containing a blend of plant protein sources (cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and jojoba meal) fermented with yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>) at three different levels (25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) instead of fishmeal (FM) on the growth performance, anti-nutritional factors content, and blood profile response of Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>). Four experimental diet (33.6 % crude protein) and (18.61 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup> gross energy) were formulated. The study included four diets: a control diet, FCSJM-25 %, FCSJM-50 %, FCSJM-75 % which replaced fishmeal based on protein content. Fries (3.53± 0.07 g) were randomly allocated into twelve glass aquaria (180 L capacity) in triplicate per each treatment (25 fish/ aquarium) for 90 days. After the 90-day feeding trial, the results showed that fish fed the control diet, FCSJM-25 %, and FCSJM-50 % had the highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and average daily gain, whereas fish fed FCSJM-75 % had the lowest values for these parameters. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed FCSJM-25 % or FCSJM-50 % (P < 0.05). The highest apparent protein digestibility was found in fish fed the control diet or FCSJM-25 %. Diets with FCSJM-25 % had the highest white blood cells (WBCs) values (P < 0.05). Control diet, FCSJM-25 %, and FCSJM-50 % resulted in the highest levels of complement component (C3), C4, growth hormone, and IgM (P < 0.05). However, control diet had the highest triglyceride and HDL levels, while fish fed FCSJM-25 % had the highest levels of LDL (P < 0.05). Fish fed a diet with FCSJM-50 % recorded the highest cholesterol content. The control or FCSJM-25 % diets showed the highest values of creatinine, phosphorus, and calcium (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ALT, AST, and uric acid among the treatments. The study concluded that FM can be replaced with either FCSJM-25 % and FCSJM-50 % without affecting growth performance and feed utilization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141303830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116035
Camila da Silva Zornitta , Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo , Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo , Alexandre Menezes Dias , Gumercindo Loriano Franco , Amarildo Pedro da Silva , Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of Bacillus toyonensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii, and sodium monensin on feed intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal, urinary, and serum variables in the diet of steers. Four Angus × Nellore crossbred steers, with 403.0 ± 75.5 kg of BW, rumen cannulated and housed individually were used. The animals were submitted to a 4 ×4 Latin square design, receiving the following treatments: monensin only (MO); monensin + B. toyonensis (MBT); monensin + S. cerevisiae boulardii (MSB); and B. toyonensis + S. cerevisiae boulardii (BTSB). Treatments with monensin (MO, MBT and MSB) presented lower DM intake than BTSB, but similar apparent digestibility between treatments. No difference was observed between treatments for ruminal pH, but BTSB presented higher NH3-N concentration than MBT and MSB and did not differ from MO. All concentrations in the blood serum and urinary variables were found within the physiological range or close to normal, and no difference was observed in the retained nitrogen. The BTSB treatment showed potential as a feed additive for cattle, by controlling rumen pH and similar concentrations of NH3-N, total SCFA, and retained nitrogen to MO treatment, but when probiotics were combined with monensin no beneficial effect was observed under the studied conditions.
本研究的目的是评估土农芽孢杆菌、布拉氏酵母菌和莫能菌素钠对阉牛饲料摄入量、表观消化率、瘤胃、尿液和血清变量的影响。使用四头安格斯×内洛尔杂交母牛,体重为 403.0 ± 75.5 千克,瘤胃插管,单独饲养。动物采用 4 × 4 拉丁正方形设计,接受以下处理:仅使用莫能菌素 (MO);莫能菌素 + B. toyonensis (MBT);莫能菌素 + S. cerevisiae boulardii (MSB);以及 B. toyonensis + S. cerevisiae boulardii (BTSB)。使用莫能菌素的处理(MO、MBT 和 MSB)的 DM 摄入量低于 BTSB,但不同处理之间的表观消化率相似。不同处理的瘤胃 pH 值没有差异,但 BTSB 的 NH3-N 浓度高于 MBT 和 MSB,与 MO 没有差异。血清和尿液变量中的所有浓度都在生理范围内或接近正常值,在氮滞留方面也未观察到差异。BTSB 处理通过控制瘤胃 pH 值以及与 MO 处理相似的 NH3-N、SCFA 总量和残留氮浓度,显示出作为牛饲料添加剂的潜力,但当益生菌与莫能菌素结合使用时,在研究条件下未观察到有益效果。
{"title":"Effect of monensin and/or probiotics on feed intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal, serum and urinary variables, and nitrogen balance of steers","authors":"Camila da Silva Zornitta , Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo , Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo , Alexandre Menezes Dias , Gumercindo Loriano Franco , Amarildo Pedro da Silva , Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of <em>Bacillus toyonensis</em>, <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> var. <em>boulardii,</em> and sodium monensin on feed intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal, urinary, and serum variables in the diet of steers. Four Angus × Nellore crossbred steers, with 403.0 ± 75.5 kg of BW, rumen cannulated and housed individually were used. The animals were submitted to a 4 ×4 Latin square design, receiving the following treatments: monensin only (MO); monensin + <em>B. toyonensis</em> (MBT); monensin + <em>S. cerevisiae boulardii</em> (MSB); and <em>B. toyonensis</em> + <em>S. cerevisiae boulardii</em> (BTSB). Treatments with monensin (MO, MBT and MSB) presented lower DM intake than BTSB, but similar apparent digestibility between treatments. No difference was observed between treatments for ruminal pH, but BTSB presented higher NH<sub>3</sub>-N concentration than MBT and MSB and did not differ from MO. All concentrations in the blood serum and urinary variables were found within the physiological range or close to normal, and no difference was observed in the retained nitrogen. The BTSB treatment showed potential as a feed additive for cattle, by controlling rumen pH and similar concentrations of NH<sub>3</sub>-N, total SCFA, and retained nitrogen to MO treatment, but when probiotics were combined with monensin no beneficial effect was observed under the studied conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141399697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116026
Pauliane Pucetti , Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho , Julia Travassos da Silva , Kellen Ribeiro de Oliveira , Gilyard Angelo Pinheiro de Souza , Fernando Alerrandro Cidrini , Lucas Germano Hollerbach , Breno de Castro Silva , Luciana Navajas Renno , Claudia Batista Sampaio , Kendall Carl Swanson
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrate levels in AGRI-002E sorghum silage (SS)-based diets on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, Nitrogen (N) balance, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and in situ degradability of complete diets. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (age = 8 ± 1.0 months; initial BW = 242 ± 5 kg) received five dietary treatments in a 5×5 Latin square experimental design. The dietary treatments consisted of five concentrate levels (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g of concentrate/kg on a DM basis) in SS-based diets. The experiment lasted 120 d, with five periods of 24 d. Each period consisted of 17 d for dietary adaptation, and 7 d for data collection. In situ degradability assays were conducted to estimate ruminal degradability. Total feces and urine collection were performed to estimate nutrient intake and digestibility and estimate N balance. Omasal and ruminal digesta collection were performed to estimate ruminal digestibility and ruminal parameters. Increasing concentrate levels in SS-based diets led to linear increases (P<0.001) in the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE). Neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein contamination (apNDF) and starch intake showed quadratic responses (P≤0.008). Ruminal digestibility of DM, OM and CP responded quadratically (P≤0.040), while apNDF exhibited linear decrease (P=0.003). Starch ruminal digestibility exhibited a cubic effect (P=0.016). Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, OM, and EE increased linearly (P≤0.001), whereas apNDF, and CP digestibility decreased linearly (P≤0.012), and starch presented a quadratic effect (P=0.029). In situ ruminal degradation parameters increased linearly with higher concentrate levels (P<0.001). Ruminal pH exhibited a quadratic pattern (P=0.006), ammonia concentration linearly decreased (P=0.003). Total volatile fatty acids, and butyrate showed linear increases (P<0.001), acetate and propionate had quadratic effects (P<0.001), while the ratio Acetate to Propionate decreased linearly (P<0.001). N intake, fecal N excretion, retained N, total digestible nutrients, digestible organic matter, and microbial production increased linearly (P<0.001), although urine N excretion, urinary urea, and blood urea concentration decreased linearly (P<0.028). Therefore, increasing concentrate levels in AGRI-002E sorghum silage-based diets improve TDN intake, microbial protein synthesis efficiency, in situ ruminal degradability parameters, and nitrogen utilization. Moreover, our findings indicate that AGRI-002E sorghum silage demonstrates potential as a fiber source for high-concentrate diets. However, its effectiveness is limited without concentrate supplementation, emphasizing the importance of balanced dietary composition for optimal utilization in beef cattle.
{"title":"Effects of different concentrate levels in AGRI-002E sorghum silage-based diets on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, ruminal degradability, and microbial efficiency in beef cattle","authors":"Pauliane Pucetti , Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho , Julia Travassos da Silva , Kellen Ribeiro de Oliveira , Gilyard Angelo Pinheiro de Souza , Fernando Alerrandro Cidrini , Lucas Germano Hollerbach , Breno de Castro Silva , Luciana Navajas Renno , Claudia Batista Sampaio , Kendall Carl Swanson","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrate levels in AGRI-002E sorghum silage (SS)-based diets on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, Nitrogen (N) balance, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and <em>in situ</em> degradability of complete diets. Five rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (age = 8 ± 1.0 months; initial BW = 242 ± 5 kg) received five dietary treatments in a 5×5 Latin square experimental design. The dietary treatments consisted of five concentrate levels (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g of concentrate/kg on a DM basis) in SS-based diets. The experiment lasted 120 d, with five periods of 24 d. Each period consisted of 17 d for dietary adaptation, and 7 d for data collection. <em>In</em> situ degradability assays were conducted to estimate ruminal degradability. Total feces and urine collection were performed to estimate nutrient intake and digestibility and estimate N balance. Omasal and ruminal digesta collection were performed to estimate ruminal digestibility and ruminal parameters. Increasing concentrate levels in SS-based diets led to linear increases (P<0.001) in the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE). Neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein contamination (apNDF) and starch intake showed quadratic responses (P≤0.008). Ruminal digestibility of DM, OM and CP responded quadratically (P≤0.040), while apNDF exhibited linear decrease (P=0.003). Starch ruminal digestibility exhibited a cubic effect (P=0.016). Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, OM, and EE increased linearly (P≤0.001), whereas apNDF, and CP digestibility decreased linearly (P≤0.012), and starch presented a quadratic effect (P=0.029). <em>In situ</em> ruminal degradation parameters increased linearly with higher concentrate levels (P<0.001). Ruminal pH exhibited a quadratic pattern (P=0.006), ammonia concentration linearly decreased (P=0.003). Total volatile fatty acids, and butyrate showed linear increases (P<0.001), acetate and propionate had quadratic effects (P<0.001), while the ratio Acetate to Propionate decreased linearly (P<0.001). N intake, fecal N excretion, retained N, total digestible nutrients, digestible organic matter, and microbial production increased linearly (P<0.001), although urine N excretion, urinary urea, and blood urea concentration decreased linearly (P<0.028). Therefore, increasing concentrate levels in AGRI-002E sorghum silage-based diets improve TDN intake, microbial protein synthesis efficiency, <em>in situ</em> ruminal degradability parameters, and nitrogen utilization. Moreover, our findings indicate that AGRI-002E sorghum silage demonstrates potential as a fiber source for high-concentrate diets. However, its effectiveness is limited without concentrate supplementation, emphasizing the importance of balanced dietary composition for optimal utilization in beef cattle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141274325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-02DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116014
Peixin Jiao , Ziwei Wang , Xinlong Zhang , Xiaotan Lu , Qinglong Sun , Hongyu Zhao , Hangshu Xin , Wenzhu Yang , Xiaoyang Lv , Xiaolai Xie , Yu Hou
The objective of this investigation was to explore the impact of supplementing goats’ diets with Clostridium butyricum (CB) and rumen protected fat (RPF) on rumen fermentation characteristics, bacterial communities, and immune responses. Thirty-two male Saanen goats (initial body weight of 20.5 ± 0.82 kg) were used in a study with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatment. The 4 treatments were the combination of 2 RPF dosages (0 vs. 30 g/d) and 2 CB levels (0 vs. 1.0 g/d) with a 14-d adaptation and 70-d experimental period. The goats were individually housed in pens (1.2 × 1.2 m) with free access to water and fed ad libitum with a total mixed ration (TMR) at 08:00 and 18:00. The TMR consisted of 400 g/kg roughage and 600 g/kg concentrate (dry matter basis). The blood was collected via jugular vein from each goat before the morning feeding on d 69 of experimental period. The rumen and cecum fluid samples were collected after slaughter. Supplementation of CB decreased concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.048), lowered density lipoprotein (P = 0.050) and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.015), but increased concentrations of superoxide dismutase (P < 0.001), catalase (P = 0.006), immunoglobulin A (P = 0.032), and immunoglobulin G (P = 0.013). The RPF supplementation also elevated the blood glucose concentration (P < 0.001). The rumen pH was not changed by CB, whereas it was decreased (P < 0.001) by RPF. Feeding CB did not change the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or VFA profiles, whereas RPF supplementation tended (P = 0.051) to increase the total VFA concentration. The supplementation of CB increased (P = 0.048) rumen NH3-N concentration. No interaction between CB and RPF was noticed for alpha diversity indexes or bacterial communities in the rumen or cecum. The gastrointestinal alpha diversity indexes remained unaffected by CB, whereas they increased (P < 0.05) with RPF supplementation except for indexes of amplicon sequence variants, Simpson and Chao1 in the rumen. Unweighted uniFrac analysis indicated that the groups supplemented with or without RPF clustered separately from each other either in the content of rumen or cecum. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Spirochaetota increased with supplementation of CB either in the rumen (P = 0.019) or cecum (P = 0.008). Additionally, relative abundance of Firmicutes increased (P < 0.05), and the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Desulfobacterota decreased (P < 0.05) with supplementation of RPF both in the rumen and cecum. At the genus level, the Prevotella abundance increased and the abundances of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and NK4A214_group decreased both in the rumen
{"title":"Dietary supplementation of Clostridium butyricum and rumen protected fat alters immune responses, rumen fermentation, and bacterial communities of goats","authors":"Peixin Jiao , Ziwei Wang , Xinlong Zhang , Xiaotan Lu , Qinglong Sun , Hongyu Zhao , Hangshu Xin , Wenzhu Yang , Xiaoyang Lv , Xiaolai Xie , Yu Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this investigation was to explore the impact of supplementing goats’ diets with <em>Clostridium butyricum</em> (CB) and rumen protected fat (RPF) on rumen fermentation characteristics, bacterial communities, and immune responses. Thirty-two male Saanen goats (initial body weight of 20.5 ± 0.82 kg) were used in a study with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatment. The 4 treatments were the combination of 2 RPF dosages (0 vs. 30 g/d) and 2 CB levels (0 vs. 1.0 g/d) with a 14-d adaptation and 70-d experimental period. The goats were individually housed in pens (1.2 × 1.2 m) with free access to water and fed <em>ad libitum</em> with a total mixed ration (TMR) at 08:00 and 18:00. The TMR consisted of 400 g/kg roughage and 600 g/kg concentrate (dry matter basis). The blood was collected via jugular vein from each goat before the morning feeding on d 69 of experimental period. The rumen and cecum fluid samples were collected after slaughter. Supplementation of CB decreased concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (<em>P</em> = 0.048), lowered density lipoprotein (<em>P</em> = 0.050) and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (<em>P</em> = 0.015), but increased concentrations of superoxide dismutase (<em>P</em> < 0.001), catalase (<em>P</em> = 0.006), immunoglobulin A (<em>P</em> = 0.032), and immunoglobulin G (<em>P</em> = 0.013). The RPF supplementation also elevated the blood glucose concentration (<em>P</em> < 0.001). The rumen pH was not changed by CB, whereas it was decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.001) by RPF. Feeding CB did not change the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or VFA profiles, whereas RPF supplementation tended (<em>P</em> = 0.051) to increase the total VFA concentration. The supplementation of CB increased (<em>P</em> = 0.048) rumen NH<sub>3</sub>-N concentration. No interaction between CB and RPF was noticed for alpha diversity indexes or bacterial communities in the rumen or cecum. The gastrointestinal alpha diversity indexes remained unaffected by CB, whereas they increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) with RPF supplementation except for indexes of amplicon sequence variants, Simpson and Chao1 in the rumen. Unweighted uniFrac analysis indicated that the groups supplemented with or without RPF clustered separately from each other either in the content of rumen or cecum. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of <em>Spirochaetota</em> increased with supplementation of CB either in the rumen (<em>P</em> = 0.019) or cecum (<em>P</em> = 0.008). Additionally, relative abundance of <em>Firmicutes</em> increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and the relative abundances of <em>Bacteroidota</em> and <em>Desulfobacterota</em> decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) with supplementation of RPF both in the rumen and cecum. At the genus level, the <em>Prevotella</em> abundance increased and the abundances of <em>Christensenellaceae_R-7_group</em> and <em>NK4A214_group</em> decreased both in the rumen","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141263778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116016
Samaila Usman , Jiayao Zhang , Jie Zhu , Yixin Zhang , Dongmei Xu , Peter Aniwe Dele , Tunde Adegoke Amole , Xusheng Guo
This study aimed to enrich corn and alfalfa silages with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by utilizing high GABA-producing Lentilactobacillus buchneri. Eleven strains were screened and L. Buchneri YM9 was distinguished for its superiority in GABA production, and it was subsequently applied as an inoculant on whole-crop corn and alfalfa silage. The silage treatments were control (without inoculant), AH35 (non-GABA producing strain), YM9 (high-GABA producing strain), and 40788 (commercial GABA producing strain). The results revealed that in corn silage, pH significantly declined at the initial ensiling stage (3–7 days), with the control having the lowest pH after 90 days. The control also exhibited the highest lactic acid, while L. buchneri treatments had elevated acetic acid. Similar trends were observed in alfalfa silage, with 30 % dry matter (DM) showing lower pH and higher organic acids. YM9-inoculated corn silage had higher DM loss, reduced water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), but increased crude protein (CP) content. YM9 and 40788 treatments in whole-crop corn silage had lower glutamate (Glu) content post-ensiling, signifying effective GABA production. YM9 treatment maintained stable and higher glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity, resulting in the highest GABA accumulation in corn silage (1.97 g/kg DM). Likewise, YM9 and 40788 demonstrated significantly higher GABA content in 30 % (7.6 and 6.51 g/kg DM) and 40 % (5.23 and 5.32 g/kg DM) DM alfalfa silage. Beyond enhancing fermentation and nutrient preservation, YM9 strain shows promise in enriching whole-crop corn and alfalfa with ample GABA concentration, potentially exerting anticipated biological functions when consumed by animals.
{"title":"Enrichment of corn and alfalfa silage with γ-aminobutyric acid through inoculation with a screened high producing Lentilactobacillus buchneri strain","authors":"Samaila Usman , Jiayao Zhang , Jie Zhu , Yixin Zhang , Dongmei Xu , Peter Aniwe Dele , Tunde Adegoke Amole , Xusheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.116016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to enrich corn and alfalfa silages with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by utilizing high GABA-producing <em>Lentilactobacillus buchneri</em>. Eleven strains were screened and <em>L. Buchneri</em> YM9 was distinguished for its superiority in GABA production, and it was subsequently applied as an inoculant on whole-crop corn and alfalfa silage. The silage treatments were control (without inoculant), AH35 (non-GABA producing strain), YM9 (high-GABA producing strain), and 40788 (commercial GABA producing strain). The results revealed that in corn silage, pH significantly declined at the initial ensiling stage (3–7 days), with the control having the lowest pH after 90 days. The control also exhibited the highest lactic acid, while <em>L. buchneri</em> treatments had elevated acetic acid. Similar trends were observed in alfalfa silage, with 30 % dry matter (DM) showing lower pH and higher organic acids. YM9-inoculated corn silage had higher DM loss, reduced water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), but increased crude protein (CP) content. YM9 and 40788 treatments in whole-crop corn silage had lower glutamate (Glu) content post-ensiling, signifying effective GABA production. YM9 treatment maintained stable and higher glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity, resulting in the highest GABA accumulation in corn silage (1.97 g/kg DM). Likewise, YM9 and 40788 demonstrated significantly higher GABA content in 30 % (7.6 and 6.51 g/kg DM) and 40 % (5.23 and 5.32 g/kg DM) DM alfalfa silage. Beyond enhancing fermentation and nutrient preservation, YM9 strain shows promise in enriching whole-crop corn and alfalfa with ample GABA concentration, potentially exerting anticipated biological functions when consumed by animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141242502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}