Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116614
Bibo Li , Xiong Li , Long Cheng , Jiahao Li , Qianqiu Liu , Guoqing Duan , Yining Yan , Yuhang Xu , Junxing Zhao , Bo Wang , Chunxiang Zhang
High-concentrate diet feeding causes oxidative stress, alters rumen fermentation, and impairs the immune functions of lambs during fattening. Selenium (Se) is a trace element that plays a crucial role in alleviating oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Se supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and slaughter parameters in fattening lambs. Twenty-four 3-month-old Dorper-Hu hybrid lambs were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CON) fed a basic diet, and a treatment group (TRT) supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg dry matter (DM) Se for 105 days. The study revealed no significant differences between the CON and TRT groups in terms of growth performance and carcass characteristics (P > 0.05). However, the TRT group tended to have an elevated serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (0.05 < P < 0.1) and significantly lower serum cortisol levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, muscle Se concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were higher in the TRT group (P < 0.05), indicating reduced oxidative stress and improved stress resistance. Ruminal fermentation parameters improved in the TRT group, with increased pH, propionate, and valerate concentrations, and reduced NH3-N levels (P < 0.05). Meat quality also benefited from Se supplementation, as evidenced by increased redness (a*24 h) and reduced shear force (P < 0.05). Additionally, Se supplementation led to higher liver IgA concentrations (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.5 mg/kg Se supplementation alleviates oxidative stress, modulates immune responses, and enhances lamb meat quality.
{"title":"Impact of dietary selenium supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant profiles, and meat quality in lambs on a high-concentrate diet","authors":"Bibo Li , Xiong Li , Long Cheng , Jiahao Li , Qianqiu Liu , Guoqing Duan , Yining Yan , Yuhang Xu , Junxing Zhao , Bo Wang , Chunxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-concentrate diet feeding causes oxidative stress, alters rumen fermentation, and impairs the immune functions of lambs during fattening. Selenium (Se) is a trace element that plays a crucial role in alleviating oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Se supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and slaughter parameters in fattening lambs. Twenty-four 3-month-old Dorper-Hu hybrid lambs were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CON) fed a basic diet, and a treatment group (TRT) supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg dry matter (DM) Se for 105 days. The study revealed no significant differences between the CON and TRT groups in terms of growth performance and carcass characteristics (<em>P</em> > 0.05). However, the TRT group tended to have an elevated serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (0.05 < <em>P</em> < 0.1) and significantly lower serum cortisol levels (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Furthermore, muscle Se concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were higher in the TRT group (<em>P</em> < 0.05), indicating reduced oxidative stress and improved stress resistance. Ruminal fermentation parameters improved in the TRT group, with increased pH, propionate, and valerate concentrations, and reduced NH<sub>3</sub>-N levels (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Meat quality also benefited from Se supplementation, as evidenced by increased redness (a*24 h) and reduced shear force (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Additionally, Se supplementation led to higher liver IgA concentrations (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.5 mg/kg Se supplementation alleviates oxidative stress, modulates immune responses, and enhances lamb meat quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 116614"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Present study compared the effect of novel multistrain probiotics on <em>in vitro</em> microbial populations, hydrolytic enzymes, digestibility, fermentation parameters, and antioxidant capacity of the Shal breed sheep. The probiotics were multistrain Bacilli (<em>B. licheniformis</em>, <em>B. subtilis</em> and <em>B. coagulans</em>; 5 × 10<sup>9</sup>, 5 × 10<sup>9</sup>, and 2 × 10<sup>11</sup> CFU/g, respectively), Lactobacilli (<em>Enterococcus faecium</em>, <em>L. rhamnosus</em> and <em>L. plantarum</em>; 2 × 10<sup>10</sup>, 2 × 10<sup>10</sup>, and 2 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/g, respectively), yeast (<em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em>; 2 × 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/g), and mixed bacteria-yeast (3:1 ratio) formulations. The treatments included diet without probiotic (control) and diets containing Bacilli (BAC), Lactobacilli (LAC), yeast (YE), mixed Bacilli-yeast (BAC-YE), or mixed Lactobacilli-yeast (LAC-YE), added at 0.1 % of diet DM. Diets were evaluated using 24 and 72-h <em>in vitro</em> gas production techniques. In both incubation times, cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria counts, microcrystalline cellulase (avicelase), filter paper-degrading (FPD) activity, and protease in BAC, YE, BAC-YE, and LAC-YE groups were higher than the control (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between LAC and the control. At 24 h incubation, LAC exhibited higher (P < 0.05) amylase activity than the free-antibiotic diet. Compared to the control, adding different probiotics to the diet decreased (P < 0.05) protozoa numbers at 24 h. <em>In vitro</em> gas production, organic matter disappearance, metabolizable energy, and truly-degraded substrate were higher in treatments containing different probiotics in comparison to the control (P < 0.05). The use of various probiotic additives reduced the production of methane (P < 0.05), but did not affect antioxidant capacity. At 24-h incubation, ammonia-N concentrations increased significantly in BAC, YE, and BAC-YE compared to the control (P < 0.05), while LAC and LAC-YE showed a non-significant increasing trend. After 72-h incubation, ammonia-N concentrations did not differ significantly among treatments. Different probiotic sources increased total volatile fatty acid production while reducing butyrate proportion during both incubation periods (P < 0.05). Moreover, BAC, YE, BAC-YE, and LAC-YE caused an increase in the molar proportion of acetate, while LAC decreased acetate and increased propionate proportion (P < 0.05). In general, dietary inclusion of the novel multistrain Bacilli and Lactobacilli at 0.1 % of diet DM improved <em>in vitro</em> ruminal microbial populations and hydrolytic enzymes while reducing methane production, thereby enhancing diet efficiency and environmental benefits. The effectiveness of <em>S. boulardii</em> was enhanced when combined with Bacilli or Lactobacilli probiotics, recommending their concurrent use over yeast supplementation alone.</div></
{"title":"Effect of new multistrain Bacilli, Lactobacilli, yeast, or their mixtures on in vitro ruminal microbial populations, hydrolytic enzymes, and fermentation variables of sheep","authors":"Alireza Ashkvari , Javad Rezaei , Hassan Fazaeli , Seyed Asghar Dehghan","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Present study compared the effect of novel multistrain probiotics on <em>in vitro</em> microbial populations, hydrolytic enzymes, digestibility, fermentation parameters, and antioxidant capacity of the Shal breed sheep. The probiotics were multistrain Bacilli (<em>B. licheniformis</em>, <em>B. subtilis</em> and <em>B. coagulans</em>; 5 × 10<sup>9</sup>, 5 × 10<sup>9</sup>, and 2 × 10<sup>11</sup> CFU/g, respectively), Lactobacilli (<em>Enterococcus faecium</em>, <em>L. rhamnosus</em> and <em>L. plantarum</em>; 2 × 10<sup>10</sup>, 2 × 10<sup>10</sup>, and 2 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/g, respectively), yeast (<em>Saccharomyces boulardii</em>; 2 × 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/g), and mixed bacteria-yeast (3:1 ratio) formulations. The treatments included diet without probiotic (control) and diets containing Bacilli (BAC), Lactobacilli (LAC), yeast (YE), mixed Bacilli-yeast (BAC-YE), or mixed Lactobacilli-yeast (LAC-YE), added at 0.1 % of diet DM. Diets were evaluated using 24 and 72-h <em>in vitro</em> gas production techniques. In both incubation times, cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria counts, microcrystalline cellulase (avicelase), filter paper-degrading (FPD) activity, and protease in BAC, YE, BAC-YE, and LAC-YE groups were higher than the control (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between LAC and the control. At 24 h incubation, LAC exhibited higher (P < 0.05) amylase activity than the free-antibiotic diet. Compared to the control, adding different probiotics to the diet decreased (P < 0.05) protozoa numbers at 24 h. <em>In vitro</em> gas production, organic matter disappearance, metabolizable energy, and truly-degraded substrate were higher in treatments containing different probiotics in comparison to the control (P < 0.05). The use of various probiotic additives reduced the production of methane (P < 0.05), but did not affect antioxidant capacity. At 24-h incubation, ammonia-N concentrations increased significantly in BAC, YE, and BAC-YE compared to the control (P < 0.05), while LAC and LAC-YE showed a non-significant increasing trend. After 72-h incubation, ammonia-N concentrations did not differ significantly among treatments. Different probiotic sources increased total volatile fatty acid production while reducing butyrate proportion during both incubation periods (P < 0.05). Moreover, BAC, YE, BAC-YE, and LAC-YE caused an increase in the molar proportion of acetate, while LAC decreased acetate and increased propionate proportion (P < 0.05). In general, dietary inclusion of the novel multistrain Bacilli and Lactobacilli at 0.1 % of diet DM improved <em>in vitro</em> ruminal microbial populations and hydrolytic enzymes while reducing methane production, thereby enhancing diet efficiency and environmental benefits. The effectiveness of <em>S. boulardii</em> was enhanced when combined with Bacilli or Lactobacilli probiotics, recommending their concurrent use over yeast supplementation alone.</div></","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study investigated the effects of dietary lipid and lysophospholipid (LPL) levels on growth performance and lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂). A 2-factorial design was employed, with three levels of dietary lipid (8 %, 10 %, and 12 %) and three levels of LPL (0 %, 0.1 %, and 0.2 %), yielding nine isonitrogenous, non-isoenergetic experimental diets. The dietary treatments were designated as L8E0, L10E0, L12E0, L8E0.1, L10E0.1, L12E0.1, L8E0.2, L10E0.2, and L12E0.2. Juvenile fish (initial body weight 13.91 ± 0.01 g) were stocked at 30 fish per 500 L fiberglass tank (salinity maintained at 26–30 ‰), with three replicates tanks per treatment. After a 10-week feeding trial, the interaction between dietary lipid and LPL did not significantly affect growth performance or survival rate, but it significantly influenced feed efficiency. However, fish fed diets with 8 % lipid showed higher growth performance than those fed diets with 12 % lipid. Fish fed diets with 0.1 % LPL had significantly higher muscle crude protein content and lower crude lipid content than those fed diets with 0 % or 0.2 % LPL. Additionally, the hepatic lipid droplet abundance was lower in fish fed diets with 0.1 % or 0.2 % LPL than in those fed diets with 0 % LPL. Specifically, fish fed the L10E0.1 diet exhibited the lowest hepatosomatic and visceral indices and the fewest hepatic lipid droplets, together with the highest muscle crude protein content. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 0.1 % LPL significantly downregulated the relative expression of hepatic lipogenic genes (fas, acc) and upregulated that of hepatic lipolytic genes (lpl, atgl, hsl). In conclusion, the L10E0.1 dietary treatment appears to be optimal for hybrid grouper, synergistically enhancing growth performance, feed efficiency, lipid homeostasis, and muscle nutritional quality.
{"title":"Dietary inclusion of lysophospholipid improve lipid metabolism and thereby reduce lipid deposition in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂)","authors":"Rongpei Zhong, Jiongting Fan, Shuang Zhang, Hongyu Liu, Shiwei Xie, Wei Zhang, Beiping Tan, Junming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated the effects of dietary lipid and lysophospholipid (LPL) levels on growth performance and lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper (<em>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</em>♀ × <em>E. lanceolatus</em>♂). A 2-factorial design was employed, with three levels of dietary lipid (8 %, 10 %, and 12 %) and three levels of LPL (0 %, 0.1 %, and 0.2 %), yielding nine isonitrogenous, non-isoenergetic experimental diets. The dietary treatments were designated as L8E0, L10E0, L12E0, L8E0.1, L10E0.1, L12E0.1, L8E0.2, L10E0.2, and L12E0.2. Juvenile fish (initial body weight 13.91 ± 0.01 g) were stocked at 30 fish per 500 L fiberglass tank (salinity maintained at 26–30 ‰), with three replicates tanks per treatment. After a 10-week feeding trial, the interaction between dietary lipid and LPL did not significantly affect growth performance or survival rate, but it significantly influenced feed efficiency. However, fish fed diets with 8 % lipid showed higher growth performance than those fed diets with 12 % lipid. Fish fed diets with 0.1 % LPL had significantly higher muscle crude protein content and lower crude lipid content than those fed diets with 0 % or 0.2 % LPL. Additionally, the hepatic lipid droplet abundance was lower in fish fed diets with 0.1 % or 0.2 % LPL than in those fed diets with 0 % LPL. Specifically, fish fed the L10E0.1 diet exhibited the lowest hepatosomatic and visceral indices and the fewest hepatic lipid droplets, together with the highest muscle crude protein content. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 0.1 % LPL significantly downregulated the relative expression of hepatic lipogenic genes (<em>fas</em>, <em>acc</em>) and upregulated that of hepatic lipolytic genes (<em>lpl</em>, <em>atgl</em>, <em>hsl</em>). In conclusion, the L10E0.1 dietary treatment appears to be optimal for hybrid grouper, synergistically enhancing growth performance, feed efficiency, lipid homeostasis, and muscle nutritional quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116610"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116609
Cletos Mapiye , Farouk Semwogerere , Lobke Steyn , Hasitha Priyashantha , Antonio Natalello , Jeannne Marais , Olugbenga P. Soladoye , Alessandro Priolo , Eric N. Ponnampalam
The role of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, essential oils, saponins and organosulfur compounds in ruminant production systems has evolved from their riddance as anti-nutritional factors in the past to current exploration as potential natural antimethanogens, anthelmintics, stress alleviators, growth enhancers, and biopreservatives. This shift stems from the desire to improve animal health, production and product quality while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on antibiotics and synthetic additives. The impact, mechanism of action and transfer efficiency of dietary phytochemicals for ruminant production and product preservation have, however, been reported to be uncertain primarily due to a lack of optimized application conditions. The current review provides a comprehensive update on the impacts of dietary phytochemicals for ruminant production and product quality enhancement and suggests directions for future research, innovation and adoption. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to identify and select peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2010 and 2025. The comprehensive systematic review used data from 174 in vivo studies. The results show no impact, insufficient investigation into the mechanisms and transfer efficiency of dietary phytochemicals for ruminant production and product quality. Nonetheless, there are indications that essential oils and polyphenols hold potential to enhance ruminant production, oxidative stability and health value of edible products. A portfolio of future directions, including optimizing application conditions, customizing diet formulations, educating value-chain actors, enacting harmonized regulations and polices, fostering transdisciplinary collaboration and establishing institutions to coordinate research and innovation, was proposed to fully unlock the value of dietary essential oils and polyphenols in ruminant production systems.
植物化学物质如多酚、精油、皂苷和有机硫化合物在反刍动物生产系统中的作用已经从过去作为抗营养因子的消除发展到现在作为潜在的天然抗甲烷剂、驱虫药、应激缓解剂、生长促进剂和生物防腐剂的探索。这种转变源于改善动物健康、生产和产品质量的愿望，同时减少温室气体排放和对抗生素和合成添加剂的依赖。然而，由于缺乏优化的应用条件，饲粮植物化学物质对反刍动物生产和产品保存的影响、作用机制和转移效率尚不确定。本综述全面介绍了膳食植物化学物质对反刍动物生产和产品质量提高的影响，并提出了未来研究、创新和采用的方向。在Scopus、Web of Science和b谷歌Scholar数据库中，采用系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）方法来识别和选择2010年至2025年间发表的同行评议期刊文章。这项综合系统评价使用了174项体内研究的数据。结果表明，饲粮中植物化学物质对反刍动物生产和产品质量没有影响，对其机制和传递效率的研究不足。然而，有迹象表明，精油和多酚具有提高反刍动物产量、氧化稳定性和食用产品健康价值的潜力。提出了优化应用条件、定制饮食配方、教育价值链参与者、制定统一的法规和政策、促进跨学科合作以及建立协调研究和创新的机构等一系列未来方向，以充分释放反刍动物生产系统中膳食精油和多酚的价值。
{"title":"Impact of dietary phytochemicals on production and quality of ruminant meat and milk: A comprehensive systematic review","authors":"Cletos Mapiye , Farouk Semwogerere , Lobke Steyn , Hasitha Priyashantha , Antonio Natalello , Jeannne Marais , Olugbenga P. Soladoye , Alessandro Priolo , Eric N. Ponnampalam","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, essential oils, saponins and organosulfur compounds in ruminant production systems has evolved from their riddance as anti-nutritional factors in the past to current exploration as potential natural antimethanogens, anthelmintics, stress alleviators, growth enhancers, and biopreservatives. This shift stems from the desire to improve animal health, production and product quality while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on antibiotics and synthetic additives. The impact, mechanism of action and transfer efficiency of dietary phytochemicals for ruminant production and product preservation have, however, been reported to be uncertain primarily due to a lack of optimized application conditions. The current review provides a comprehensive update on the impacts of dietary phytochemicals for ruminant production and product quality enhancement and suggests directions for future research, innovation and adoption. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to identify and select peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2010 and 2025. The comprehensive systematic review used data from 174 <em>in vivo</em> studies. The results show no impact, insufficient investigation into the mechanisms and transfer efficiency of dietary phytochemicals for ruminant production and product quality. Nonetheless, there are indications that essential oils and polyphenols hold potential to enhance ruminant production, oxidative stability and health value of edible products. A portfolio of future directions, including optimizing application conditions, customizing diet formulations, educating value-chain actors, enacting harmonized regulations and polices, fostering transdisciplinary collaboration and establishing institutions to coordinate research and innovation, was proposed to fully unlock the value of dietary essential oils and polyphenols in ruminant production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116608
Diogo Amaral , Thaís Cavalheri , Gabriel Campos , Soukaina Hilali , Emilie Stierlin , Pablo Ramírez , Alex H.L. Wan , Helena Peres , Rodrigo O.A. Ozorio
The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) has gained attention as a sustainable alternative in aquafeed formulation due to its favourable nutritional composition and reduced environmental footprint. Nevertheless, high production cost remains a key constraint. This study investigated the use of mushroom spent substrate (SMS), an agro-industrial byproduct, as a partial replacement for conventional mealworm larvae rearing substrates, with the goal to increase the sustainability and reduce the production cost of mealworm meal (MM), when used as fishmeal and vegetable oil replacer in aquafeeds for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Five experimental diets were formulated for juvenile rainbow trout to be iso-proteic (45 %) and iso-lipidic (22 %). A control diet (CTRL) was designed to reflect a standard commercial formulation. Four additional diets, formulated based on the CTRL diet, included 12.5 or 25 % of mealworm meal (replacing 50 and 100 % of the fishmeal, respectively) produced from larvae reared either on a commercial substrate (CC-MM) or partially reared on SMS (SMS-MM) (CC12.5, CC25, SMS12.5, and SMS25). An eight-week growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities and economic indicators. Mealworm meal partially produced on SMS (SMS-MM) exhibit a lower lipid content compared to the mealworm meal reared conventionally (CC-MM). No significant differences on growth performance were observed across diets; however, the 25 % inclusion of both mealworm meals resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake. Rainbow trout juveniles fed SMS-MM, especially at a 25 % dietary inclusion, exhibited higher apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, protein, ash, phosphorus, and energy. Additionally, fish fed the SMS25 diet showed higher trypsin activity than those fed the CTRL diet, while fish fed the CC25 showed improved feed efficiency, reduced hepatosomatic index, and higher digestible energy retention relative to the CTRL diet. Despite these benefits, the SMS25 and CC25 diets showed higher economic conversion ratios. Overall, these findings show that MM derived from larvae partially reared on SMS is nutritionally comparable to conventional MM and fishmeal in rainbow trout diets, with no adverse effects on zootechnical performance. The use of SMS as a rearing substrate represents a valuable approach to valorise an agro-industrial by-product. Thereby contributing to the circular economy and supporting a more resource-efficient and sustainable aquafeed production.
{"title":"Incorporating mushroom production by-product in mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) rearing: Implications for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and nutrient utilization","authors":"Diogo Amaral , Thaís Cavalheri , Gabriel Campos , Soukaina Hilali , Emilie Stierlin , Pablo Ramírez , Alex H.L. Wan , Helena Peres , Rodrigo O.A. Ozorio","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The yellow mealworm (<em>Tenebrio molitor</em>) has gained attention as a sustainable alternative in aquafeed formulation due to its favourable nutritional composition and reduced environmental footprint. Nevertheless, high production cost remains a key constraint. This study investigated the use of mushroom spent substrate (SMS), an agro-industrial byproduct, as a partial replacement for conventional mealworm larvae rearing substrates, with the goal to increase the sustainability and reduce the production cost of mealworm meal (MM), when used as fishmeal and vegetable oil replacer in aquafeeds for juvenile rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>). Five experimental diets were formulated for juvenile rainbow trout to be iso-proteic (45 %) and iso-lipidic (22 %). A control diet (CTRL) was designed to reflect a standard commercial formulation. Four additional diets, formulated based on the CTRL diet, included 12.5 or 25 % of mealworm meal (replacing 50 and 100 % of the fishmeal, respectively) produced from larvae reared either on a commercial substrate (CC-MM) or partially reared on SMS (SMS-MM) (CC12.5, CC25, SMS12.5, and SMS25). An eight-week growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), nutrient retention, digestive enzyme activities and economic indicators. Mealworm meal partially produced on SMS (SMS-MM) exhibit a lower lipid content compared to the mealworm meal reared conventionally (CC-MM). No significant differences on growth performance were observed across diets; however, the 25 % inclusion of both mealworm meals resulted in reduced voluntary feed intake. Rainbow trout juveniles fed SMS-MM, especially at a 25 % dietary inclusion, exhibited higher apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, protein, ash, phosphorus, and energy. Additionally, fish fed the SMS25 diet showed higher trypsin activity than those fed the CTRL diet, while fish fed the CC25 showed improved feed efficiency, reduced hepatosomatic index, and higher digestible energy retention relative to the CTRL diet. Despite these benefits, the SMS25 and CC25 diets showed higher economic conversion ratios. Overall, these findings show that MM derived from larvae partially reared on SMS is nutritionally comparable to conventional MM and fishmeal in rainbow trout diets, with no adverse effects on zootechnical performance. The use of SMS as a rearing substrate represents a valuable approach to valorise an agro-industrial by-product. Thereby contributing to the circular economy and supporting a more resource-efficient and sustainable aquafeed production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116608"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated the impact of replacing soybean meal and part of maize with white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds in growing lamb diet on animal performance, rumen fermentation, fatty acid (FA) metabolism, and meat quality. Twenty male lambs were assigned to a control diet (CON) or to an experimental diet (LUP) in which white lupin seeds were included at 350 g/kg dry matter (DM) of the total diet. In the LUP diet, soybean meal was completely replaced and 30 % of maize was substituted with lupin seeds. Diets were formulated to be similar in crude protein content and metabolizable energy. Over 56 days, lambs fed the white lupin-based diet exhibited significantly lower feed intake, final body weight, and average daily gain compared to control, likely due to reduced palatability and the presence of antinutritional factors. Moreover, white lupin-based diet altered ruminal fermentation by increasing acetate and butyrate proportions, and shifted FA biohydrogenation pathways, favoring the production of C18:1 t11 and C18:2 c9, t11 beneficial to human health. Meat from white lupin-fed lambs had a higher n-3 PUFA content and a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio, with no detrimental effects on meat oxidative stability or color during storage. These findings suggest that fully replacing soybean meal and 30 % of maize with white lupin seeds could beneficially influence meat lipid quality, though adjustments to diet formulation are necessary to mitigate negative effects on feed intake and growth.
{"title":"Replacing soybean meal and maize with white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds alters growth performance, rumen fermentation, fatty acid metabolism, and meat quality in growing lambs","authors":"Guido Mangione , Martino Musati , Antonino Bertino , Manuel Scerra , Fabrizio Mangano , Marco Sebastiano Bella , Alessandro Priolo , Alfio Spina , Luisa Biondi , Massimiliano Lanza , Antonio Natalello","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the impact of replacing soybean meal and part of maize with white lupin (<em>Lupinus albus</em> L.) seeds in growing lamb diet on animal performance, rumen fermentation, fatty acid (FA) metabolism, and meat quality. Twenty male lambs were assigned to a control diet (CON) or to an experimental diet (LUP) in which white lupin seeds were included at 350 g/kg dry matter (DM) of the total diet. In the LUP diet, soybean meal was completely replaced and 30 % of maize was substituted with lupin seeds. Diets were formulated to be similar in crude protein content and metabolizable energy. Over 56 days, lambs fed the white lupin-based diet exhibited significantly lower feed intake, final body weight, and average daily gain compared to control, likely due to reduced palatability and the presence of antinutritional factors. Moreover, white lupin-based diet altered ruminal fermentation by increasing acetate and butyrate proportions, and shifted FA biohydrogenation pathways, favoring the production of C18:1 <em>t</em>11 and C18:2 <em>c</em>9, <em>t</em>11 beneficial to human health. Meat from white lupin-fed lambs had a higher n-3 PUFA content and a reduced n-6/n-3 ratio, with no detrimental effects on meat oxidative stability or color during storage. These findings suggest that fully replacing soybean meal and 30 % of maize with white lupin seeds could beneficially influence meat lipid quality, though adjustments to diet formulation are necessary to mitigate negative effects on feed intake and growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to verify whether hexamine can be replaced by sodium benzoate in sodium nitrite-based silage additives in a difficult to ensile forage. Guinea grass cv Aries II (dry matter (DM) concentration = 185 g/kg fresh matter (FM) and fermentability coefficient = 218) was mowed at 60 d of regrowth, chopped, and divided into 24 piles (6 kg fresh matter (FM)/pile) to receive one of the six treatments: no additive (CON); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + hexamine (0.6 g/kg FM) (NH); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (0.6 g/kg FM) (NB6); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (0.9 g/kg FM) (NB9); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (1.2 g/kg FM) (NB12) and sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (1.5 g/ kg FM) (NB15). Each treatment was applied to 4 piles (replicates). Treated forage was ensiled in 7.2-L experimental silos, and stored for 66 d. Expectedly, the NH was able to inhibit Clostridium development, as it decreased ammonia, n-butyric, i-butyric, i-valeric and n-valeric acids, and DM loss during fermentation. Additionally, the NH and treatments providing greater doses of sodium benzoate (i.e., NH12 and NH15) enhanced the in vitro DM digestibility and the proportion of rumen undegradable protein compared to CON. However, in treatments where hexamine was replaced with sodium benzoate, silages showed typical characteristics of clostridial fermentation, such as low concentration of lactic acid and high concentrations of n-butyric acid and higher homologues. Silage aerobic stability was longer than 7 d for all treatments. In conclusion, sodium benzoate, even when added at high doses, could not replace hexamine to efficiently prevent undesirable fermentations in guinea grass silages with low DM content.
{"title":"Replacing sodium benzoate for hexamine in sodium nitrite-based additives on the conservation of guinea grass silage","authors":"J.M. Bragatto , M.G.M. Carvalho , S.C. Buttow , P.J. Roco , R.C.C. Pinto , H.U. Auerbach , J.L.P. Daniel","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to verify whether hexamine can be replaced by sodium benzoate in sodium nitrite-based silage additives in a difficult to ensile forage. Guinea grass cv Aries II (dry matter (DM) concentration = 185 g/kg fresh matter (FM) and fermentability coefficient = 218) was mowed at 60 d of regrowth, chopped, and divided into 24 piles (6 kg fresh matter (FM)/pile) to receive one of the six treatments: no additive (CON); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + hexamine (0.6 g/kg FM) (NH); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (0.6 g/kg FM) (NB6); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (0.9 g/kg FM) (NB9); sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (1.2 g/kg FM) (NB12) and sodium nitrite (0.9 g/kg FM) + sodium benzoate (1.5 g/ kg FM) (NB15). Each treatment was applied to 4 piles (replicates). Treated forage was ensiled in 7.2-L experimental silos, and stored for 66 d. Expectedly, the NH was able to inhibit <em>Clostridium</em> development, as it decreased ammonia, n-butyric, i-butyric, i-valeric and n-valeric acids, and DM loss during fermentation. Additionally, the NH and treatments providing greater doses of sodium benzoate (i.e., NH12 and NH15) enhanced the <em>in vitro</em> DM digestibility and the proportion of rumen undegradable protein compared to CON. However, in treatments where hexamine was replaced with sodium benzoate, silages showed typical characteristics of clostridial fermentation, such as low concentration of lactic acid and high concentrations of n-butyric acid and higher homologues. Silage aerobic stability was longer than 7 d for all treatments. In conclusion, sodium benzoate, even when added at high doses, could not replace hexamine to efficiently prevent undesirable fermentations in guinea grass silages with low DM content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116605
Mohamed M. Toutou , M.H. Habashy , Hien Van Doan , Ehab El-Haroun
The present study conducted to evaluate the effects of guar meal concentrate (Gmc) as substitute of fish meal on growth, digestive enzymes activity, and intestinal histological of seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish fed four experimental diets with a protein level set at 45 % for 12 weeks by replacing the 0 % (Gu0), 10 % (Gu1), 20 % (Gu2), and 30 % (Gu3) of fish meal with Gmc. The results showed that fish fed Gu2 elevated growth and feed utilization indices, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between Gmc inclusion and specific growth rate, and a positive relationship with feed conversion ratio. The protein body composition content rose when fish fed Gu2 and the lowest body lipid content noticed when seabream fed Gu0, the activity of the digestive enzymes lipase and amylase were reduced when seabream were fed Gmc at all levels. According to this trial, it is advantageous to supplement seabream diets with 10–12 % Gmc in formulated and balanced diets.
{"title":"Effect of fish meal replacement with guar meal concentrate on growth, food conversion, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal histology of Gilthead sea bream (Spars aurata)","authors":"Mohamed M. Toutou , M.H. Habashy , Hien Van Doan , Ehab El-Haroun","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study conducted to evaluate the effects of guar meal concentrate (Gmc) as substitute of fish meal on growth, digestive enzymes activity, and intestinal histological of seabream (<em>Sparus aurata</em>). Fish fed four experimental diets with a protein level set at 45 % for 12 weeks by replacing the 0 % (Gu0), 10 % (Gu1), 20 % (Gu2), and 30 % (Gu3) of fish meal with Gmc. The results showed that fish fed Gu2 elevated growth and feed utilization indices, respectively. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between Gmc inclusion and specific growth rate, and a positive relationship with feed conversion ratio. The protein body composition content rose when fish fed Gu2 and the lowest body lipid content noticed when seabream fed Gu0, the activity of the digestive enzymes lipase and amylase were reduced when seabream were fed Gmc at all levels. According to this trial, it is advantageous to supplement seabream diets with 10–12 % Gmc in formulated and balanced diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116604
K. Ganraj, L.S. David, P.C.H. Morel
An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) and the standardised ileal digestible content of amino acids in fodder beet (FB). Three maize-soybean-based diets were formulated, a basal diet (FB0), the basal diet supplemented with 12.5 % of FB (FB12.5), and the basal diet supplemented with 25 % of FB (FB25). Each diet was randomly allocated to six replicate cages with six birds per cage and fed from days 14–21. Titanium dioxide (4 g/kg) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker for the measurement of marker-based AME and ileal nutrient digestibility. The total collection (TC) method was also used for the measurement of AME. A regression method was used to determine the nutritive value of FB. The AME and AMEn of FB were determined to be 9.63 MJ/kg and 9.36 MJ/kg, respectively, using the TC method, and 7.97 MJ/kg, 7.79 MJ/kg, respectively, using the marker method. The apparent ileal crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) content of FB were 56.4 g/kg and 11.2 MJ/kg, respectively. Standardised ileal digestible amino acid content was higher for glutamic acid (21.1 g/kg) while it was lower for sulfur containing amino acids (-0.1 to −0.4 g/kg). In conclusion, nutritive value of FB was determined for 14–21 day old broilers using regression method. Further studies are needed to validate the current findings, and to determine the optimal inclusion level of FB in poultry diets.
{"title":"Nutritive value of fodder beet for broilers chickens","authors":"K. Ganraj, L.S. David, P.C.H. Morel","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) and the standardised ileal digestible content of amino acids in fodder beet (FB). Three maize-soybean-based diets were formulated, a basal diet (FB0), the basal diet supplemented with 12.5 % of FB (FB12.5), and the basal diet supplemented with 25 % of FB (FB25). Each diet was randomly allocated to six replicate cages with six birds per cage and fed from days 14–21. Titanium dioxide (4 g/kg) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker for the measurement of marker-based AME and ileal nutrient digestibility. The total collection (TC) method was also used for the measurement of AME. A regression method was used to determine the nutritive value of FB. The AME and AMEn of FB were determined to be 9.63 MJ/kg and 9.36 MJ/kg, respectively, using the TC method, and 7.97 MJ/kg, 7.79 MJ/kg, respectively, using the marker method. The apparent ileal crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) content of FB were 56.4 g/kg and 11.2 MJ/kg, respectively. Standardised ileal digestible amino acid content was higher for glutamic acid (21.1 g/kg) while it was lower for sulfur containing amino acids (-0.1 to −0.4 g/kg). In conclusion, nutritive value of FB was determined for 14–21 day old broilers using regression method. Further studies are needed to validate the current findings, and to determine the optimal inclusion level of FB in poultry diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116603
X. Liu , N. Romero , S.K. Cronin , E.B. da Silva , L. Kung Jr. , T.F. Gressley
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of an inoculant containing Lentilactobacillus hilgardii CNCM-I-4785, Lentilactobacillus buchneri NCIMB 40788, Pediococcus pentosaceus NCIMB 12455, β-glucanase, and xylanase on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and nutrient degradability of whole-plant corn silage. In Experiment 1, a brown midrib corn hybrid was harvested at 35.4 % dry matter (DM) and ensiled for 14 and 90 d. In Experiment 2, a conventional corn hybrid was harvested at either a low DM content (26.2 %) or a high DM content (39.7 %) and ensiled for 30, 60, 120, and 180 d. In Experiment 1, inoculation increased acetic acid concentrations at both 14 and 90 d and markedly improved aerobic stability at 90 d (+ 360 h). In Experiment 2, inoculation increased acetic acid concentrations at 60, 120, and 180 d in both DM levels and at 30 d only in low DM. Inoculation improved aerobic stability at 30 (+ 30 h), 120 (+111 h), and 180 d (+ 89 h) across both DM levels. At 60 d, the increase in stability by inoculation was greater in low DM (+ 58 h) than in high DM silage (+ 36 h). Inoculation enhanced starch degradability by 9.8 %age points at 90 d in Experiment 1, and by 4.7 and 2.7 %age points at 120 and 180 d, respectively, in Experiment 2. Overall, the inoculant effectively enhanced aerobic stability and starch degradability across two hybrids and three distinct DM levels.
{"title":"Influence of an inoculant containing Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and Pediococcus pentosaceus on the aerobic stability and nutrient degradability of whole-plant corn ensiled at different dry matter levels","authors":"X. Liu , N. Romero , S.K. Cronin , E.B. da Silva , L. Kung Jr. , T.F. Gressley","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of an inoculant containing <em>Lentilactobacillus hilgardii</em> CNCM-I-4785, <em>Lentilactobacillus buchneri</em> NCIMB 40788, <em>Pediococcus pentosaceus</em> NCIMB 12455, β-glucanase, and xylanase on the fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and nutrient degradability of whole-plant corn silage. In Experiment 1, a brown midrib corn hybrid was harvested at 35.4 % dry matter (DM) and ensiled for 14 and 90 d. In Experiment 2, a conventional corn hybrid was harvested at either a low DM content (26.2 %) or a high DM content (39.7 %) and ensiled for 30, 60, 120, and 180 d. In Experiment 1, inoculation increased acetic acid concentrations at both 14 and 90 d and markedly improved aerobic stability at 90 d (+ 360 h). In Experiment 2, inoculation increased acetic acid concentrations at 60, 120, and 180 d in both DM levels and at 30 d only in low DM. Inoculation improved aerobic stability at 30 (+ 30 h), 120 (+111 h), and 180 d (+ 89 h) across both DM levels. At 60 d, the increase in stability by inoculation was greater in low DM (+ 58 h) than in high DM silage (+ 36 h). Inoculation enhanced starch degradability by 9.8 %age points at 90 d in Experiment 1, and by 4.7 and 2.7 %age points at 120 and 180 d, respectively, in Experiment 2. Overall, the inoculant effectively enhanced aerobic stability and starch degradability across two hybrids and three distinct DM levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 116603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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