Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116565
Trinidad de Evan , Emma Marie Vallentin Hvas , Mogens Larsen , Martin R. Weisbjerg
The dry matter (DM) content of silage that encompasses all organic matter content is underestimated when determined by conventional methods due to the evaporation of volatile organic compounds (VOC). In the case of beet silage, the high sugar content in beets can accentuate VOC evaporation; therefore, the objective of this experiment was to study the losses of acetic acid, DL-lactate acid, and ethanol from mixed beet silage samples during freeze-drying or oven-drying to assess their volatilization and the appropriateness of using a correction equation for beet silages. Seven different mixed beet silages were freeze-dried or oven-dried at 50 and 60 ºC (24 h), or at 70, 80, and 100 ºC (6 h). The DM was measured, and the VOC were determined in the wet and dried samples to calculate corrected DM in two different ways: using an equation based on silage concentration of VOC or by adding the VOC losses directly to the DM obtained. Interactions between the drying method and the type of silage were found (P < 0.01) for the pH, acetic acid, DL-lactic acid, and ethanol content, as well as for their losses during drying. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found for all the silages for all the drying methods between the DM determined and both corrected DM. Thus, it is necessary to consider the drying methodology and the chemical composition of silages to evaluate their true DM and organic matter content. Despite these differences, the evaluated equation for correcting DM in beet silages was acceptable and showed reasonable robustness across various oven-drying temperatures.
{"title":"Effect of drying method for dry matter determination on losses of fermentation compounds in mixed beet silages","authors":"Trinidad de Evan , Emma Marie Vallentin Hvas , Mogens Larsen , Martin R. Weisbjerg","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dry matter (DM) content of silage that encompasses all organic matter content is underestimated when determined by conventional methods due to the evaporation of volatile organic compounds (VOC). In the case of beet silage, the high sugar content in beets can accentuate VOC evaporation; therefore, the objective of this experiment was to study the losses of acetic acid, DL-lactate acid, and ethanol from mixed beet silage samples during freeze-drying or oven-drying to assess their volatilization and the appropriateness of using a correction equation for beet silages. Seven different mixed beet silages were freeze-dried or oven-dried at 50 and 60 ºC (24 h), or at 70, 80, and 100 ºC (6 h). The DM was measured, and the VOC were determined in the wet and dried samples to calculate corrected DM in two different ways: using an equation based on silage concentration of VOC or by adding the VOC losses directly to the DM obtained. Interactions between the drying method and the type of silage were found (<em>P</em> < 0.01) for the pH, acetic acid, DL-lactic acid, and ethanol content, as well as for their losses during drying. Significant differences (<em>P</em> < 0.05) were found for all the silages for all the drying methods between the DM determined and both corrected DM. Thus, it is necessary to consider the drying methodology and the chemical composition of silages to evaluate their true DM and organic matter content. Despite these differences, the evaluated equation for correcting DM in beet silages was acceptable and showed reasonable robustness across various oven-drying temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116559
C. Adam , I. Dando , M.J. Berkhout , A.S. ó Neachtain , C.K.M. Ho , J.L. Jacobs , K. Giri , S.R.O. Williams , L.C. Marett
Plant secondary compounds are sometimes reported to reduce methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants. We assessed the impacts of feeding essential oil-rich Agolin and polyphenol-rich Polygain to dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in late-lactation were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: CON, basal diet alone; AGN, basal diet plus 1 g/cow per day of Agolin; PGN, basal diet plus 0.25 % DMI of Polygain; or AGN+PGN, basal diet plus 1 g/cow per day of Agolin and 0.25 % DMI of Polygain. Treatments were offered twice daily during milking. The basal diet was ad libitum vetch hay (Vicia sativa L.) and 7 kg DM of a grain mix. Cows were adapted to the treatments for 28 days, then CH4 emissions were measured using the modified SF6 tracer technique for five days. Compared to CON, there was no difference in total DMI (kg DM/d), CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) or milk yield (kg/d) for any treatment. Cows offered the AGN+PGN diet had a numerically greater CH4 production than the CON cows. Economic analysis considered the benefit from milk production and the value of reduced CH4 production based on numerical differences between treatments. From this, the AGN diet resulted in the greatest total net benefit of A$0.91/cow per day above the CON diet. Our results are contrary to some previous research, but our feeding frequency and method of assessing CH4 emissions were also different. For comparison with previous work, future research should consider the feeding frequency, duration of feeding, and method of CH4 measurement.
{"title":"Twice daily feeding of two phytogenic dietary additives; their individual and combined effects on methane production, dry matter intake, milk production and composition in dairy cows","authors":"C. Adam , I. Dando , M.J. Berkhout , A.S. ó Neachtain , C.K.M. Ho , J.L. Jacobs , K. Giri , S.R.O. Williams , L.C. Marett","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant secondary compounds are sometimes reported to reduce methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions in ruminants. We assessed the impacts of feeding essential oil-rich Agolin and polyphenol-rich Polygain to dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in late-lactation were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: CON, basal diet alone; AGN, basal diet plus 1 g/cow per day of Agolin; PGN, basal diet plus 0.25 % DMI of Polygain; or AGN+PGN, basal diet plus 1 g/cow per day of Agolin and 0.25 % DMI of Polygain. Treatments were offered twice daily during milking. The basal diet was <em>ad libitum</em> vetch hay (<em>Vicia sativa</em> L.) and 7 kg DM of a grain mix. Cows were adapted to the treatments for 28 days, then CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were measured using the modified SF<sub>6</sub> tracer technique for five days. Compared to CON, there was no difference in total DMI (kg DM/d), CH<sub>4</sub> yield (g/kg DMI) or milk yield (kg/d) for any treatment. Cows offered the AGN+PGN diet had a numerically greater CH<sub>4</sub> production than the CON cows. Economic analysis considered the benefit from milk production and the value of reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production based on numerical differences between treatments. From this, the AGN diet resulted in the greatest total net benefit of A$0.91/cow per day above the CON diet. Our results are contrary to some previous research, but our feeding frequency and method of assessing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were also different. For comparison with previous work, future research should consider the feeding frequency, duration of feeding, and method of CH<sub>4</sub> measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran (FMB) on growth performance, feed utilization, and nutrient digestibility in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. Five experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (30 % crude protein), isolipidic (6 % crude lipid), and isoenergetic (380 Kcal/100 g), incorporating graded levels of FMB: 0 % (control, C), 15 % (T15), 30 % (T30), 45 % (T45), and 60 % (T60). A total of 200 fingerlings (average weight 3.18 ± 0.03 g) were randomly distributed into 20 tanks (10 fish per tank) in quadruplicate groups under a completely randomized design. At the conclusion of the trial, growth performance increased significantly (P < 0.05) with dietary FMB inclusion up to 30 %, with the T30 group showing the highest WG (%) and SGR, both significantly greater than those of all other treatments. Polynomial regression analysis (y = -687.32x² + 401.57x + 80.532, R² = 0.845) indicated an optimal WG% at 30 % inclusion. Similarly, RNA/DNA ratios and apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were highest in T30 but declined markedly in T45 and T60 groups. Digestive enzyme activity also followed this pattern, peaking at 30 % inclusion and decreasing progressively at higher levels, with the lowest activities observed in T60. While serum glucose concentrations remained unaffected up to 30 % inclusion, elevated levels were recorded at 45 % and 60 %. Overall, the findings demonstrate that FMB can be effectively incorporated into the diet of grass carp fingerlings at up to 30 % without adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization, digestive physiology, or serum biochemistry.
{"title":"Foxtail millet bran as a functional feed ingredient: Effects on growth, feed efficiency, and nutrient digestibility in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","authors":"Aditi Banik , Shivendra Kumar , Maneesh Kumar Dubey , R.K. Brahmchari , Sujit Kumar Nayak , Prem Prakash Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary foxtail millet (<em>Setaria italica</em>) bran (FMB) on growth performance, feed utilization, and nutrient digestibility in grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>) fingerlings. Five experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (30 % crude protein), isolipidic (6 % crude lipid), and isoenergetic (380 Kcal/100 g), incorporating graded levels of FMB: 0 % (control, C), 15 % (T15), 30 % (T30), 45 % (T45), and 60 % (T60). A total of 200 fingerlings (average weight 3.18 ± 0.03 g) were randomly distributed into 20 tanks (10 fish per tank) in quadruplicate groups under a completely randomized design. At the conclusion of the trial, growth performance increased significantly (P < 0.05) with dietary FMB inclusion up to 30 %, with the T30 group showing the highest WG (%) and SGR, both significantly greater than those of all other treatments. Polynomial regression analysis (y = -687.32x² + 401.57x + 80.532, R² = 0.845) indicated an optimal WG% at 30 % inclusion. Similarly, RNA/DNA ratios and apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were highest in T30 but declined markedly in T45 and T60 groups. Digestive enzyme activity also followed this pattern, peaking at 30 % inclusion and decreasing progressively at higher levels, with the lowest activities observed in T60. While serum glucose concentrations remained unaffected up to 30 % inclusion, elevated levels were recorded at 45 % and 60 %. Overall, the findings demonstrate that FMB can be effectively incorporated into the diet of grass carp fingerlings at up to 30 % without adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization, digestive physiology, or serum biochemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116561
Yue Zhang , Hongze Niu , Jun Li , Jianing Dong , Chunxiang Zhang , Youshe Ren , Lei Shi
This study investigated the effects of maternal selenium (Se) supplementation on placental development, antioxidant status and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in sheep. A total of 80 Hu ewes (body weight: 57.45 ± 4.72 kg, age: 0.83 ± 0.15 yrs.) were randomly assigned to a control (basal diet) or Se group (0.5 mg Se/kg DM) for 150 d. Dietary Se supplementation increased the litter birth weight, average birth weight, Se concentrations in maternal blood (120 d) and placental tissues, placental weight, the number and weight of cotyledons, and the number of umbilical artery and vein branches. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining revealed that dietary Se could increase the number of placental trophoblast cells. Additionally, Se supplementation improved the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cotyledons. Dietary Se supplementation increased the mRNA and protein expression associated with antioxidant pathway, selenoproteins, and VEGFs and its receptors in cotyledons. The results were further verified by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, maternal Se supplementation was associated with increased placental size and offspring birth weight by increasing trophoblast cell numbers, cotyledon growth, and umbilical vessel branching, while boosting antioxidant capacity and upregulating selenoproteins and VEGF pathways in cotyledons.
{"title":"Effects of dietary selenium on placental development, antioxidant status and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors in sheep","authors":"Yue Zhang , Hongze Niu , Jun Li , Jianing Dong , Chunxiang Zhang , Youshe Ren , Lei Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of maternal selenium (Se) supplementation on placental development, antioxidant status and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) in sheep. A total of 80 Hu ewes (body weight: 57.45 ± 4.72 kg, age: 0.83 ± 0.15 yrs.) were randomly assigned to a control (basal diet) or Se group (0.5 mg Se/kg DM) for 150 d. Dietary Se supplementation increased the litter birth weight, average birth weight, Se concentrations in maternal blood (120 d) and placental tissues, placental weight, the number and weight of cotyledons, and the number of umbilical artery and vein branches. Hematoxylin and Eosin (<em>H&E</em>) staining revealed that dietary Se could increase the number of placental trophoblast cells. Additionally, Se supplementation improved the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cotyledons. Dietary Se supplementation increased the mRNA and protein expression associated with antioxidant pathway, selenoproteins, and VEGFs and its receptors in cotyledons. The results were further verified by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, maternal Se supplementation was associated with increased placental size and offspring birth weight by increasing trophoblast cell numbers, cotyledon growth, and umbilical vessel branching, while boosting antioxidant capacity and upregulating selenoproteins and VEGF pathways in cotyledons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116560
Yulin Ma , Yubin Ma , Shuangming Yang, Yuchen Cheng, Wenyi Ren, Xiaonv Liu, Rui Wang, Yan Kang, Haibo Li, Lili Zhang, Xiaofeng Xu
The weaning transition imposes significant physiological stress on dairy calves, compromising growth and health. Bacillus licheniformis (BL) supplementation has shown benefits in monogastric species, but its efficacy in alleviating weaning stress in calves remains underexplored. Twenty-four 35-day-old male calves (60.0 ± 3.8 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: milk replacer without BL (CON) or supplemented with a low (LBL; 1.0 g/d, 1.0 × 10 ¹¹ CFU/d) or high (HBL; 2.0 g/d, 2.0 × 10 ¹¹ CFU/d) dose of BL from d 35–89. Body weight, feed intake, and structural growth were measured weekly. Diarrhea incidence was recorded daily. Blood and fecal samples were collected to assess oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT), immunology (IgG, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α), and intestinal permeability (DAO, D-lactate). Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model with orthogonal polynomial contrasts. The results revealed pronounced, dose-dependent effects of BL supplementation. During the postweaning period (d 76–89), HBL supplementation linearly increased starter intake (HBL: 4553 vs. CON: 2609 g/d; P < 0.001) and average daily gain (HBL: 0.54 vs. CON: 0.41 kg/d; P = 0.02). Concurrently, preweaning diarrhea incidence exhibited a linear decrease with increasing BL dosage (P = 0.007). Immunological improvements were evidenced by a linear increase in plasma IL-10 (P < 0.001) and a positive quadratic response in IgG postweaning (246.7 vs. 230.1 μg/mL for HBL vs. CON; P = 0.02). Notably, BL conferred significant benefits to intestinal health, reducing fecal MDA preweaning (LBL: 11.5; HBL: 13.6 vs. CON: 23.5 nmol/g; P = 0.004) and lowering plasma DAO postweaning (LBL: 9.4; HBL: 9.3 vs. CON: 17.0 U/L; P < 0.001), which is consistent with a reduction in weaning-induced intestinal mucosal injury. Conversely, a rise in plasma MDA postweaning (P = 0.001) indicated an increase in systemic oxidative stress. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with BL at 2.0 g/d improves postweaning growth performance, reduces preweaning diarrhea, and enhances gut health and immune function in dairy calves, despite concurrently elevating systemic oxidative markers.
断奶过渡期给犊牛带来了巨大的生理压力，影响了犊牛的生长和健康。地衣芽孢杆菌（BL）的补充在单胃物种中已显示出益处，但其在缓解犊牛断奶应激方面的功效仍未得到充分研究。24 35-day-old雄性小牛(60.0 ±3.8 公斤BW)被随机分配到三种治疗方法之一:代乳品没有提单(CON)或补充低(LBL; 1.0 g / d, 1.0 ×10 ¹¹CFU / d)或高(HBL; 2.0 g / d, 2.0 ×10 ¹¹CFU / d)剂量d 35 - 89的提单。每周测量体重、采食量和结构生长。每天记录腹泻发生率。采集血液和粪便样本，评估氧化应激标志物（MDA、SOD、CAT）、免疫学指标（IgG、IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α）和肠通透性（DAO、d -乳酸）。数据分析采用正交多项式对比的混合效应模型。结果显示明显的，剂量依赖的效果，补充BL。在断奶后（第76-89天），添加HBL线性增加了起始日采食量（HBL: 4553 vs. CON: 2609 g/d; P < 0.001）和平均日增重（HBL: 0.54 vs. CON: 0.41 kg/d; P = 0.02）。断奶前腹泻发生率随BL剂量的增加呈线性降低（P = 0.007）。断奶后血浆IL-10呈线性增加（P < 0.001）， IgG呈二次型阳性反应（HBL与CON分别为246.7 vs 230.1 μg/mL, P = 0.02），证明了免疫功能的改善。值得注意的是，BL对肠道健康有显著的益处，可以降低断奶前的粪便丙二醛（LBL: 11.5; HBL: 13.6 vs.对照组：23.5 nmol/g; P = 0.004），降低断奶后的血浆DAO (LBL: 9.4; HBL: 9.3 vs.对照组：17.0 U/L; P < 0.001)，这与减少断奶诱导的肠黏膜损伤是一致的。相反，断奶后血浆丙二醛升高（P = 0.001）表明全身氧化应激增加。综上所述，饲粮中添加2.0 g/d的BL可改善犊牛断奶后生长性能，减少断奶前腹泻，改善肠道健康和免疫功能，同时提高全身氧化指标。
{"title":"Effects of Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on growth performance, intestinal health and oxidative stress in weaning transition male dairy calves","authors":"Yulin Ma , Yubin Ma , Shuangming Yang, Yuchen Cheng, Wenyi Ren, Xiaonv Liu, Rui Wang, Yan Kang, Haibo Li, Lili Zhang, Xiaofeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The weaning transition imposes significant physiological stress on dairy calves, compromising growth and health. <em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> (BL) supplementation has shown benefits in monogastric species, but its efficacy in alleviating weaning stress in calves remains underexplored. Twenty-four 35-day-old male calves (60.0 ± 3.8 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: milk replacer without BL (CON) or supplemented with a low (LBL; 1.0 g/d, 1.0 × 10 ¹¹ CFU/d) or high (HBL; 2.0 g/d, 2.0 × 10 ¹¹ CFU/d) dose of BL from d 35–89. Body weight, feed intake, and structural growth were measured weekly. Diarrhea incidence was recorded daily. Blood and fecal samples were collected to assess oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT), immunology (IgG, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α), and intestinal permeability (DAO, D-lactate). Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect model with orthogonal polynomial contrasts. The results revealed pronounced, dose-dependent effects of BL supplementation. During the postweaning period (d 76–89), HBL supplementation linearly increased starter intake (HBL: 4553 vs. CON: 2609 g/d; <em>P</em> < 0.001) and average daily gain (HBL: 0.54 vs. CON: 0.41 kg/d; <em>P</em> = 0.02). Concurrently, preweaning diarrhea incidence exhibited a linear decrease with increasing BL dosage (<em>P</em> = 0.007). Immunological improvements were evidenced by a linear increase in plasma IL-10 (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and a positive quadratic response in IgG postweaning (246.7 vs. 230.1 μg/mL for HBL vs. CON; <em>P</em> = 0.02). Notably, BL conferred significant benefits to intestinal health, reducing fecal MDA preweaning (LBL: 11.5; HBL: 13.6 vs. CON: 23.5 nmol/g; <em>P</em> = 0.004) and lowering plasma DAO postweaning (LBL: 9.4; HBL: 9.3 vs. CON: 17.0 U/L; <em>P</em> < 0.001), which is consistent with a reduction in weaning-induced intestinal mucosal injury. Conversely, a rise in plasma MDA postweaning (<em>P</em> = 0.001) indicated an increase in systemic oxidative stress. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with BL at 2.0 g/d improves postweaning growth performance, reduces preweaning diarrhea, and enhances gut health and immune function in dairy calves, despite concurrently elevating systemic oxidative markers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116562
Yan Luo , Yuping Chen , Liyun Pu , Liujia Li , Xiaowen Long
The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a highly nutritious insect containing protein and bioactive compounds, making it a promising feed ingredient for livestock. This study evaluated the effects of replacing varying proportions (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) of fishmeal with P. americana meal (PAM) in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over a nine-week feeding trial. Results showed no significant differences in growth performance, crude protein, total lipids, or amino acid content in whole fish across treatment groups. Enzymatic activities of trypsin, amylase, and lipase in the esophagus and intestines were significantly higher in the control group (0 % PAM) compared to groups receiving 50–100 % PAM substitution. Similarly, serum and liver glucose levels were significantly higher in the 0 % and 25 % PAM groups. Serum malondialdehyde levels increased in the 25 % and 50 % PAM groups, while intestinal malondialdehyde content showed a decreasing trend with higher fishmeal replacement levels. Intestinal villi counts decreased with increasing PAM substitution, with the 75 % and 100 % PAM groups having significantly lower counts than the control. Interestingly, fishmeal replacement exceeding 50 % increased the relative abundance of Microbacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium, while decreasing Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides. In conclusion, while fishmeal replacement exceeding 25% resulted in altered intestinal structure and shifts in the microbial community, replacing 25 % of dietary fishmeal with PAM had no adverse effects on growth, physiological metabolism, intestinal morphology, or microbial community structure, suggesting PAM represents a promising sustainable alternative protein source at this substitution level.
{"title":"Effects of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) meal as a fishmeal replacement on growth, physiological metabolism, and intestinal health of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","authors":"Yan Luo , Yuping Chen , Liyun Pu , Liujia Li , Xiaowen Long","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The American cockroach (<em>Periplaneta americana</em>) is a highly nutritious insect containing protein and bioactive compounds, making it a promising feed ingredient for livestock. This study evaluated the effects of replacing varying proportions (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %) of fishmeal with <em>P. americana</em> meal (PAM) in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) over a nine-week feeding trial. Results showed no significant differences in growth performance, crude protein, total lipids, or amino acid content in whole fish across treatment groups. Enzymatic activities of trypsin, amylase, and lipase in the esophagus and intestines were significantly higher in the control group (0 % PAM) compared to groups receiving 50–100 % PAM substitution. Similarly, serum and liver glucose levels were significantly higher in the 0 % and 25 % PAM groups. Serum malondialdehyde levels increased in the 25 % and 50 % PAM groups, while intestinal malondialdehyde content showed a decreasing trend with higher fishmeal replacement levels. Intestinal villi counts decreased with increasing PAM substitution, with the 75 % and 100 % PAM groups having significantly lower counts than the control. Interestingly, fishmeal replacement exceeding 50 % increased the relative abundance of <em>Microbacteriaceae</em>, <em>Clostridiaceae</em>, <em>Lactobacillus</em>, and <em>Clostridium</em>, while decreasing <em>Bacteroidaceae</em> and <em>Bacteroides</em>. In conclusion, while fishmeal replacement exceeding 25% resulted in altered intestinal structure and shifts in the microbial community, replacing 25 % of dietary fishmeal with PAM had no adverse effects on growth, physiological metabolism, intestinal morphology, or microbial community structure, suggesting PAM represents a promising sustainable alternative protein source at this substitution level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116558
Gulab Khan Rohela , Pawan Saini , Kiran Rudramani , Plabani Roy , Syam S , Shivam Bhardwaj , Omais Bin Ayoub , Danishta Aziz , Gulzar Ahmad Khan , Sardar Singh
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is traditionally cultivated for its nutrient-rich foliage, serving as the primary feed for silkworms (Bombyx mori) in sericulture. In recent years, however it’s potential as a high-quality forage crop for livestock has gained increased attention. Livestock nutrition plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal growth, milk yield, and meat production, necessitating a consistent supply of protein-rich, digestible, and energy-dense feed. Although grasses are the predominant forage source, their availability is often limited by seasonal fluctuations particularly during summer in tropical regions and winter in temperate climates. This variability has led to growing interest in alternative, perennial, and nutritionally rich forage crops that can support sustainable livestock farming. Mulberry emerges as a promising forage crop due to its rapid growth, adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions, and superior nutritional profile, which includes high crude protein content, essential amino acids, minerals, and fibre. It serves not only as a viable feed during forage-deficient periods but also as a valuable supplementary feed during peak forage seasons, thereby enhancing overall livestock productivity. Moreover, its deep-rooted system and perennial nature contribute to soil conservation and sustainable fodder production. This review critically examines the nutritional composition of mulberry leaves, their digestibility and palatability across different livestock species, and recent research supporting their integration into livestock feeding systems. Additionally, the paper explores the economic viability and environmental benefits of growing mulberry specifically as a forage crop, highlighting its potential as a sustainable substitute in contemporary livestock feeding practices.
{"title":"Mulberry (Morus spp.): A promising field crop for livestock forage","authors":"Gulab Khan Rohela , Pawan Saini , Kiran Rudramani , Plabani Roy , Syam S , Shivam Bhardwaj , Omais Bin Ayoub , Danishta Aziz , Gulzar Ahmad Khan , Sardar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mulberry (<em>Morus</em> spp.) is traditionally cultivated for its nutrient-rich foliage, serving as the primary feed for silkworms (<em>Bombyx mori</em>) in sericulture. In recent years, however it’s potential as a high-quality forage crop for livestock has gained increased attention. Livestock nutrition plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal growth, milk yield, and meat production, necessitating a consistent supply of protein-rich, digestible, and energy-dense feed. Although grasses are the predominant forage source, their availability is often limited by seasonal fluctuations particularly during summer in tropical regions and winter in temperate climates. This variability has led to growing interest in alternative, perennial, and nutritionally rich forage crops that can support sustainable livestock farming. Mulberry emerges as a promising forage crop due to its rapid growth, adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions, and superior nutritional profile, which includes high crude protein content, essential amino acids, minerals, and fibre. It serves not only as a viable feed during forage-deficient periods but also as a valuable supplementary feed during peak forage seasons, thereby enhancing overall livestock productivity. Moreover, its deep-rooted system and perennial nature contribute to soil conservation and sustainable fodder production. This review critically examines the nutritional composition of mulberry leaves, their digestibility and palatability across different livestock species, and recent research supporting their integration into livestock feeding systems. Additionally, the paper explores the economic viability and environmental benefits of growing mulberry specifically as a forage crop, highlighting its potential as a sustainable substitute in contemporary livestock feeding practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116557
Zechao Hu, Handong Li, Meng Xia, Gang Wang, Jian Sun, Hong Ji
A feeding trial was conducted for 70 days to appraise the effect of selenium yeast (Se-yeast) supplementation in diet containing black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, health status and flesh quality of grass carp. Three hundred grass carp (weight of 370.14 ± 0.74 g) were arbitrarily assigned into 5 groups (groups were repeated in triplicate) fed five experimental diets, including the soybean meal-based diet (25 % soybean meal inclusion, diet SM), the BSFLM-based diet (16.1 % BSFLM inclusion, diet BSFLM75) by replacing 75 % of soybean meal with BSFLM, and three other diets with Se-yeast were supplied to the BSFLM75 diet at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg Se/kg diet (diets Se0.3, Se0.6, and Se0.9) respectively. The growth performance of BSFLM75 group was significantly lower than that of the SM and Se0.6 group, and which was in line with changes in the villus height of the mid-gut (P < 0.05). The muscle and liver antioxidant capacity in the BSFLM75 group was significantly improved compared with those of the SM group, and they were further significantly promoted in Se-yeast groups (P < 0.05). Muscle nutritional value was elevated on account of the significant increase of eicosapentaenoic acid level in the BSFLM75 group and further significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid level in the Se0.6 group (P < 0.05). The muscle springiness of the BSFLM75 group significantly increased compared with that of the SM group, and the Se0.3 group had significantly higher the hardness, springiness, chewiness and collagen content of muscle than those of SM and BSFLM75 (P < 0.05). Muscle fiber density in the BSFLM75 groups was significantly higher than that in the SM group, and which was further significantly increased in the Se0.3 group (P < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression level of MyoD, Mrf4, Myf5 and FGF6b in the BSFLM75 group were significantly up-regulated compared with those of the SM group, and they were further significantly up-regulated at a fitting level of Se-yeast (P < 0.05). In brief, the 0.6 mg/kg Se-yeast supplementation (dietary total Se at 1.01 mg/kg diet) could not only significantly reverse the negative effect of dietary BSFLM on growth performance, but resulted in the enhancement of health status and flesh quality. Additionally, the flesh quality was optimal when 0.3 mg/kg Se-yeast was supplemented in BSFLM diet (dietary total Se at 0.79 mg/kg diet).
{"title":"Selenium yeast supplementation in diet containing Hermetia illucens larvae meal can improve growth performance, health status and flesh quality of Ctenopharyngodon idellus","authors":"Zechao Hu, Handong Li, Meng Xia, Gang Wang, Jian Sun, Hong Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A feeding trial was conducted for 70 days to appraise the effect of selenium yeast (Se-yeast) supplementation in diet containing black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on growth performance, health status and flesh quality of grass carp. Three hundred grass carp (weight of 370.14 ± 0.74 g) were arbitrarily assigned into 5 groups (groups were repeated in triplicate) fed five experimental diets, including the soybean meal-based diet (25 % soybean meal inclusion, diet SM), the BSFLM-based diet (16.1 % BSFLM inclusion, diet BSFLM75) by replacing 75 % of soybean meal with BSFLM, and three other diets with Se-yeast were supplied to the BSFLM75 diet at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg Se/kg diet (diets Se0.3, Se0.6, and Se0.9) respectively. The growth performance of BSFLM75 group was significantly lower than that of the SM and Se0.6 group, and which was in line with changes in the villus height of the mid-gut (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The muscle and liver antioxidant capacity in the BSFLM75 group was significantly improved compared with those of the SM group, and they were further significantly promoted in Se-yeast groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Muscle nutritional value was elevated on account of the significant increase of eicosapentaenoic acid level in the BSFLM75 group and further significantly increased docosahexaenoic acid level in the Se0.6 group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The muscle springiness of the BSFLM75 group significantly increased compared with that of the SM group, and the Se0.3 group had significantly higher the hardness, springiness, chewiness and collagen content of muscle than those of SM and BSFLM75 (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Muscle fiber density in the BSFLM75 groups was significantly higher than that in the SM group, and which was further significantly increased in the Se0.3 group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression level of <em>MyoD</em>, <em>Mrf4</em>, <em>Myf5</em> and <em>FGF6b</em> in the BSFLM75 group were significantly up-regulated compared with those of the SM group, and they were further significantly up-regulated at a fitting level of Se-yeast (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In brief, the 0.6 mg/kg Se-yeast supplementation (dietary total Se at 1.01 mg/kg diet) could not only significantly reverse the negative effect of dietary BSFLM on growth performance, but resulted in the enhancement of health status and flesh quality. Additionally, the flesh quality was optimal when 0.3 mg/kg Se-yeast was supplemented in BSFLM diet (dietary total Se at 0.79 mg/kg diet).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145413904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116521
Di Sun , Xiaoping Huang , Dongjie Wang , Wenzhou Xiang , Hualian Wu , Jixing Zou
The demand for fishmeal brought about by the vigorous development of the aquaculture industry has brought unprecedented stress to the ecological environment. In this experiment, Spirulina platensis powder (SPP) was used to replace 0 % (F0), 5 % (F1), 10 % (F2), 15 % (F3), and 20 % (F4) of fishmeal in the diet of Zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus, MA), respectively. The metabolic mechanisms of the MA on SPP-containing diets were analyzed by histomorphology, liver biochemical indices, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. The final results of the study showed that, after replacing a portion of the fishmeal, SPP significantly improved the degradation of lipids and decreased the accumulation of fat in the liver of MA. The SOD of F3 was significantly lower than that of F0 and the other experimental groups (P < 0.05), and the T-AOC of F4 was significantly lower than that of the control group and all the other groups (P < 0.05). The transcriptome results indicated that the increase in SPP addition ratio significantly up-regulated relevant pathways of protein metabolism and lipid metabolism. These pathways included the cAMP signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, pancreatic secretion, protein digestion and absorption, fat digestion and absorption, steroid biosynthesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. Metabolomic results confirmed that SPP addition significantly affected the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway and resulted in a decrease of this metabolite. This information lays the theoretical foundation for the application of SPP and extends our understanding of the potential mechanisms of liver metabolism as it replaces fishmeal.
{"title":"Multi-omics analysis of the effects of dietary Spirulina replacing different ratios of fishmeal on the liver metabolic function of Zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus)","authors":"Di Sun , Xiaoping Huang , Dongjie Wang , Wenzhou Xiang , Hualian Wu , Jixing Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for fishmeal brought about by the vigorous development of the aquaculture industry has brought unprecedented stress to the ecological environment. In this experiment, <em>Spirulina platensis</em> powder (SPP) was used to replace 0 % (F0), 5 % (F1), 10 % (F2), 15 % (F3), and 20 % (F4) of fishmeal in the diet of Zig-zag eel (<em>Mastacembelus armatus</em>, MA), respectively. The metabolic mechanisms of the MA on SPP-containing diets were analyzed by histomorphology, liver biochemical indices, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. The final results of the study showed that, after replacing a portion of the fishmeal, SPP significantly improved the degradation of lipids and decreased the accumulation of fat in the liver of MA. The SOD of F3 was significantly lower than that of F0 and the other experimental groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and the T-AOC of F4 was significantly lower than that of the control group and all the other groups (<em>P</em> < 0.05). The transcriptome results indicated that the increase in SPP addition ratio significantly up-regulated relevant pathways of protein metabolism and lipid metabolism. These pathways included the cAMP signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, pancreatic secretion, protein digestion and absorption, fat digestion and absorption, steroid biosynthesis, and glycerolipid metabolism. Metabolomic results confirmed that SPP addition significantly affected the α-linolenic acid metabolism pathway and resulted in a decrease of this metabolite. This information lays the theoretical foundation for the application of SPP and extends our understanding of the potential mechanisms of liver metabolism as it replaces fishmeal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116556
J. Silva, M. Pistón
The relevance of minerals in maintaining animal health is well established, as their deficiencies and excesses are associated with various disease conditions. The primary sources of these nutrients for livestock are water and feedstuffs. Therefore, the analytical determination of micronutrients in these matrices is crucial for monitoring purposes. Usually, the quantification of Cu and Mn in vegetables is performed using atomic spectrometry, a technique that requires expensive instruments, gases, and long analysis times. Furthermore, livestock feed samples typically require a prior mineralization step to eliminate organic matter before analysis. To incorporate new analytical methods with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and White Analytical Chemistry approaches, a simple methodology was developed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). This nondestructive technique enables direct analysis of solid samples with minimal preparation. The samples were only pulverized and pressed before measurements. The AGREE, AGREEprep, and WAC tools were applied to assess the greenness and whiteness of the proposed method. This method was validated with the following figures of merit: limit of detection: 0.6 and 2.6 mg kg−1; limit of quantification: 1.9 and 8.7 mg kg−1 for Cu and Mn, respectively. Precision, expressed as percentage relative standard deviation, was 3.7 (Cu) and 5.5 (Mn). Trueness was evaluated using certified reference material with mean recoveries of 95 % and 97 % for Cu and Mn, respectively. These results demonstrated that the developed methodology using EDXRF was reliable, noticeably more sustainable, and environmentally friendly than conventional standard methods.
{"title":"A sustainable and green analytical method for assessing Cu and Mn content in livestock feed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence","authors":"J. Silva, M. Pistón","doi":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2025.116556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relevance of minerals in maintaining animal health is well established, as their deficiencies and excesses are associated with various disease conditions. The primary sources of these nutrients for livestock are water and feedstuffs. Therefore, the analytical determination of micronutrients in these matrices is crucial for monitoring purposes. Usually, the quantification of Cu and Mn in vegetables is performed using atomic spectrometry, a technique that requires expensive instruments, gases, and long analysis times. Furthermore, livestock feed samples typically require a prior mineralization step to eliminate organic matter before analysis. To incorporate new analytical methods with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and White Analytical Chemistry approaches, a simple methodology was developed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). This nondestructive technique enables direct analysis of solid samples with minimal preparation. The samples were only pulverized and pressed before measurements. The AGREE, AGREEprep, and WAC tools were applied to assess the greenness and whiteness of the proposed method. This method was validated with the following figures of merit: limit of detection: 0.6 and 2.6 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>; limit of quantification: 1.9 and 8.7 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> for Cu and Mn, respectively. Precision, expressed as percentage relative standard deviation, was 3.7 (Cu) and 5.5 (Mn). Trueness was evaluated using certified reference material with mean recoveries of 95 % and 97 % for Cu and Mn, respectively. These results demonstrated that the developed methodology using EDXRF was reliable, noticeably more sustainable, and environmentally friendly than conventional standard methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7861,"journal":{"name":"Animal Feed Science and Technology","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 116556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145413903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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