Animal Feed Science and Technology最新文献

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on the residue, metabolism, and biotransformation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in broiler chickens. There were 7 dietary treatments including a control and a factorial design with two factors, DON at 3 and 6 mg/kg and B. subtilis at 0, 10⁶ and 10⁹ CFU/kg of diet. A total of 420 broiler chickens at one day old were randomly distributed to 7 groups with 6 replicates of 10 chickens each. The feeding trial lasted for 21 days. Results showed that DON decreased and B. subtilis increased feed intake, body weight gain, and feed efficiency; and an interaction was found on feed intake. In the liver and ileal digesta, the two dietary factors conversely influenced the contents of DON residue and the metabolites (DON glucuronides and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol) of enzymes and microbe; and there was an interaction on deepoxy-deoxynivalenol. Also, in the liver and ileal mucosa, the activities of detoxifying enzymes (cytochrome P450, glutathione s-transferase α, epoxide hydrolase 1, and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) were conversely changed by the two dietary factors; and there were interactions on epoxide hydrolase 1, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α. Additionally, B. subtilis at 10⁹ CFU/kg showed greater effects on deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, epoxide hydrolase 1, and tumor necrosis factor α than that of 10⁶ CFU/kg. It is concluded that the selected probiotics can decrease DON toxicity by microbial transformation and enzymatic metabolism in farm animals.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of partial fishmeal replacement by soybean meal on fish growth, gut histology, oxidative stress, gut microbiota, and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated: the FM diet contained 45 % fishmeal (FM diet) and did not contain soybean meal; diets SM25, SM50, and SM75 replaced 25 %, 50 %, and 75 % fishmeal protein in the FM group with soybean meal, respectively. Experimental fish (4.3 ± 0.1 g) were fed to apparent satiation for eight weeks. The results showed that replacing 25 % or more fishmeal decreased villus height, villus width, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity levels, reduced glutathione contents, and Aurantimicrobium abundance; increased malonaldehyde contents and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression; downregulated nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), occludin, and zona occluding-1 (ZO-1), lysozyme (LYS) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression, compared with FM (P < 0.05). Moreover, SBM50 and SBM75 decreased final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate, and increased the lamina propria width than FM (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SBM25 dramatically reduced Actinobacteriota, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus abundance (P < 0.05). Compared to SM25, SM75 dramatically increased Brucella abundance (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and gut microbiota (Aurantimicrobium and Brucella) have a significant association with gut inflammation and fish growth (P < 0.05). These results showed that gut dysbiosis and intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction are major contributors to the soybean meal-induced growth retardation and gut inflammation in fish.

A modern approach to animal nutrition involves the use of sustainable and environmentally safe solutions with maximum efficiency and the provision of all required nutrients. It is necessary to search for new methods of animal feed formulation and enrichment to meet these requirements. This paper presents an innovative spray biosorption method fortification of feeds for laying hens with valuable micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe). The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the method in vitro (extraction in water and ammonium citrate) and in vivo tests on laying hens. Experiments were conducted on a laboratory scale (up to 1 kg of feed was enriched), semi-technical scales (up to 1000 kg of feed was enriched), and the possibility of enriching feed in a spouted bed column was also investigated to test this method for an industrial scale. The influence of process conditions on biosorption efficiency (total concentration of micronutrients in solution 5000–15,000 g/L, the low rate of enrichment liquid 3.33·10^–8 to 1.33·10^–7 m³/s, material spraying time 68–720 s) was also investigated. A group of 108 Lohmann Brown laying hens was randomly divided into six experimental groups (including a control group). Each group of hens was fed a compound feed in which all or part of their micronutrient requirements were replaced with material enriched by the innovative method for 90 days. Egg characteristics, sensory evaluation, and micronutrient content were analysed, and in most cases, better results were obtained than with feeds enriched by standard methods. High-quality eggs were obtained, and egg production reached 95–96 %. The amount of micronutrients in the egg content was higher than the standard value for conventional farming for all research groups. A significant improvement in eggshell quality was also observed. The results are promising, and micronutrient-enriched eggs can be functional foods with higher micronutrient content.

Climate change and high demand for maize have prompted the search for climate-smart, energy feedstuffs such as sorghum for use in beef finisher diets. Relative to maize, sorghum has comparable metabolizable energy content and contains more polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolic compounds that may enhance beef health value, oxidative shelf-life, and sensory quality. The study investigated the impact of graded sorghum levels replacing maize in beef finisher diets on nutrient utilization, production, physicochemical quality, fatty acid composition, oxidative shelf-life, and sensory quality attributes of beef. Thirty-five, seven-months-old (230 ± 28 kg average initial weight) Angus steers were individually housed in pens and randomly allocated to five pellet diets formulated by replacing white maize in the basal diet (control) with 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/kg DM of sorghum. Diet did not affect (P > 0.05) nutrient intake, digestibility and utilization, growth performance, carcass characteristics, longissimus thoracis (LT) meat physicochemical quality, fatty acid contents and colour coordinates. Metmyoglobin and colour coordinates increased (P ≤ 0.05) with retail display except redness which declined (P ≤ 0.05). Lipid oxidation of LT meat aged for day 1 tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) with increased dietary substitution of sorghum for maize in beef finishing diets. In addition, antioxidant activity, metallic aroma and liver-like flavour linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with sorghum inclusion in the diet. In conclusion, sorghum can fully replace maize in beef finisher diets with neutral effects on beef production, physicochemical quality, health value and colour stability, and somewhat desirable impact on antioxidant activity and myoglobin stability and undesirable effects on aroma and flavour of LT meat.

The study aimed to assess the impact of Bacillus subtilis spores and yeast cell wall (YCW) on the performance and health of dairy calves during the milk-feeding period. Thirty female Holstein calves (birth body weight [BW] of 36.7 ± 4.81 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments: Control (CTL, no additives), T1 (Bacillus subtilis spores), and T2 (Bacillus subtilis + YCW). Animals were individually housed with free access to water and commercial pellet starter. Calves received 8 L/d of pasteurized waste milk and were weaned at 63 d of age. The treatments (T1 and T2) were mixed into milk and administered daily from 3 to 63 d of age. Dry matter (DM) intake (from liquid and starter feed), fecal score, and rectal temperature were recorded daily. Additionally, heart girth was measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 d of age, and BW was measured at 0 and 60 d of age. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein at 0, 20, and 60 d of age for analysis of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). There was treatment × time interaction (P = 0.04) for fecal consistency scores. Calves supplemented with Bacillus subtilis tended (χ2 test, P = 0.07) to have lower cases of diarrhea than other groups. T1 or T2 supplementations did not affect milk DM intake, starter DM intake, or total DM intake. Growth performance (BW at weaning and average daily gain) was similar between treatments. Dairy calves fed Bacillus subtilis plus YCW tended to have (P = 0.09) higher rectal temperature and had higher frequency (χ2 test, P < 0.01) of rectal temperature >39.1°C compared to the CTL and Bacillus subtilis groups. However, treatments had similar levels of serum IgG (CTL = 18.3, T1 = 16.7, and T2 = 18.6 mg/mL; P = 0.58). Our results suggest that Bacillus subtills and YCW may interact in the digestive tract of young calves as evidenced by the increased rectal temperature in T2. While the cause of this interaction remains uncertain, there was no negative effect on the animal health or growth performance. The use of Bacillus subtilis spores shows promise in improving fecal consistency scoring in dairy calves fed pasteurized waste milk during the pre-weaning phase.

Leaf meal is currently the most cost-effective source of protein and energy for use as a supplement in fish feed. The drawback associated with integrating it into the fish diet pertains to the presence of anti-nutritional elements that must be eliminated through a viable approach such as the addition of exogenous enzymes for achieving optimal fish production. Consequently, a 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the black gram leaf meal (BGLM) as a potential ingredient to replace de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in the diet of Labeo rohita juveniles and reported for the first time. Three hundred acclimatized juveniles (average weight 11 ± 0.09 g) were allocated randomly into ten treatment groups in triplicate. Ten iso-nitrogenous (32 %) and iso-lipidic (6 %) diets were made with varying degrees of BGLM inclusion by gradually replacing DORB without or with exogenous enzyme mixture (E) of protease, xylanase, and phytase at a ratio of 1:1:1 viz. Control (40 % DORB, 0 % BGLM), BG₁₀ (30 % DORB, 10 % BGLM), BG₂₀ (20 % DORB, 20 % BGLM), BG₃₀ (10 % DORB, 30 % BGLM), BG₄₀ (0 % DORB, 40 % BGLM) & CE (C + 0.1 % E), BG₁₀E (BG₁₀ + 0.1 % E), BG₂₀E (BG₂₀ + 0.1 % E), BG₃₀E (BG₃₀ + 0.1 % E), BG₄₀E (BG₄₀ + 0.1 % E) were prepared. Fish fed with BG₂₀E diet exhibited maximum growth rates, nutrient utilization and digestibility co-efficient of the diet (P<0.05) however these were similar in C+E treatment (P>0.05). Inclusion of 20 % or more BGLM without enzyme cocktail significantly (P<0.05) decreased the nutrient utilization and growth performance of L. rohita. The dry matter and nutrient digestibility of the experimental diet were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the inclusion of 20 % or more BGLM in place of DORB, however supplementation of exogenous enzyme cocktail significantly increase (P<0.05) the digestibility and highest was recorded in BG₂₀E. The present study concluded that supplementation of exogenous enzyme cocktail (protease, xylanase, and phytase) increase the digestibility of BGLM and increases its inclusion level up to 30 % in the diet of L. rohita, however, 20 % BGLM supplemented with enzyme cocktail registered the best growth, nutrient utilization and digestibility coefficient of the diet.

This study evaluated the effects of application rate (AR) of sodium lignosulfonate (MBL) and propionic acid (PRP) on high moisture alfalfa hay spoilage during storage and its nutritive value. Treatments (TRT; MBL and PRP) were applied at four AR: 0 (CON), 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg (fresh basis) to alfalfa hay at 68.5 % dry matter (DM), packed into mini bales and stored for 33 d. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 2 TRT × 4 AR factorial arrangement. At d 33, DM losses were decreased by PRP at 5 and 10 g/kg ($\overline{x}=$0.9), vs. CON (6.92) and MBL (6.63 ± 1.13 %). Visual moldiness (0–10 ranking) and mold counts were also decreased by PRP at 5 (2.4 and 5.30) and 10 g/kg (0 and 2.7) relative to CON (6.0 and 7.13) and MBL (5.85 ± 0.67 and 7.21 ± 0.31 log cfu/fresh g, respectively). Both TRT kept aNDF and ADF concentrations low at 2.5 g/kg AR (464 and 319) and to a greater extent at 10 g/kg (442 and 307), relative to CON (494 ± 8.1 and 333 ± 4.71 g/kg DM, respectively; P<0.001). Both TRT increased apparent in vitro DM digestibility at all AR relative to CON ($\overline{x}=$543 vs. 501 ± 12.0 g/kg of DM, respectively), but, compared to MBL, PRP also increased the asymptotic maximal gas produced (188.4 vs. 179.7 ± 4.82 mL/g of incubated DM), the rate of gas production (9.46 vs. 8.72 ± 0.45 %/h), and total volatile fatty acids (117.5 vs. 114.8 mM, respectively; P<0.035), due to its greater concentration of nutrients. In conclusion, MBL failed to prevent spoilage of high moisture alfalfa hay while PRP was effective at doses >5 g/kg. However, MBL prevented the increase of aNDF and improved in vitro DM digestibility to the same extent as PRP, possibly due to its strong surfactant properties.

Antioxidant supplementation of aquafeeds with natural sources is a current research trend within the context of a circular economy. However, natural antioxidants are highly vulnerable to thermal conditions during feed manufacturing, particularly during extrusion and drying. This study examines the impact of extrusion and drying temperatures on the antioxidant properties of aquafeeds supplemented with natural antioxidants from mango and pineapple peels. A control dietary mixture and two dietary mixtures with 2 % inclusion of either mango (M) or pineapple (P) peel flour were subjected to different combinations of extrusion temperatures (110 °C, -H vs 25 °C - C) and drying temperatures (60 °C vs 35 °C). Ingredients, manufacturing process intermediate stages, and final diets were analysed for their natural antioxidant composition (vitamins, carotenoids, free and fibre-bound phenolic compounds) and antioxidant capacity via the DPPH⁺, ABTS^•+ and ORAC assays, the latter of which is the most representative for biological models. Results show that incorporating 2 % of either pineapple or mango peel flour increases the antioxidant content and capacity of aquafeeds compared to a control diet subjected to the same manufacturing conditions. Phenolic compounds were more abundant and resistant to the feed manufacturing process than vitamins and carotenoids. Specifically, ORAC results for free and fibre-bound extracts in diet PH-60 (1674.3 and 1216.2 mg TE 100 g DM⁻¹, respectively) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the control CH-60 (694.8 and 422.8, respectively). Moreover, free extracts from diet PC-60 (1312.0 mg TE 100 g DM⁻¹) and fibre-bound extracts from diets MH-60 and PH-35 (719.2 and 871.1 mg TE 100 g DM⁻¹, respectively) were also significantly higher than the control (P < 0.001). A PCA analysis showed that pineapple diets with hot extrusion, as well as the mango diet with hot extrusion and hot drying, are more closely associated with higher antioxidant capacity in both free and bound extracts. Overall, fruit peel flours show promise as antioxidant supplements for mitigating oxidation in aquafeeds.

The effects of supplementing grass with a high-energy, low-protein concentrate on intake, rumen fermentation, rumen microbial communities, apparent total tract digestibility and N-balance in beef cattle, and rumen fermentation and methane output in vitro, were studied. Sixteen Charolais steers (mean live weight (s.d.) 564 (24.3) kg)), were used in a completely randomised block design experiment, and offered either zero-grazed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ad libitum (GO), or the same grass with 2.25 kg citrus pulp dry matter (DM) daily (GCP). During the measurement phase, DM intake was restricted at 0.85 of their pre-determined intake. The same diets were incubated in an eight-vessel RUSITEC system. Supplementation decreased grass DM intake (6.59 vs. 7.54 kg/d) but increased total DM intake by 0.95 kg/d (P < 0.01). Rumen pH (P = 0.05) and NH₃ concentration (P < 0.05) decreased, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations (P < 0.01), molar proportions of propionate (P = 0.08) and butyrate (P < 0.05) increased for GCP compared to GO. Supplementation significantly altered the overall rumen microbial community structure compared to GO, driven principally by changes in relative abundance of Prevotella, Methoanobrevibacter and Lachnospiraceae genera. Plasma urea concentration was lower (P < 0.05) for GCP than GO. There was no effect (P > 0.10) of supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility of DM, OM and ADFom, but aNDFom digestibility tended to be lower (P = 0.07) and crude protein (N × 6.25) digestibility was lower (P < 0.01) for GCP compared to GO. Nitrogen intake (200 g/d) did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Faeces N loss was 9 g/d greater (P < 0.01), and urine (P < 0.01) and total (P < 0.05) N losses were 22 and 13 g/d lower, respectively, for GCP compared to GO. In terms of N-balance (g/kg N intake), faecal N excretion was greater and urinary N excretion was lower (P < 0.01) resulting in a greater N use efficiency (P = 0.06) for GCP than GO. In vitro rumen NH₃ concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) for GCP compared to GO, whereas in vitro rumen pH, lactic acid, VFA concentrations and molar proportions, and methane and total gas output did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Supplementing grass with a low-protein, high-energy feed may be a strategy to reduce urinary and total N excretion in beef cattle grazing temperate grass pasture.

There is an urgent need to develop feeding strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from pigs in order to reduce the climate impact of the pork industry. This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary soluble and insoluble total fiber (TF) sources on enteric methane (CH₄) production, nutrient digestibility, and the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in growing pigs and gestating sows. A total of six ileal-cannulated growing pigs and six ileal-cannulated gestating sows were allocated to one of the three experimental diets according to a repeated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet (CON) based on wheat, barley, and soybean meal (188 g TF/kg dry matter (DM)) and two high-fiber diets where sugar beet pulp (SBP) and wheat bran (WB) were added to the CON diet as a partial substitution of wheat and barley on a DM basis to supply soluble or insoluble TF, respectively. The amount of feed provided to the growing pigs and gestating sows varied between diets to supply similar daily amounts of metabolizable energy. The animals were placed in metabolic cages for 7 days to determine nutrient digestibility after a 7-day dietary adaptation period. During the experiment, animals in metabolic cages were placed in open-air circuit respiration chambers for 2 times 24 hours to quantify the gas exchange. Feeding growing pigs and gestating sows with the WB diet significantly decreased the apparent total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, calculated TF, NSP, and gross energy compared to the CON and SBP diets. The experimental diets did not influence the amount of NSP passing the ileum and NSP fermentation in growing pigs. Feeding WB and SBP diets increased the amount of NSP fermented in the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs and gestating sows compared to the CON diet. Compared to the CON and SBP diets, the inclusion of WB increased the fecal excretion of NSP in gestating sows and growing pigs. Feeding WB to gestating sows and growing pigs numerically increased daily enteric CH₄ production by 25 % and 31 %, respectively, compared to the CON diet. In contrast, feeding sows and growing pigs an SBP diet increased daily enteric CH₄ production by 90 % and 116 %, respectively, compared to the CON diet (P<0.001 and P=0.008, respectively). The enteric CH₄ production of gestating sows fed WB diet decreased significantly compared to the CON diet when enteric CH₄ production was expressed either as CH₄ production per g fermented NSP or per g of NSP intake (P=0.021 and P<0.001, respectively). In conclusion, enteric CH₄ production was affected by the TF source and physiological stage of the pigs. Therefore, these factors must be considered when developing feeding strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from pigs.