Green Chemistry最新文献_第7页

Ligand–metal synergy in MOF-derived Co–Ni(TCNQ)2·2H2O for efficient HMF electrooxidation and hydrogen Co-production mof衍生的Co-Ni (TCNQ)2·2H2O中配体-金属协同作用对高效HMF电氧化和产氢的影响

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05853h

Ting Xiang , Njud S. Alharbi , Xijun Wang , Changlun Chen

The electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) coupled with hydrogen evolution offers a sustainable approach for producing value-added chemicals and green hydrogen. Achieving both high current densities and long-term operational stability remains a significant challenge. A metal–organic framework (MOF)-structured Co–Ni(TCNQ)₂·2H₂O nanorod-array catalyst demonstrates exceptional activity and durability for HMF electrooxidation. This bimetallic framework achieves high current density up to 1000 mA cm⁻², requiring only 1.72 V in 1.0 M KOH with 200 mM HMF, which significantly outperforms Ni(TCNQ)₂·2H₂O and highlights the strong promoting effect of cobalt incorporation. Nearly complete HMF conversion and high selectivity for 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) are observed, along with excellent recyclability under concentrated substrate conditions. Operando and ex situ analyses indicate that cobalt doping mitigates over-oxidation and the associated irreversible structural transformation of the nickel sites stabilizes a dynamic Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ redox cycle, and enhances charge delocalization through the TCNQ ligand. These effects collectively prevent over-oxidation and ensure sustained catalytic turnover. Density functional theory calculations confirm that cobalt strengthens HMF adsorption and facilitates FDCA desorption, thereby coupling efficient substrate activation with effective product release. This dual thermodynamic modulation explains the reduced onset potential and increased current density. Thus, Co–Ni(TCNQ)₂·2H₂O serves as a robust, selective, and scalable electrocatalyst, linking mechanistic understanding to industrial-scale biomass upgrading and simultaneous hydrogen generation.

5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）的电催化氧化与析氢相结合为生产高附加值化学品和绿色氢提供了一条可持续发展的途径。实现高电流密度和长期运行稳定性仍然是一个重大挑战。金属有机框架（MOF）结构Co-Ni (TCNQ)2·2H2O纳米棒阵列催化剂在HMF电氧化中表现出优异的活性和耐久性。该双金属框架在1.0 M KOH和200 mM HMF条件下仅需1.72 V即可实现高达1000 mA cm−2的高电流密度，显著优于Ni(TCNQ)2·2H2O，并突出了钴掺入的强大促进作用。观察到HMF几乎完全转化和2,5-呋喃二羧酸（FDCA）的高选择性，并且在浓缩底物条件下具有良好的可回收性。Operando和非原位分析表明，钴掺杂减轻了镍位点的过度氧化和相关的不可逆结构转变，稳定了动态Ni2+/Ni3+氧化还原循环，并通过TCNQ配体增强了电荷离域。这些作用共同防止过度氧化，并确保持续的催化周转。密度泛函理论计算证实，钴加强HMF吸附，促进FDCA解吸，从而将有效的底物活化与有效的产物释放耦合在一起。这种双热力学调制解释了起始电位降低和电流密度增加的原因。因此，Co-Ni (TCNQ)2·2H2O作为一种强大的、选择性的、可扩展的电催化剂，将机理理解与工业规模的生物质升级和同步制氢联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Emerging green recycling technologies for spent lithium-ion batteries: a comprehensive review integrating and innovating traditional methods 新兴的废旧锂离子电池绿色回收技术：整合和创新传统方法的综合综述

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05709d

Shenxu Bao , Zhanhao Wang , Wei Ding , Yimin Zhang , Caipeng Liu , Hongwei Zhang , Bo Chen , Chunfu Xin , Kaihua Xu

The rapid expansion of the electric vehicle industry has driven an unprecedented surge in the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), leading to the continuous accumulation of spent LIBs. Efficient recycling of these batteries is essential to alleviate shortages of critical metals and mitigate environmental risks. Despite their industrial maturity, traditional recycling methods—physical separation, pyrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy—suffer from inherent limitations, necessitating the pursuit of innovative recycling technologies that deliver superior efficiency and sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both traditional and emerging strategies, focusing on three representative approaches: emerging hydrometallurgical extraction technologies, combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical recycling technology, and electrochemical recycling technology. The mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of each process are systematically analyzed, with particular emphasis on the integration and innovation between traditional and emerging methods. The synergistic coupling of these techniques can enhance metal recovery efficiency, reduce environmental burdens, and improve economic feasibility, thus advancing the sustainable closed-loop recycling of spent LIBs. Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) are employed to compare traditional and representative emerging technologies, offering strategic insights into the future development pathways for next-generation spent LIB recycling.

随着电动汽车产业的快速发展，对锂离子电池的需求出现了前所未有的激增，导致废旧锂离子电池的不断积累。有效回收这些电池对于缓解关键金属的短缺和减轻环境风险至关重要。尽管工业上已经成熟，传统的回收方法——物理分离、火法冶金和湿法冶金——仍然存在固有的局限性，因此需要追求具有卓越效率和可持续性的创新回收技术。本文综述了传统的和新兴的方法，重点介绍了三种具有代表性的方法：新兴的湿法冶金提取技术、热湿法联合回收技术和电化学回收技术。系统分析了每种工艺的机理、优势和局限性，特别强调了传统方法与新兴方法之间的整合和创新。这些技术的协同耦合可以提高金属回收效率，减少环境负担，提高经济可行性，从而推进废lib的可持续闭环回收。最后，采用生命周期评估（LCA）和技术经济分析（TEA）对传统技术和具有代表性的新兴技术进行比较，为下一代废LIB回收的未来发展路径提供战略见解。

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引用次数: 0

Divergent synthesis of unique trifluoromethyl alcohols through Lewis acid-catalyzed anti-Meinwald rearrangement 路易斯酸催化反迈因瓦尔德重排合成独特的三氟甲基醇

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05493a

Yu Zhang , Dinggang Wang , Lijun Zhang , Ziyang Qiu , Licheng Zhou , Miaomiao Zhuo , Le Zhang , Dong Lu , Xin Luan , Wei-Dong Zhang

Meinwald rearrangement is a well-established transformation that converts epoxides into aldehydes or ketones via carbocation-mediated rearrangement. In contrast, the anti-Meinwald rearrangement remains challenging due to the inherent preference for carbocation rearrangement and the limited availability of suitable epoxide substrates. Herein, we report the unprecedented synthesis of trifluoromethyl alcohols from in situ generated epoxides via carbocation-mediated elimination or nucleophilic addition pathways, which deviate fundamentally from the conventional Meinwald mechanism. Furthermore, a one-pot synthesis of trifluoromethyl ketones from readily available N-tosylhydrazones and trifluoroacetophenone has also been developed. In addition, a potential pseudo-natural product library was constructed, and the anti-tumor activities of the resulting compounds were evaluated using CCK-8 assays.

迈因瓦尔德重排是一种公认的转化，通过碳正离子介导的重排将环氧化物转化为醛或酮。相反，由于碳正离子重排的固有偏好和合适的环氧化物底物的有限可用性，反迈因瓦尔德重排仍然具有挑战性。在此，我们报道了前所未有的由原位生成的环氧化合物通过碳阳离子介导的消除或亲核加成途径合成三氟甲基醇，这从根本上偏离了传统的迈因瓦尔德机制。此外，还开发了一种由易于获得的n -甲苯腙和三氟苯乙酮一锅合成三氟甲基酮的方法。此外，构建了潜在的伪天然产物文库，并利用CCK-8法评价了所得化合物的抗肿瘤活性。

引用次数: 0

Thiazole-linked covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photoreductive gold recovery from e-waste 噻唑连接共价有机框架增强光还原回收电子废物中的金

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05287d

Gilles Matthys , Andreas Laemont , Diem Van Hamme , Wafaa Ahmed Mohamed , Laurens Bourda , Rundong Wang , Karen Leus , Natalie De Geyter , Rino Morent , Roy Lavendomme , Pascal Van Der Voort

In this work we developed two different thiazole-linked Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) from their imine analogues for the recovery of gold from electronic waste. These gold ions are reduced through a dual-function mechanism: either directly by the COF framework itself or by photocatalytically generated electrons under light irradiation. Two COF systems were investigated: one based on pyrene (Tfpy-PDA) and another on a triazole-triazine core (TTT-TAPB). Initially synthesized with imine linkages, these COFs underwent a post-synthetic modification to convert the imine bonds into more robust thiazole rings. This transformation introduced sulfur atoms, significantly enhancing the gold adsorption performance, recyclability, stability and photophysical properties. Specifically, the thiazole-linked TTT-TAPB-S COF achieved a very high gold adsorption capacity of 3533 mg g⁻¹ in dark conditions. Upon light irradiation, the adsorption capacities increased for both imine and thiazole variants, reaching a record high of 7980 mg g⁻¹ for the thiazole-linked Tfpy-PDA-S COF. Demonstrating practical utility, these materials effectively removed up to 98% of gold from complex CPU waste leachates with high selectivity and exhibited excellent stability and recyclability.

在这项工作中，我们从它们的亚胺类似物中开发了两种不同的噻唑连接共价有机框架（COFs），用于从电子废物中回收金。这些金离子通过双重功能机制被还原：要么直接被COF框架本身还原，要么在光照射下被光催化生成的电子还原。研究了两种COF体系：一种是基于芘的（tppy - pda）体系，另一种是基于三唑-三嗪核心的（TTT-TAPB）体系。这些COFs最初是由亚胺键合成的，经过合成后的修饰，将亚胺键转化为更坚固的噻唑环。这种转化引入了硫原子，显著提高了金的吸附性能、可回收性、稳定性和光物理性质。具体来说，噻唑连接的TTT-TAPB-S COF在黑暗条件下获得了3533 mg g−1的非常高的金吸附容量。在光照射下，对亚胺和噻唑的吸附量都增加了，噻唑连接的Tfpy-PDA-S COF的吸附量达到了7980 mg g−1。这些材料具有很高的选择性，可有效地从复杂的CPU垃圾渗滤液中去除高达98%的金，并表现出优异的稳定性和可回收性。

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引用次数: 0

Biomass-derived highly graphitized hard carbon materials via tandem carbonization–graphitization for high-performance sodium-ion batteries 通过串联碳化-石墨化制备高性能钠离子电池用生物质衍生高石墨化硬碳材料

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc06092c

Tianqi Cao , Guanyu Zhang , Zengjian Guo , Jiarui Zhu , Ge Kong , Xuesong Zhang , Lujia Han

Biomass-derived hard carbon is considered as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to the tunable microstructure and cost-effectiveness. Herein, an innovative and controllable strategy of combining carbonization with graphitization was proposed to synthesize biomass-derived highly graphitized hard carbon, which was proven to effectively tailor the structural and surface properties of anodes for SIBs. Cellulose-based hard carbon (CBHC) delivered an outstanding reversible capacity of 320.38 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 mA g⁻¹, a superior rate capability of 188.47 mAh g⁻¹ at 2000 mA g⁻¹, and exceptional cycling stability with 88.15% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g⁻¹, attributed to the synergistic effects of its tailored pore structure, optimal defect concentration, suitable interlayer spacing, and the formation of a NaF-rich solid electrode interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface. Simply put, this work proposed a promising strategy for synthesizing biomass-derived highly graphitized hard carbon materials tailored for high-performance SIBs.

生物质硬碳由于其可调的微观结构和成本效益，被认为是一种很有前途的钠离子电池负极材料。本文提出了一种创新且可控的碳化与石墨化相结合的策略来合成生物质来源的高石墨化硬碳，该策略被证明可以有效地定制sib阳极的结构和表面性能。纤维素基硬碳（cchc）在20ma g - 1下具有320.38 mAh g - 1的可逆容量，在2000 mA g - 1下具有188.47 mAh g - 1的优越倍率容量，在2000 mA g - 1下1000次循环后具有88.15%的卓越循环稳定性，这归功于其定制的孔隙结构、最佳缺陷浓度、合适的层间间距以及在阳极表面形成富含naf的固体电极间相（SEI）层的协同作用。简而言之，这项工作提出了一种有前途的策略，可以合成为高性能sib量身定制的生物质衍生的高度石墨化硬碳材料。

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引用次数: 0

Reaction engineering enables selective chemoenzymatic transformation of alkynes into α-bromoketones and 1,2-dibromostyrenes 反应工程可以使炔选择性地化学酶转化为α-溴酮和1,2-二溴苯乙烯

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05752c

Jiangtao Sha , Huanhuan Li , Kun Guo , Jie Zhang , Jianqun Peng , Junyi Cao , Bishuang Chen , Wuyuan Zhang

Catalytic synthesis of α-haloketones from alkenes and alkynes represents a step- and atom-economic pathway. However, traditional methods are challenged by poor chemoselectivity in the halogenation process. Herein, the vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase from Curvularia inaequalis (CiVCPO) is used to generate reactive hypohalite in situ for the electrophilic halogenation of activated alkynes, directly yielding α-bromoketones and 1,2-dibromostyrenes. The distribution of the two products is highly influenced by the concentration of the halide source in the reaction medium, i.e., low KBr concentration resulted in α-bromoketones, while high KBr concentration resulted in 1,2-dibromostyrenes. This “KBr-switch” process enables the synthesis of a variety of functional products with an enzyme turnover number of up to 232 000. This study not only offers a facile and controllable route by combining chemoenzymatic catalysis with reaction engineering for potentially bioactive oxyhalogenated compounds, but also expands the oxidation chemistry of CiVCPO.

烯烃和炔烃催化合成α-卤酮是一种阶梯经济和原子经济的反应途径。然而，传统的方法在卤化过程中受到化学选择性差的挑战。本文利用曲霉属（Curvularia inaequalis）的钒依赖性氯过氧化物酶（CiVCPO）原位生成活性次盐，用于活性炔的亲电卤化反应，直接生成α-溴酮和1,2-二溴苯乙烯。两种产物的分布受反应介质中卤化物源浓度的影响较大，低KBr浓度生成α-溴酮，高KBr浓度生成1,2-二溴苯乙烯。这种“kbr开关”工艺可以合成多种功能性产品，酶周转率高达23.2万。本研究不仅通过化学酶催化与反应工程相结合，为具有潜在生物活性的氧卤化化合物提供了一条简便可控的途径，而且拓展了CiVCPO的氧化化学。

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引用次数: 0

Progress of photothermal/thermal catalytic CO2 hydrogenation by metal-modified CeO2 金属修饰CeO2光热/热催化CO2加氢研究进展

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05746a

Huiqing Dong , Ziyi Zhang , Dongxu Zhou , Siyu Huang , Zhuopeng Lin , Xiaodong Zhang , Zhongxiao Zhang , Jianqiu Lei , Ning Liu

The realization of high value-added conversion of CO₂ is of great significance for the manufacturing of industrial chemicals and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. CeO₂, a star material known for its redox properties and oxygen storage capacity, has been widely utilized in photothermal and thermal catalytic applications of CO₂ hydrogenation. Metal modification on CeO₂ is a critical factor in introducing more oxygen vacancies, enhancing active sites and improving catalytic performance. In this review, recent advancements in CeO₂ catalysts modified by noble and non-noble metals in CO₂ hydrogenation are discussed, including classification of major products and mechanism pathways, and the effects of temperature and pressure. Additionally, we systematically explore the intrinsic mechanisms involved in photothermal and thermal catalytic reactions. Finally, the review provides a prospective outlook on the future development trends of metal-modified CeO₂-based CO₂ hydrogenation.

实现二氧化碳的高附加值转化，对于工业化学品的制造和减少温室气体排放具有重要意义。CeO2作为一种具有氧化还原性能和储氧能力的明星材料，在CO2加氢的光热催化和热催化中得到了广泛的应用。在CeO2上进行金属改性是引入更多氧空位、增强活性位点和提高催化性能的关键因素。本文综述了近年来贵金属和非贵金属改性CeO2催化剂在CO2加氢中的研究进展，包括主要产物的分类、机理途径以及温度和压力的影响。此外，我们系统地探讨了光热和热催化反应的内在机制。最后，对金属修饰ceo2基CO2加氢技术的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

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引用次数: 0

Breaking new ground in direct mechanocatalysis: Knoevenagel condensation via supported organo-catalysts on zirconia 直接机械催化的新突破：氧化锆上负载有机催化剂的Knoevenagel缩合

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc06198a

Maxime Provost , Joao Tanepau , Thierry Buffeteau , Marie Gressier , Frédéric Lamaty , Julien Pinaud , Xavier Bantreil , Marie-Joëlle Menu , Sandrine Duluard

Mechanocatalysis combines mechanical energy and chemical reactivity to perform solvent-free catalytic transformations. Direct mechanocatalysis involves using reactor-supported catalysts to boost reaction performances while avoiding solvents and energy-consuming post-reaction purification steps. This process aims at increasing the reaction yield and decreasing drastically the E-factor. Herein, we report the first examples of direct mechano-organocatalysis with a piperazine-based organocatalyst, covalently grafted onto amine-functionalized zirconia milling balls. This unprecedented milling system catalyzed Knoevenagel condensations under solvent-free conditions, operating faster (with a thousand-fold less catalyst used than that in traditional methods), achieving full conversion within only3 hours, and remained active after multiple reaction cycles. The turnover frequency (TOF) reached 5700 h⁻¹, far exceeding that of homogeneous analogues (40 h⁻¹), due to the low catalyst loading and efficient energy transfer. Comprehensive surface characterization of the milling balls (XPS and original PM-IRRAS), before and after grafting, and after catalysis, elucidated the structure–activity relationship. This work establishes the first demonstration that a robust organocatalyst can be efficiently used in supported mechanocatalysis, highlighting the promise of surface-engineered zirconia systems for green chemistry.

机械催化结合机械能和化学反应性来进行无溶剂催化转化。直接机械催化包括使用反应器支持的催化剂来提高反应性能，同时避免溶剂和耗能的反应后净化步骤。该工艺旨在提高反应产率，大幅度降低e因子。在此，我们报告了用哌嗪基有机催化剂直接机械有机催化的第一个例子，共价接枝到胺功能化的氧化锆磨球上。这种前所未有的磨粉系统在无溶剂条件下催化Knoevenagel缩合反应，操作速度更快（催化剂用量比传统方法少千分之一），仅在3小时内实现完全转化，并在多个反应循环后保持活性。由于催化剂负荷低，能量传递效率高，转化率（TOF）达到5700 h−1，远远超过均相类似物的40 h−1。对接枝前后和催化后的磨球（XPS和原PM-IRRAS）进行了综合表面表征，阐明了构效关系。这项工作首次证明了一种强大的有机催化剂可以有效地用于支持的机械催化，突出了表面工程氧化锆系统在绿色化学中的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrafast dissolution of intact wood via deep eutectic solvent-mediated pathways 通过深共晶溶剂介导途径对完整木材的超快溶解

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc06371j

Enqing Zhu , Lili Zhang , Qing Zhang , Shaoning Wang , Xin Li , Zhengjun Shi , Jinxia Ma , Juan Yu , Muhammad Wajid Ullah , Khalid Ali Khan , Zhiguo Wang , Yimin Fan , Orlando J. Rojas

The efficient dissolution of plant fiber biomass remains a long-standing challenge due to its compact, multi-layered cell wall architecture. Here, we report a universal and energy-efficient two-step dissolution strategy that enables ultrafast (≤2.5 h) dissolution of intact wood and diverse plant fibers. The approach combines an initial swelling step in ZnCl₂–lactic acid (LA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) at 120 °C to enhance solvent accessibility, followed by the addition of ZnCl₂·3H₂O for synergistic coordination-driven dissolution at room temperature, achieving solubilities up to 10 wt%. Structural analyses reveal that ZnCl₂–LA DES markedly expands the cellulose microfibril spacing (from 3.80 to 5.20 nm), increases cell-wall porosity, and selectively cleaves lignin ether linkages, generating highly permeable structures that dismantle the anti-dissolution barrier and enable rapid, coordination-driven dissolution. The strategy significantly lowers energy consumption to 5.01 kJ g⁻¹ while preserving cellulose integrity, with over 70% of the degree of polymerization retained. Upon regeneration, hierarchically entangled nanofiber networks are formed, enabling high-performance materials, including 1D filaments (up to 160 MPa), flexible 2D films (80 MPa, 42% elongation), and lightweight 3D aerogels with excellent thermal stability. This work establishes a scalable and sustainable platform for transforming raw plant biomass into advanced functional materials for green manufacturing and circular bioeconomy applications.

高效溶解植物纤维生物质仍然是一个长期的挑战，由于其紧凑，多层细胞壁结构。在这里，我们报告了一种通用且节能的两步溶解策略，该策略能够超快速（≤2.5 h）溶解完整的木材和各种植物纤维。该方法结合了在120°C下ZnCl2 -乳酸（LA）深共晶溶剂（DES）中初始溶胀步骤，以提高溶剂的可溶性，然后在室温下加入ZnCl2·3H2O进行协同配位驱动溶解，使溶解度达到10 wt%。结构分析表明，ZnCl2-LA DES显著扩大了纤维素微纤维间距（从3.80 nm增加到5.20 nm），增加了细胞壁孔隙度，并选择性地切割木质素醚键，产生了高渗透性的结构，破坏了抗溶解屏障，实现了快速的、配位驱动的溶解。该策略显著降低了能耗至5.01 kJ g−1，同时保持了纤维素的完整性，保留了超过70%的聚合度。再生后，分层缠绕的纳米纤维网络形成了高性能材料，包括1D长丝（高达160 MPa）、柔性2D薄膜（80 MPa，延伸率42%）和具有优异热稳定性的轻质3D气凝胶。这项工作建立了一个可扩展和可持续的平台，将原始植物生物质转化为绿色制造和循环生物经济应用的先进功能材料。

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引用次数: 0

The importance of chemical reagents for the electric vehicle battery supply chain 化学试剂对于电动汽车电池供应链的重要性

IF 9.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Green Chemistry

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1039/d5gc05122c

Robert Istrate , Leopold Peiseler , Vanessa Schenker

Batteries are essential for climate change mitigation, yet their supply chains face persistent challenges related to raw material supply risks and sustainability concerns. Here, we address an often-overlooked aspect of the battery supply chain: the extensive use of chemical reagents in raw materials processing, cathode synthesis, and cell recycling. Using a life cycle approach, we quantified the reagent intensity of eight lithium-ion and next-generation battery cell chemistries, defined as the total amount of reagents required across the supply chain to produce 1 kWh of battery cell capacity, and estimated the associated life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and incurred costs. We found pronounced but heterogeneous reagent intensities, ranging from 7 to 39 kg per kWh of cell capacity. With growing battery demand, reagent requirements are projected to rise sharply, potentially reaching 14–26% of current production volumes for sulfuric acid, 4–8% for quicklime, 8–14% for sodium hydroxide, 5–43% for hydrochloric acid, and 3–14% for soda ash by 2040. Sulfuric acid, the most consumed reagent, creates a critical dependency on the fossil fuel industry and faces future availability risks as fossil fuel use declines, compounded by the current lack of viable substitutes in minerals leaching. We further show that reagents are non-negligible contributors to the carbon footprint and production costs of battery cells, accounting for 9–13% and 5–8%, respectively. Greener production methods for chemical reagents represent a key opportunity to further reduce the carbon footprint of batteries.

电池对于减缓气候变化至关重要，但其供应链面临着与原材料供应风险和可持续性问题相关的持续挑战。在这里，我们解决了电池供应链中一个经常被忽视的方面：化学试剂在原材料加工、阴极合成和电池回收中的广泛使用。使用生命周期方法，我们量化了8种锂离子电池和下一代电池化学物质的试剂强度，定义为整个供应链产生1千瓦时电池容量所需的试剂总量，并估计了相关的生命周期温室气体（GHG）排放和产生的成本。我们发现明显但不均匀的试剂强度，范围从7到39公斤每千瓦时的电池容量。随着电池需求的增长，对试剂的需求预计将急剧上升，到2040年，硫酸的产量可能达到目前产量的14-26%，生石灰的产量可能达到4-8%，氢氧化钠的产量可能达到8-14%，盐酸的产量可能达到5-43%，纯碱的产量可能达到3-14%。硫酸是消耗最多的试剂，对化石燃料工业产生了严重的依赖，随着化石燃料使用量的下降，加之目前在矿物浸出中缺乏可行的替代品，硫酸在未来的可用性面临风险。我们进一步表明，试剂是电池碳足迹和生产成本的不可忽视的贡献者，分别占9-13%和5-8%。更环保的化学试剂生产方法是进一步减少电池碳足迹的关键机会。

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引用次数: 0