The existence of oxygen is needed in various fields such as health, industry, aerospace, and energy. Pressure swing adsorption method using zeolite A and X is commonly used in the oxygen separation process. Zeolite LiX is widely used especially in oxygen purification systems from air for medical needs until the purity reach >90%. In the present work the simulation studies of oxygen separation from air using zeolite LiX were investigated by pressure swing adsorption method. This simulation uses 2 beds/4 steps Skarstrom cycle which generally consists of bed pressurization, adsorption, depressurization and desorption. Several variables were studied such as the effect of pressure, cycle time, and temperature to determine the level of product purity. The simulation shows that the increase in oxygen concentration is caused by an increase in operating pressure and total cycle time to obtain maximum results. Meanwhile, large pressures can reduce the efficiency of the adsorbent. The maximum oxygen concentration that can be obtained up to 99%. However, the temperature variation has no significant change. In general, pressure plays the most significant role in oxygen purification.
健康、工业、航空航天和能源等各个领域都需要氧气。使用沸石 A 和 X 的变压吸附法通常用于氧气分离过程。沸石 LiX 尤其被广泛应用于从空气中提纯氧气的系统，以满足医疗需求，直到纯度达到 90%以上。本研究采用变压吸附法对使用沸石 LiX 从空气中分离氧气进行了模拟研究。该模拟使用 2 个床/4 个步骤的 Skarstrom 循环，一般包括床增压、吸附、减压和解吸。研究了几个变量，如压力、循环时间和温度的影响，以确定产品的纯度水平。模拟结果表明，氧气浓度的增加会导致操作压力和总循环时间的增加，从而获得最大效果。同时，压力过大会降低吸附剂的效率。最高氧气浓度可达 99%。但是，温度变化没有明显变化。总的来说，压力在氧气净化中起着最重要的作用。
{"title":"Simulation of Pressure Swing Adsorption for Oxygen Concentrator Using LiX Zeolite","authors":"Nisa Aina Fauziah, Teguh Kurniawan, Anton Irawan","doi":"10.4028/p-w8r00m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-w8r00m","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of oxygen is needed in various fields such as health, industry, aerospace, and energy. Pressure swing adsorption method using zeolite A and X is commonly used in the oxygen separation process. Zeolite LiX is widely used especially in oxygen purification systems from air for medical needs until the purity reach >90%. In the present work the simulation studies of oxygen separation from air using zeolite LiX were investigated by pressure swing adsorption method. This simulation uses 2 beds/4 steps Skarstrom cycle which generally consists of bed pressurization, adsorption, depressurization and desorption. Several variables were studied such as the effect of pressure, cycle time, and temperature to determine the level of product purity. The simulation shows that the increase in oxygen concentration is caused by an increase in operating pressure and total cycle time to obtain maximum results. Meanwhile, large pressures can reduce the efficiency of the adsorbent. The maximum oxygen concentration that can be obtained up to 99%. However, the temperature variation has no significant change. In general, pressure plays the most significant role in oxygen purification.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Fahruriza Pradana, Fikri Abdulhakim Ichsan, B. Noche
One thousand seventy-six million tonnes, or 2,89% of world carbon emissions, result from maritime transportation annually. One of the solutions to tapering down this trend is to create fossil-free renewable energy. Due to weather conditions, wind energy is the potential energy to achieve significant fuel savings. Flettner rotor is feasible for several container carriers with various deadweight tonnage (DWT), rotor dimensions, and efficiency results. This research conducted in the Indonesian Sea uses a parametric calculation to analyze the application of the Flettner rotor in several types of bulk and container carriers with six rotor specifications to minimize carbon emission and optimize the load. This study shows the optimal efficiency of ships after using the Flettner rotor. Flettner rotor can reduce 330.15 kg of fuel in 251,667 DWT of bulk carrier and 559,22 kg on 94,727 DWT container carrier. This study also proves the decrease of carbon emission to 288.86 kg in the bulk carrier and 488.98 kg of carbon emission from the container carrier after using the Flettner rotor. This result of efficiencies can be modified and raised according to the number of installed rotors.
{"title":"Analysis of Flettner Rotor to Reduce Carbon Emissions in Container and Bulk Carriers","authors":"Muhammad Fahruriza Pradana, Fikri Abdulhakim Ichsan, B. Noche","doi":"10.4028/p-le19if","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-le19if","url":null,"abstract":"One thousand seventy-six million tonnes, or 2,89% of world carbon emissions, result from maritime transportation annually. One of the solutions to tapering down this trend is to create fossil-free renewable energy. Due to weather conditions, wind energy is the potential energy to achieve significant fuel savings. Flettner rotor is feasible for several container carriers with various deadweight tonnage (DWT), rotor dimensions, and efficiency results. This research conducted in the Indonesian Sea uses a parametric calculation to analyze the application of the Flettner rotor in several types of bulk and container carriers with six rotor specifications to minimize carbon emission and optimize the load. This study shows the optimal efficiency of ships after using the Flettner rotor. Flettner rotor can reduce 330.15 kg of fuel in 251,667 DWT of bulk carrier and 559,22 kg on 94,727 DWT container carrier. This study also proves the decrease of carbon emission to 288.86 kg in the bulk carrier and 488.98 kg of carbon emission from the container carrier after using the Flettner rotor. This result of efficiencies can be modified and raised according to the number of installed rotors.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139442355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Widyastuti Widyastuti, Budi Agung Kurniawan, Adhy Prihatmiko Wibowo, Eka Nurul Falah, Sugiarto Putra Wijaya, Afrizal Aditya Pratama, Ninik Safrida, Faizah Ali
Metal injection molding (MIM) feedstock is composed of Cu powder and a complex binder system that consists of PA6, MgSt, and GMS with various solid loading (43-53vol%). Cu powders used are fabricated by gas and water atomization. Powder particle shapes used have spherical and dendritic shapes. Sphericity of particles can be identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A rheology test is used to ensure the optimum solid loading and investigate the influence of particle shape. The pseudo-plastic behavior of all the feedstock is exhibited by decreasing viscosity along with increasing shear rate for all working temperatures. In this study, rheological test result such as viscosity, flow activation energy, and flow behavior index of feedstock indicates that the optimum solid loading was selected as 43 vol%. Both gas and water atomized powders are desirable for MIM feedstock. According to the rheology behavior test, gas-atomized powders with spherical shape has better rheology stability than water-atomized powders with dendritic shape. The proper MIM feedstock was selected to solid loading 43 vol% with gas-atomized powders.
{"title":"Rheology Investigation of Metal Injection Molding Feedstock Based on Powder Particle Shape and Solid Loading","authors":"Widyastuti Widyastuti, Budi Agung Kurniawan, Adhy Prihatmiko Wibowo, Eka Nurul Falah, Sugiarto Putra Wijaya, Afrizal Aditya Pratama, Ninik Safrida, Faizah Ali","doi":"10.4028/p-me6spx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-me6spx","url":null,"abstract":"Metal injection molding (MIM) feedstock is composed of Cu powder and a complex binder system that consists of PA6, MgSt, and GMS with various solid loading (43-53vol%). Cu powders used are fabricated by gas and water atomization. Powder particle shapes used have spherical and dendritic shapes. Sphericity of particles can be identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A rheology test is used to ensure the optimum solid loading and investigate the influence of particle shape. The pseudo-plastic behavior of all the feedstock is exhibited by decreasing viscosity along with increasing shear rate for all working temperatures. In this study, rheological test result such as viscosity, flow activation energy, and flow behavior index of feedstock indicates that the optimum solid loading was selected as 43 vol%. Both gas and water atomized powders are desirable for MIM feedstock. According to the rheology behavior test, gas-atomized powders with spherical shape has better rheology stability than water-atomized powders with dendritic shape. The proper MIM feedstock was selected to solid loading 43 vol% with gas-atomized powders.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Setiyorini, S. Pintowantoro, F. Abdul, Yulia L. Novita, Fahny Ardian
An acetabular implant is a cup-shaped implant that wraps around the head of the femur at the hip joint. Severe damage to the acetabular implant results in bone turnover. To meet the needs of implants, appropriate implant manufacturing techniques are needed. Investment casting is the most widely used casting method because it has the best dimensional accuracy. To help reduce production costs in the industry, this research was carried out using the ProCast 2018 Software. In this study using the 2018 ProCast Software with investment casting techniques with CoCrMo material and variations in the orientation of the mold pattern, namely 0o, 45o, 90o and variations in the shape of the sprue including straight sprue , tapper sprue, and reverse tapper sprue. From these variations, the most optimal result is the tapper sppue variation with 0o print pattern orientation. With the results of the analysis related to the temperature distribution that occurs, fluidity, solidification process and the most optimal shrinkage porosity.
{"title":"Investment Casting Simulation of ASTM F75 Acetabular Implant with Mold Pattern Orientation and Gating System Geometry Variation","authors":"Y. Setiyorini, S. Pintowantoro, F. Abdul, Yulia L. Novita, Fahny Ardian","doi":"10.4028/p-b6hytg","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-b6hytg","url":null,"abstract":"An acetabular implant is a cup-shaped implant that wraps around the head of the femur at the hip joint. Severe damage to the acetabular implant results in bone turnover. To meet the needs of implants, appropriate implant manufacturing techniques are needed. Investment casting is the most widely used casting method because it has the best dimensional accuracy. To help reduce production costs in the industry, this research was carried out using the ProCast 2018 Software. In this study using the 2018 ProCast Software with investment casting techniques with CoCrMo material and variations in the orientation of the mold pattern, namely 0o, 45o, 90o and variations in the shape of the sprue including straight sprue , tapper sprue, and reverse tapper sprue. From these variations, the most optimal result is the tapper sppue variation with 0o print pattern orientation. With the results of the analysis related to the temperature distribution that occurs, fluidity, solidification process and the most optimal shrinkage porosity.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main aim of this study on silica sand using a spiral concentrator using the design of experiments DOE) approach is to improve the silica content of the tailing sand for the glassmaking process. Three significant operational parameters of the spiral concentrator, namely feed rate (t/h), solid feed (wt.%), and splitter position (cm), were investigated to observe their effects on the SiO2 grade (%) and recovery of SiO2 (%) in the middlings using Design of Experiments (DOE). The raw sample was sieved to prepare the feed sample in the size range of -600+75µm, which was the suitable particle size range for the glassmaking process. The SiO2 grade (%) of each middling fraction from 33 test runs was determined from XRF analysis. The analysis determined that the feed rate and weight of the solid feed (wt.%) significantly affected the separation, while the splitter position in the investigated range (4.5-5.5cm) showed a negligible effect on the percentage and recovery of SiO2 in the middling fraction. It was observed that a maximum SiO2 grade of 94.98% was achieved at a solid feed of 25%, feed rate of 0.63 t/h, and splitter position of 5.5cm. The highest SiO2 recovery of 89.74% was achieved at the solid feed of 15%, feed rate of 0.45t/h, and splitter position of 5.0cm. A trade-off between the optimized results for SiO2 Grade (%) and recovery of SiO2 (%) responses using overlaid contour plots suggested a feed rate of 0.58 t/h of feed rate and 25 wt. % solid feed regardless of the splitter position. The customized range of parameters is expected to produce 94.51% SiO2 grade (%) and 80.11% recovery of SiO2 in the middling fraction.
{"title":"Design of Experimental (DOE) Analysis of Silica Sand Processing Using Spiral Concentrator","authors":"Pugalyenthiran Sinaiyah, Sanjith Udayakumar, Hashim Hussin, Sivakumar Ramakrishan","doi":"10.4028/p-zgm9k4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-zgm9k4","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study on silica sand using a spiral concentrator using the design of experiments DOE) approach is to improve the silica content of the tailing sand for the glassmaking process. Three significant operational parameters of the spiral concentrator, namely feed rate (t/h), solid feed (wt.%), and splitter position (cm), were investigated to observe their effects on the SiO2 grade (%) and recovery of SiO2 (%) in the middlings using Design of Experiments (DOE). The raw sample was sieved to prepare the feed sample in the size range of -600+75µm, which was the suitable particle size range for the glassmaking process. The SiO2 grade (%) of each middling fraction from 33 test runs was determined from XRF analysis. The analysis determined that the feed rate and weight of the solid feed (wt.%) significantly affected the separation, while the splitter position in the investigated range (4.5-5.5cm) showed a negligible effect on the percentage and recovery of SiO2 in the middling fraction. It was observed that a maximum SiO2 grade of 94.98% was achieved at a solid feed of 25%, feed rate of 0.63 t/h, and splitter position of 5.5cm. The highest SiO2 recovery of 89.74% was achieved at the solid feed of 15%, feed rate of 0.45t/h, and splitter position of 5.0cm. A trade-off between the optimized results for SiO2 Grade (%) and recovery of SiO2 (%) responses using overlaid contour plots suggested a feed rate of 0.58 t/h of feed rate and 25 wt. % solid feed regardless of the splitter position. The customized range of parameters is expected to produce 94.51% SiO2 grade (%) and 80.11% recovery of SiO2 in the middling fraction.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139534900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enna Hasna Ainun Nuurul Ma'rifah, Salman Al Farisi, H. Aliwarga, Agus Supriyanto, Agus Purwanto, Windhu Griyasti Suci
The use of rechargeable batteries to store and distribute extra energy from photovoltaics (PV) improves the efficiency of solar energy generation. This study constructs a solar power plant system that is linked to the grid network and includes battery energy storage. The efficiency of a hybrid solar power plant with integrated batteries and grid energy storage is demonstrated and evaluated in this study. This study is based on real-time testing to determine battery utilization when different electrical loads for office use are combined. The workload profile during peak hours of use, which correspond to the peak time of sunshine, is used to evaluate the system. The collected findings show that the degree of effectiveness of this hybrid power plant fulfills the power simulation. During the peak irradiation time, the maximum power is 2100 watts, whereas the needed power simulation, which is 1900 watts in this case, so the power efficiency percentage is 110.52%. It means that PV can satisfy the charged power while also supplying extra power to the battery for usage at low periods. During the 8-hour test, the calculation of cost savings revealed a savings in electricity expenditure of Rp. 14,373. The energy storage system's real operational needs were met by battery storage and PV.
{"title":"An Efficient Hybrid Energy Smart System Using Lithium Ion Batteries Integrated with Battery Management System","authors":"Enna Hasna Ainun Nuurul Ma'rifah, Salman Al Farisi, H. Aliwarga, Agus Supriyanto, Agus Purwanto, Windhu Griyasti Suci","doi":"10.4028/p-uxcm1l","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-uxcm1l","url":null,"abstract":"The use of rechargeable batteries to store and distribute extra energy from photovoltaics (PV) improves the efficiency of solar energy generation. This study constructs a solar power plant system that is linked to the grid network and includes battery energy storage. The efficiency of a hybrid solar power plant with integrated batteries and grid energy storage is demonstrated and evaluated in this study. This study is based on real-time testing to determine battery utilization when different electrical loads for office use are combined. The workload profile during peak hours of use, which correspond to the peak time of sunshine, is used to evaluate the system. The collected findings show that the degree of effectiveness of this hybrid power plant fulfills the power simulation. During the peak irradiation time, the maximum power is 2100 watts, whereas the needed power simulation, which is 1900 watts in this case, so the power efficiency percentage is 110.52%. It means that PV can satisfy the charged power while also supplying extra power to the battery for usage at low periods. During the 8-hour test, the calculation of cost savings revealed a savings in electricity expenditure of Rp. 14,373. The energy storage system's real operational needs were met by battery storage and PV.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahny Ardian, Y. Setiyorini, S. Pintowantoro, F. Abdul, Kariza Defarrel Aqil Ilman
Damage or a loss of strength in this hip joint can occur as a result of calcification, aging, the development of illnesses such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone cancer, and it can also be permanently destroyed by accidents. As a result, an artificial hip prosthesis can be implanted to prevent undesirable outcomes. Throughout the jumping, running, and walking cycles, the hip joint is the most essential load-bearing and shock-absorbing component in the lower half body. As a result, using a finite element analysis technique, this work simulates the design of an Artificial Hip Joint with holes and thickness as variables, using CoCrMo acetabular implant material. ANSYS 19.1 software with transient structural characteristics will be used to simulate providing the load with the activity of climbing stairs. According to the findings of this study, the acetabular design with a thickness of 3 mm and 5 holes is the most optimal. This is due to the design's distribution of stress, strain, and total deformation being the most ideal and having a relatively low weight with appropriate usage period and safety factor forecasts.
{"title":"Simulation of Design Optimization and Performance of CoCrMo Acetabular Hip Prosthesis Implants on Climbing Stairs Activity Using Finite Element Method","authors":"Fahny Ardian, Y. Setiyorini, S. Pintowantoro, F. Abdul, Kariza Defarrel Aqil Ilman","doi":"10.4028/p-frja45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-frja45","url":null,"abstract":"Damage or a loss of strength in this hip joint can occur as a result of calcification, aging, the development of illnesses such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone cancer, and it can also be permanently destroyed by accidents. As a result, an artificial hip prosthesis can be implanted to prevent undesirable outcomes. Throughout the jumping, running, and walking cycles, the hip joint is the most essential load-bearing and shock-absorbing component in the lower half body. As a result, using a finite element analysis technique, this work simulates the design of an Artificial Hip Joint with holes and thickness as variables, using CoCrMo acetabular implant material. ANSYS 19.1 software with transient structural characteristics will be used to simulate providing the load with the activity of climbing stairs. According to the findings of this study, the acetabular design with a thickness of 3 mm and 5 holes is the most optimal. This is due to the design's distribution of stress, strain, and total deformation being the most ideal and having a relatively low weight with appropriate usage period and safety factor forecasts.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Watcharagon Wongkamjan, Patompong Chananil, C. Boonruang, K. Won-in, P. Dararutana
It is well-known that silica sand is a special type of quartz sand that is suitable for glass fabrication due to its high silica content and low content of iron oxide. In this work, chemical analysis has been carried out on a sand sample from the Nong Phok site, Roi Et province, northeastern Thailand. The geological resources show that this site possesses a surface-to-near surface sand deposit. The grain of fine white sand consists of clear crystals. The grain shape is mainly angular-to-round. Chemical analysis shows that the sand contains more than 99 wt% silica and small amounts of Al, Ca, Ti, and Zr which is in agreement with international standards for glass production. The sand has been used as raw material for the fabrication of soda-lime, lead crystal, and lead-free high refractive index glasses. The colorless and various colored glass products have been satisfactorily used in domestic art and glass manufacturers which promotes local employment and economics.
{"title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Colorant-Doped Glass Produced with Local Sand of Nong Phok Site","authors":"Watcharagon Wongkamjan, Patompong Chananil, C. Boonruang, K. Won-in, P. Dararutana","doi":"10.4028/p-b07dqx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-b07dqx","url":null,"abstract":"It is well-known that silica sand is a special type of quartz sand that is suitable for glass fabrication due to its high silica content and low content of iron oxide. In this work, chemical analysis has been carried out on a sand sample from the Nong Phok site, Roi Et province, northeastern Thailand. The geological resources show that this site possesses a surface-to-near surface sand deposit. The grain of fine white sand consists of clear crystals. The grain shape is mainly angular-to-round. Chemical analysis shows that the sand contains more than 99 wt% silica and small amounts of Al, Ca, Ti, and Zr which is in agreement with international standards for glass production. The sand has been used as raw material for the fabrication of soda-lime, lead crystal, and lead-free high refractive index glasses. The colorless and various colored glass products have been satisfactorily used in domestic art and glass manufacturers which promotes local employment and economics.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer has allowed the integrated circuit (IC) industry to create superior, high-performance solutions. In addition, doping techniques are vital in the silicon sector due to the need to regulate the material electrical properties. The spin on dopant (SOD) approach is an alternative method that involves spinning a solution containing dopant onto SOI wafers. This research aims to determine the impact of thermal diffusion temperature and soaking time on sheet resistance of doped SOI wafer using SOD approach. Additionally, the homogeneity of doping was studied by utilizing mapping techniques. Three inches boron-doped SOI wafers were cut and cleaned according to Radio Corporation of America (RCA) standards. N-type dopants of Filmtronics SOD P509 were deposited on SOI wafer by using a spin coater, for 40 seconds at 4,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). The thermal diffusion temperature and soaking time were set between 700°C to 1000°C for 30 to 120 minutes. After thermal diffusion, hydrofluoric acids (HF) were diluted and used to etch samples. All materials were evaluated using a four-point probe, Hall Effect and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results show that when the thermal diffusion soaking time increases, sheet resistance decreases until activated dopants are saturated. When sheet resistance decreases, dopant concentration rises. Temperature and soaking time increase carrier density and surface roughness, while decreasing Hall mobility. From mapping techniques, it shows low non-uniformity value which less than 10% suggests good thermal diffusion control.
绝缘体上硅（SOI）晶片使集成电路（IC）行业能够创造出卓越的高性能解决方案。此外，由于需要调节材料的电气性能，掺杂技术在硅领域也至关重要。旋涂掺杂剂（SOD）方法是一种替代方法，它将含有掺杂剂的溶液旋涂到 SOI 晶圆上。本研究旨在确定热扩散温度和浸泡时间对使用 SOD 方法掺杂 SOI 硅片的片电阻的影响。此外，还利用绘图技术研究了掺杂的均匀性。按照美国无线电公司（RCA）的标准切割和清洗了三英寸掺硼 SOI 硅片。使用旋涂机在 SOI 晶圆上沉积 Filmtronics SOD P509 的 N 型掺杂剂，以每分钟 4,000 转（rpm）的速度沉积 40 秒。热扩散温度和浸泡时间设定为 700°C 至 1000°C，时间为 30 至 120 分钟。热扩散后，氢氟酸（HF）被稀释并用于蚀刻样品。使用四点探针、霍尔效应和原子力显微镜（AFM）对所有材料进行了评估。结果表明，当热扩散浸泡时间增加时，薄片电阻会减小，直到活化掺杂物达到饱和。当薄片电阻减小时，掺杂剂浓度上升。温度和浸泡时间会增加载流子密度和表面粗糙度，同时降低霍尔迁移率。从制图技术来看，不均匀度值较低，小于 10%，表明热扩散控制良好。
{"title":"Investigation of Phosphorus Spin on Dopant on SOI Wafer","authors":"Tang Yi Tian, K. A. Yaacob","doi":"10.4028/p-3siuhr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-3siuhr","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer has allowed the integrated circuit (IC) industry to create superior, high-performance solutions. In addition, doping techniques are vital in the silicon sector due to the need to regulate the material electrical properties. The spin on dopant (SOD) approach is an alternative method that involves spinning a solution containing dopant onto SOI wafers. This research aims to determine the impact of thermal diffusion temperature and soaking time on sheet resistance of doped SOI wafer using SOD approach. Additionally, the homogeneity of doping was studied by utilizing mapping techniques. Three inches boron-doped SOI wafers were cut and cleaned according to Radio Corporation of America (RCA) standards. N-type dopants of Filmtronics SOD P509 were deposited on SOI wafer by using a spin coater, for 40 seconds at 4,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). The thermal diffusion temperature and soaking time were set between 700°C to 1000°C for 30 to 120 minutes. After thermal diffusion, hydrofluoric acids (HF) were diluted and used to etch samples. All materials were evaluated using a four-point probe, Hall Effect and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results show that when the thermal diffusion soaking time increases, sheet resistance decreases until activated dopants are saturated. When sheet resistance decreases, dopant concentration rises. Temperature and soaking time increase carrier density and surface roughness, while decreasing Hall mobility. From mapping techniques, it shows low non-uniformity value which less than 10% suggests good thermal diffusion control.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Desmira, M. A. Hamid, I. A. Darmawan, M. Martias, Adib Imamal Mumin
An adaptive control system is an advanced method for controlling the speed of a moving motorized vehicle. Using this intelligent control system, the driver can easily control the speed of the car according to his wishes or the prevailing situation. The adaptive control system consists of a sensor attached to a moving vehicle which then registers the speed of the car and provides input to the processing unit. The controller is designed according to the force exerted by the car to drive a certain distance in a certain time. This time, the control uses a PID controller. This method is followed for various tunings of Kp, Ki, and Kd values for the P, PI, PID, and IPD structures for a cruise control system using MATLAB. The PID used in this experiment is intended to control the speed to make it more stable and optimal.
{"title":"Simulation of Automatic Speed Control in Motor Vehicles (Cruise Control) Using Simulink PID Controller","authors":"D. Desmira, M. A. Hamid, I. A. Darmawan, M. Martias, Adib Imamal Mumin","doi":"10.4028/p-kpj4h5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4028/p-kpj4h5","url":null,"abstract":"An adaptive control system is an advanced method for controlling the speed of a moving motorized vehicle. Using this intelligent control system, the driver can easily control the speed of the car according to his wishes or the prevailing situation. The adaptive control system consists of a sensor attached to a moving vehicle which then registers the speed of the car and provides input to the processing unit. The controller is designed according to the force exerted by the car to drive a certain distance in a certain time. This time, the control uses a PID controller. This method is followed for various tunings of Kp, Ki, and Kd values for the P, PI, PID, and IPD structures for a cruise control system using MATLAB. The PID used in this experiment is intended to control the speed to make it more stable and optimal.","PeriodicalId":8039,"journal":{"name":"Applied Mechanics and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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