Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.11
Chimaobi Sunday Vincent, Charles Ogugua Nwuche, Mida Habila Mayel, Sabinus Oscar Onyebuchi Eze
{"title":"Production, Partial Purification, and Characterization of Lipase from <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and Its Application in Treatment of Vegetable Oil Effluent","authors":"Chimaobi Sunday Vincent, Charles Ogugua Nwuche, Mida Habila Mayel, Sabinus Oscar Onyebuchi Eze","doi":"10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"3 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83763579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of Nutrient Contents of Farmers' Used Composts for Crop Production in the North Shewa, South West Shewa, and West Shewa Zones, Oromia","authors":"Dejene Getahun, Abera Donis, Dereje Girma, Ajema Lema","doi":"10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80445814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
'A second epoch of colonisation' this is how Wole Soyinka characterises Western theoretical practice as it applies itself, even with the best of intentions, to the cultural productions of the non-Western world. And it would be fair to say that post-colonial writing by which we mean writing that is grounded in the cultural realities of those societies whose subjectivity has been constituted at least in part by the subordinating power of European colonialism contains hundreds of such statements: statements which lay bare the material, often devastating, consequences of a centuries-long imposition of Euro-American conceptual patterns onto a world that is at once 'out there' and yet thoroughly assimilable to the psychic grasp of Western cognition. This journal article is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol11/iss1/3 STEPHEN SLEMON and HELEN TIFFIN
“第二个殖民时代”，这是索因卡对西方理论实践的描述，因为它将自己应用于非西方世界的文化产品，即使是出于最好的意图。公平地说，后殖民写作我们指的是建立在这些社会的文化现实基础上的写作这些社会的主体性至少在一定程度上是由欧洲殖民主义的从属权力构成的它包含了数百个这样的陈述:这些陈述揭示了几个世纪以来欧美概念模式强加给一个世界的材料，往往是毁灭性的后果，这个世界既“在那里”，又完全可以被西方认知的精神把握所同化。这篇期刊文章可在Kunapipi找到:https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol11/iss1/3 STEPHEN SLEMON和HELEN TIFFIN
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Stephen Doherty","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00054.int","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00054.int","url":null,"abstract":"'A second epoch of colonisation' this is how Wole Soyinka characterises Western theoretical practice as it applies itself, even with the best of intentions, to the cultural productions of the non-Western world. And it would be fair to say that post-colonial writing by which we mean writing that is grounded in the cultural realities of those societies whose subjectivity has been constituted at least in part by the subordinating power of European colonialism contains hundreds of such statements: statements which lay bare the material, often devastating, consequences of a centuries-long imposition of Euro-American conceptual patterns onto a world that is at once 'out there' and yet thoroughly assimilable to the psychic grasp of Western cognition. This journal article is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol11/iss1/3 STEPHEN SLEMON and HELEN TIFFIN","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44135074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nontherapeutic antimicrobial usage in animal farms has been associated with the development and spread of resistant bacteria. The emergence of serious life-threatening infections from veterinary and environmental sources and treatment failures occurring with the available antibiotics warrants investigation into resistance of antimicrobial agents in poultry farms. This study therefore provides information on antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from five commercial poultry farms in Ile Ife, a peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria from droppings, feed and water samples, was performed by spread plate method using all purpose and selective media. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates was done. The antibiotics sensitivity of the recovered isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total 151 bacterial isolates, comprising 11 genera of 8 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive bacteria were recovered. E. coli had highest incidence rate of 21.19%, followed by Bacillus sp. with 15.23%; while the least recorded incidence of 1.32% was Citrobacter sp. All five farms recorded a 100% resistance to at least two (2) classes of antibiotics. A 100% resistance was recorded for augmentin in all five (5) farms, while 100% resistance in four (4) farms was recorded for cloxacilin. Furthermore a 100% resistance against erythromycin and cefixime respectively was documented in three farms. The least percentage resistance of 30% was against ciprofloxacin in only one farm, while the overall highest susceptibility of 39% was to ofloxacin. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolates from all farms ranged from 0.3 to 1. Up to 9 bacterial genera had MARI 1, including E. coli, Salmonella, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. This study is a further indication that poultry farms represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance bacteria. It also serves as a pointer to the need for enforcement of regulatory antibiotics use in poultry farming by the government, and controlled usage by all stakeholders.
{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Commercial Poultry Farms in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","authors":"Fatokun Evelyn Nwadinkpa, Fakorede Cecilia Nireti, Atobatele Kofoworola Zainab","doi":"10.11648/J.CBE.20210603.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CBE.20210603.13","url":null,"abstract":"Nontherapeutic antimicrobial usage in animal farms has been associated with the development and spread of resistant bacteria. The emergence of serious life-threatening infections from veterinary and environmental sources and treatment failures occurring with the available antibiotics warrants investigation into resistance of antimicrobial agents in poultry farms. This study therefore provides information on antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from five commercial poultry farms in Ile Ife, a peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria from droppings, feed and water samples, was performed by spread plate method using all purpose and selective media. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates was done. The antibiotics sensitivity of the recovered isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total 151 bacterial isolates, comprising 11 genera of 8 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive bacteria were recovered. E. coli had highest incidence rate of 21.19%, followed by Bacillus sp. with 15.23%; while the least recorded incidence of 1.32% was Citrobacter sp. All five farms recorded a 100% resistance to at least two (2) classes of antibiotics. A 100% resistance was recorded for augmentin in all five (5) farms, while 100% resistance in four (4) farms was recorded for cloxacilin. Furthermore a 100% resistance against erythromycin and cefixime respectively was documented in three farms. The least percentage resistance of 30% was against ciprofloxacin in only one farm, while the overall highest susceptibility of 39% was to ofloxacin. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolates from all farms ranged from 0.3 to 1. Up to 9 bacterial genera had MARI 1, including E. coli, Salmonella, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. This study is a further indication that poultry farms represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance bacteria. It also serves as a pointer to the need for enforcement of regulatory antibiotics use in poultry farming by the government, and controlled usage by all stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"394 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79561574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.11648/j.cbe.20210602.11
Janki Ruparelia, Aniruddh Rabari, Nishra Joshi, Asha Dhediya, Jigisha Halpati, Ankita A. Patel, C. Jha
Regardless of the convenience of plentiful miscellaneous collection of synthetic products and high-throughput tactics for their biological testing, natural compounds twig at a major source for antimicrobial drug development. These compounds are exclusively treasured as they have endured natural assortment over time. In this study we concentrated on Ethnobotanical efficacy of Indian medicinal plants like Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica and Bryophyllum pinnatum for defence against bacterial human pathogen salmonella paratyphi A and salmonella paratyphi B. Phytochemical screening of these plants was executed for constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates and aminoacids. The ethanol extract of these plants exhibited good activity against the human pathogens by agar well diffusion assay method and the MIC was recorded. Average mean zone of inhibition found by these plants ranged between 4 mm to 29 mm and 4 mm to 27 mm respectively for salmonella paratyphi A and salmonella paratyphi B. These results accomplish the antimicrobial potential of the medicinal plants and hence convey upkeep for the use of them in traditional medicine.
{"title":"Reconnoitring Natural Antibacterial Appraisal of Medicinal Plants Extract Against Human Pathogen Salmonella Paratyphi A and Salmonella Paratyphi B","authors":"Janki Ruparelia, Aniruddh Rabari, Nishra Joshi, Asha Dhediya, Jigisha Halpati, Ankita A. Patel, C. Jha","doi":"10.11648/j.cbe.20210602.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20210602.11","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of the convenience of plentiful miscellaneous collection of synthetic products and high-throughput tactics for their biological testing, natural compounds twig at a major source for antimicrobial drug development. These compounds are exclusively treasured as they have endured natural assortment over time. In this study we concentrated on Ethnobotanical efficacy of Indian medicinal plants like Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica and Bryophyllum pinnatum for defence against bacterial human pathogen salmonella paratyphi A and salmonella paratyphi B. Phytochemical screening of these plants was executed for constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates and aminoacids. The ethanol extract of these plants exhibited good activity against the human pathogens by agar well diffusion assay method and the MIC was recorded. Average mean zone of inhibition found by these plants ranged between 4 mm to 29 mm and 4 mm to 27 mm respectively for salmonella paratyphi A and salmonella paratyphi B. These results accomplish the antimicrobial potential of the medicinal plants and hence convey upkeep for the use of them in traditional medicine.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"55 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77332721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101420-014055
Walter Thavarajah, Laura M Hertz, David Z Bushhouse, Chloé M Archuleta, Julius B Lucks
RNA is essential for cellular function: From sensing intra- and extracellular signals to controlling gene expression, RNA mediates a diverse and expansive list of molecular processes. A long-standing goal of synthetic biology has been to develop RNA engineering principles that can be used to harness and reprogram these RNA-mediated processes to engineer biological systems to solve pressing global challenges. Recent advances in the field of RNA engineering are bringing this to fruition, enabling the creation of RNA-based tools to combat some of the most urgent public health crises. Specifically, new diagnostics using engineered RNAs are able to detect both pathogens and chemicals while generating an easily detectable fluorescent signal as an indicator. New classes of vaccines and therapeutics are also using engineered RNAs to target a wide range of genetic and pathogenic diseases. Here, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in RNA engineering enabling these innovations and examine how advances in RNA design promise to accelerate the impact of engineered RNA systems.
{"title":"RNA Engineering for Public Health: Innovations in RNA-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics.","authors":"Walter Thavarajah, Laura M Hertz, David Z Bushhouse, Chloé M Archuleta, Julius B Lucks","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101420-014055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101420-014055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA is essential for cellular function: From sensing intra- and extracellular signals to controlling gene expression, RNA mediates a diverse and expansive list of molecular processes. A long-standing goal of synthetic biology has been to develop RNA engineering principles that can be used to harness and reprogram these RNA-mediated processes to engineer biological systems to solve pressing global challenges. Recent advances in the field of RNA engineering are bringing this to fruition, enabling the creation of RNA-based tools to combat some of the most urgent public health crises. Specifically, new diagnostics using engineered RNAs are able to detect both pathogens and chemicals while generating an easily detectable fluorescent signal as an indicator. New classes of vaccines and therapeutics are also using engineered RNAs to target a wide range of genetic and pathogenic diseases. Here, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in RNA engineering enabling these innovations and examine how advances in RNA design promise to accelerate the impact of engineered RNA systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"263-286"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9714562/pdf/nihms-1849307.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9178826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.13
Z. Khalid, S. M. Hassan, Shahzad Sharif Mughal, S. K. Hassan, Huma Hassan
M. charantia is an important medicinal plant belongs to family cucurbitaceae. It originates from India, Malasiya and is widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. This research work has been designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological potential of M. charantia. The antifungal and antioxidant components of M. charantia leaves, seeds and peels were extracted by using four solvent systems (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% methanol and 100% ethanol) andleaves presented maximum extract yield (22.7 g/100g DW) in 80% methanolic solvent system. Phytochemical analysis of M. Charantia leaves, seeds and peels extracts performed in terms of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, showed that 80% methanolic leaves extract offered highest total phenolic contents (47.1 mg GAE/g DW), whereas80% ethanolic leaves gave maximum total flavonoid contents (67.3 mg CE/g DW). The phenolic contents were also analysed by HPLC. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity and measure of reducing power. Results revealed that 80% methanolic leaves extract showed highest radical scavenging activity and reducing potential. Antimicrobial activity of M. charantia leaves, seeds and peels was investigated by Disc Diffusion Method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Results showed that 80% methanolic extract of leaves exhibited highest antibacterial and antifungal potential against P. multocida (30 mm DIZ) and A. paraciticus (28 mm DIZ), respectively. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed on BHK-21 cell by adopting the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity activity of the 80% methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated by noticing the cell survival percentage (53.4%). Overall results of the present study showed that 80% methanolic leaves extracts of M. charantia possesses very good antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties.
葫芦是葫芦科重要的药用植物。它原产于印度、马来西亚，广泛分布于世界热带、亚热带和暖温带地区。本研究的目的是评价白支霉的抗氧化、抗菌和毒理学潜力。采用80%甲醇、80%乙醇、100%甲醇和100%乙醇4种溶剂体系分别提取夏姜叶片、种子和果皮的抗真菌和抗氧化成分，80%甲醇溶剂体系的提取率最高(22.7 g/100g DW)。对夏三叶、种子和果皮提取物的总酚和总黄酮含量进行了植物化学分析，结果表明，80%乙醇提取物的总酚含量最高(47.1 mg CE/g DW)， 80%乙醇提取物的总黄酮含量最高(67.3 mg CE/g DW)。用高效液相色谱法测定了酚类物质的含量。以DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明，80%甲醇叶提取物具有最高的自由基清除活性和还原潜力。采用圆盘扩散法和最小抑菌浓度法(MIC)研究了白刺草叶片、种子和果皮的抑菌活性。结果表明，80%乙醇提取物对多杀假单胞菌(30 mm DIZ)和副嗜酸假单胞菌(28 mm DIZ)的抑菌活性最高。采用MTT法对BHK-21细胞进行细胞毒性分析。通过观察细胞存活率(53.4%)来评价80%乙醇提取物的细胞毒活性。综上所述，80%甲醇含量的白杨叶提取物具有良好的抗氧化、抗菌和细胞毒性。
{"title":"Phenolic Profile and Biological Properties of Momordica charantia","authors":"Z. Khalid, S. M. Hassan, Shahzad Sharif Mughal, S. K. Hassan, Huma Hassan","doi":"10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.13","url":null,"abstract":"M. charantia is an important medicinal plant belongs to family cucurbitaceae. It originates from India, Malasiya and is widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. This research work has been designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological potential of M. charantia. The antifungal and antioxidant components of M. charantia leaves, seeds and peels were extracted by using four solvent systems (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% methanol and 100% ethanol) andleaves presented maximum extract yield (22.7 g/100g DW) in 80% methanolic solvent system. Phytochemical analysis of M. Charantia leaves, seeds and peels extracts performed in terms of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, showed that 80% methanolic leaves extract offered highest total phenolic contents (47.1 mg GAE/g DW), whereas80% ethanolic leaves gave maximum total flavonoid contents (67.3 mg CE/g DW). The phenolic contents were also analysed by HPLC. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity and measure of reducing power. Results revealed that 80% methanolic leaves extract showed highest radical scavenging activity and reducing potential. Antimicrobial activity of M. charantia leaves, seeds and peels was investigated by Disc Diffusion Method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Results showed that 80% methanolic extract of leaves exhibited highest antibacterial and antifungal potential against P. multocida (30 mm DIZ) and A. paraciticus (28 mm DIZ), respectively. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed on BHK-21 cell by adopting the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity activity of the 80% methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated by noticing the cell survival percentage (53.4%). Overall results of the present study showed that 80% methanolic leaves extracts of M. charantia possesses very good antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89240171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.11
Chinenye Esther Okoro-Ani, C. Akujobi, I. Udoh, S. Ibhawaegbele, C. Ezema, U. Ezeugwu, O. Dozie-Nwakile, A. Okpe
Tuberculosis, one of the oldest recorded human afflictions, is still one of the biggest killers among the infectious diseases, despite the worldwide use of a live attenuated vaccine and several antibiotics. This study was designed to assess the resistance rate distribution of MDR-TB among pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending Nnamdi Azikiewe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi and St Patrick’s Hospital Mile 4 Abakaliki in the Southeast Nigeria. Patients with persistent cough for over two weeks were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique for the presence of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in their sputum and a total of 103 patients with AFB positive sputum samples were recruited. The positive sputum samples were subjected to Xpert MTB/RIF assay (GeneXpert®, Cepheid USA) and culture on Lowestein Jensen medium for 42 days at 37°C. Drug susceptibility testing was done on the isolates using the nitrate reduction assay (NRA). Xpert MTB/RIF assay detected MTB in 83 (80.6%) samples out of which 45 (67.2%) were rifampicin resistant. Sixty-seven (80.7%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the first-line drugs. Primary resistance was 91% while 19.4%, 35.8%, 22.4% and 22.4% of the isolates were resistant to one, two, three and four drugs respectively. Isoniazid had the highest rate of resistance (57.8%) while Ethambutol had the least (34.9%) and 30 (44.8%) of the resistant isolates were MDR. Smoking (P=.002), gender (P=.002) and history of TB treatment (P=.012) were significantly associated with drug resistance. Educational status was significantly associated with MDR-TB (P=.020). NAUTH and St Patrick’s hospital had MDR-TB rates of 38.9% and 46.9% respectively. The findings of this study indicate high prevalence of MDR-TB among patients with pulmonary TB in the study sites and this portrays a menace to adequate TB control. Prompt diagnosis of TB, adequate patient compliance to therapy and increased awareness and mass education is recommended.
{"title":"Resistance Rate Distribution of MDR-TB Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Attending NAUTH and St Patrick’s Hospital Mile 4 Abakiliki in Southeast Nigeria","authors":"Chinenye Esther Okoro-Ani, C. Akujobi, I. Udoh, S. Ibhawaegbele, C. Ezema, U. Ezeugwu, O. Dozie-Nwakile, A. Okpe","doi":"10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.11","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis, one of the oldest recorded human afflictions, is still one of the biggest killers among the infectious diseases, despite the worldwide use of a live attenuated vaccine and several antibiotics. This study was designed to assess the resistance rate distribution of MDR-TB among pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending Nnamdi Azikiewe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi and St Patrick’s Hospital Mile 4 Abakaliki in the Southeast Nigeria. Patients with persistent cough for over two weeks were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) technique for the presence of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in their sputum and a total of 103 patients with AFB positive sputum samples were recruited. The positive sputum samples were subjected to Xpert MTB/RIF assay (GeneXpert®, Cepheid USA) and culture on Lowestein Jensen medium for 42 days at 37°C. Drug susceptibility testing was done on the isolates using the nitrate reduction assay (NRA). Xpert MTB/RIF assay detected MTB in 83 (80.6%) samples out of which 45 (67.2%) were rifampicin resistant. Sixty-seven (80.7%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the first-line drugs. Primary resistance was 91% while 19.4%, 35.8%, 22.4% and 22.4% of the isolates were resistant to one, two, three and four drugs respectively. Isoniazid had the highest rate of resistance (57.8%) while Ethambutol had the least (34.9%) and 30 (44.8%) of the resistant isolates were MDR. Smoking (P=.002), gender (P=.002) and history of TB treatment (P=.012) were significantly associated with drug resistance. Educational status was significantly associated with MDR-TB (P=.020). NAUTH and St Patrick’s hospital had MDR-TB rates of 38.9% and 46.9% respectively. The findings of this study indicate high prevalence of MDR-TB among patients with pulmonary TB in the study sites and this portrays a menace to adequate TB control. Prompt diagnosis of TB, adequate patient compliance to therapy and increased awareness and mass education is recommended.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83928750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.12
Chinenye Esther Okoro-Ani, C. Ugbor, S. Ibhawaegbele, I. Udoh, C. Igweagu, O. Dozie-Nwakile, Chima Gabriel Ezeah
This study was designed to determine the prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending NnamdiAzikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi and St Patrick’s Hospital Mile 4 Abakaliki demographically. Patients with persistent cough for over two weeks were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen ZN technique for the presence of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in their sputum and a total of 103 patients with AFB positive sputum samples were recruited. The positive sputum samples were subjected to Xpert MTB/RIF assay (GeneXpert®, Cepheid USA) and culture on Lowestein Jensen medium for 42 days at 37°C. Drug susceptibility testing was done on the isolates using the nitrate reduction assay (NRA). Eighty-three 83 (80.6%) of the isolates were obtained from culture after suspected colonies were subjected to morphological, biochemical, and immunological tests and out of the 83 (80.6%) samples analysed by Xpert MTB/RIF assay 45 (67.2%) were rifampicin resistant. Age group 26-35 years showed the highest proportion of positive culture results (33.7%) followed by age group 18-25 (28.8%) years. Demographically, age group 26-35 years had a high prevalence rate of MDR-TB (50.0%) and female gender also showed high prevalence rate of MDR-RB (48.5%). Strikingly, educational status was significantly associated with MDR-TB (P=.020). St Patrick’s hospital had a high prevalence rate of MDR-TB (46.94%) when compared with NAUTH (38.9%) and these indicates that there is high prevalence of MDR-TB among patients with pulmonary TB in these sites. The demographic results of this study calls for urgent and serious intervention as MDR-TB prevalence is increasing even in the face of intense national TB control program.
{"title":"Prevalence of MDR-TB Based on Demographic Factors Among Patients Attending Nauth and St Patrick’s Hospital Mile 4 Abakaliki in Southeast Nigeria","authors":"Chinenye Esther Okoro-Ani, C. Ugbor, S. Ibhawaegbele, I. Udoh, C. Igweagu, O. Dozie-Nwakile, Chima Gabriel Ezeah","doi":"10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CBE.20210601.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to determine the prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending NnamdiAzikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi and St Patrick’s Hospital Mile 4 Abakaliki demographically. Patients with persistent cough for over two weeks were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen ZN technique for the presence of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in their sputum and a total of 103 patients with AFB positive sputum samples were recruited. The positive sputum samples were subjected to Xpert MTB/RIF assay (GeneXpert®, Cepheid USA) and culture on Lowestein Jensen medium for 42 days at 37°C. Drug susceptibility testing was done on the isolates using the nitrate reduction assay (NRA). Eighty-three 83 (80.6%) of the isolates were obtained from culture after suspected colonies were subjected to morphological, biochemical, and immunological tests and out of the 83 (80.6%) samples analysed by Xpert MTB/RIF assay 45 (67.2%) were rifampicin resistant. Age group 26-35 years showed the highest proportion of positive culture results (33.7%) followed by age group 18-25 (28.8%) years. Demographically, age group 26-35 years had a high prevalence rate of MDR-TB (50.0%) and female gender also showed high prevalence rate of MDR-RB (48.5%). Strikingly, educational status was significantly associated with MDR-TB (P=.020). St Patrick’s hospital had a high prevalence rate of MDR-TB (46.94%) when compared with NAUTH (38.9%) and these indicates that there is high prevalence of MDR-TB among patients with pulmonary TB in these sites. The demographic results of this study calls for urgent and serious intervention as MDR-TB prevalence is increasing even in the face of intense national TB control program.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75431052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.cbe.20210604.12
T. Tadesse, A. Tekalign, Belay Asmare
{"title":"Identification of Stable Lentil Genotypes Using AMMI Analysis for the Highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia","authors":"T. Tadesse, A. Tekalign, Belay Asmare","doi":"10.11648/j.cbe.20210604.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20210604.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82756199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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