Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-125832
Alana C Szkodny, Kelvin H Lee
This review describes key milestones related to the production of biopharmaceuticals-therapies manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. The market for biopharmaceuticals has grown significantly since the first biopharmaceutical approval in 1982, and the scientific maturity of the technologies used in their manufacturing processes has grown concomitantly. Early processes relied on established unit operations, with research focused on process scale-up and improved culture productivity. In the early 2000s, changes in regulatory frameworks and the introduction of Quality by Design emphasized the importance of developing manufacturing processes to deliver a desired product quality profile. As a result, companies adopted platform processes and focused on understanding the dynamic interplay between product quality and processing conditions. The consistent and reproducible manufacturing processes of today's biopharmaceutical industry have set high standards for product efficacy, quality, and safety, and as the industry continues to evolve in the coming decade, intensified processing capabilities for an expanded range of therapeutic modalities will likely become routine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions.","authors":"Alana C Szkodny, Kelvin H Lee","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-125832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-125832","url":null,"abstract":"This review describes key milestones related to the production of biopharmaceuticals-therapies manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. The market for biopharmaceuticals has grown significantly since the first biopharmaceutical approval in 1982, and the scientific maturity of the technologies used in their manufacturing processes has grown concomitantly. Early processes relied on established unit operations, with research focused on process scale-up and improved culture productivity. In the early 2000s, changes in regulatory frameworks and the introduction of Quality by Design emphasized the importance of developing manufacturing processes to deliver a desired product quality profile. As a result, companies adopted platform processes and focused on understanding the dynamic interplay between product quality and processing conditions. The consistent and reproducible manufacturing processes of today's biopharmaceutical industry have set high standards for product efficacy, quality, and safety, and as the industry continues to evolve in the coming decade, intensified processing capabilities for an expanded range of therapeutic modalities will likely become routine. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45113999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111631
V. McNeill
Since late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, causing a pandemic (coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19) with dire consequences, including widespread death, long-term illness, and societal and economic disruption. Although initially uncertain, evidence is now overwhelming that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted primarily through small respiratory droplets and aerosols emitted by infected individuals. As a result, many effective nonpharmaceutical interventions for slowing virus transmission operate by blocking, filtering, or diluting respiratory aerosol, particularly in indoor environments. In this review, we discuss the evidence for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for engineering solutions to reduce transmission risk. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Evidence and Implications for Engineering Controls.","authors":"V. McNeill","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111631","url":null,"abstract":"Since late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, causing a pandemic (coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19) with dire consequences, including widespread death, long-term illness, and societal and economic disruption. Although initially uncertain, evidence is now overwhelming that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted primarily through small respiratory droplets and aerosols emitted by infected individuals. As a result, many effective nonpharmaceutical interventions for slowing virus transmission operate by blocking, filtering, or diluting respiratory aerosol, particularly in indoor environments. In this review, we discuss the evidence for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for engineering solutions to reduce transmission risk. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41907472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-123822
C. Eder, H. Briesen
Interferometry is a highly versatile tool for probing physical and chemical phenomena. In addition to the benefit of noncontact investigations, even spatially resolved information can be obtained by choosing a suitable setup. This review presents the evolution of the various setups that have evolved since the first interferometers were developed in the mid-nineteenth century and highlights the benefits, limitations, and typical areas of application. This review focuses on interferometry based on electromagnetic waves in the near-infrared and visible range applied to liquid samples, categorizes the chemical/physical properties (e.g., pressure, temperature, composition) and phenomena (e.g., evaporation, crystal growth, diffusion, thermophoresis) that can be assessed, and presents a comprehensive literature review of specific existing applications. Finally, it discusses some fundamental open questions with respect to geometric considerations and overlapping effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Interferometric Probing of Physical and Chemical Properties of Solutions: Noncontact Investigation of Liquids.","authors":"C. Eder, H. Briesen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-123822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-123822","url":null,"abstract":"Interferometry is a highly versatile tool for probing physical and chemical phenomena. In addition to the benefit of noncontact investigations, even spatially resolved information can be obtained by choosing a suitable setup. This review presents the evolution of the various setups that have evolved since the first interferometers were developed in the mid-nineteenth century and highlights the benefits, limitations, and typical areas of application. This review focuses on interferometry based on electromagnetic waves in the near-infrared and visible range applied to liquid samples, categorizes the chemical/physical properties (e.g., pressure, temperature, composition) and phenomena (e.g., evaporation, crystal growth, diffusion, thermophoresis) that can be assessed, and presents a comprehensive literature review of specific existing applications. Finally, it discusses some fundamental open questions with respect to geometric considerations and overlapping effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43979139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-08DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449
Amanda A. Volk, Zachary S. Campbell, Malek Y. S. Ibrahim, Jeffrey A. Bennett, M. Abolhasani
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing.","authors":"Amanda A. Volk, Zachary S. Campbell, Malek Y. S. Ibrahim, Jeffrey A. Bennett, M. Abolhasani","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449","url":null,"abstract":"Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42616447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-020803
Andrew L. Ferguson, Keith A. Brown
This article reviews recent developments in the applications of machine learning, data-driven modeling, transfer learning, and autonomous experimentation for the discovery, design, and optimization of soft and biological materials. The design and engineering of molecules and molecular systems have long been a preoccupation of chemical and biomolecular engineers using a variety of computational and experimental techniques. Increasingly, researchers have looked to emerging and established tools in artificial intelligence and machine learning to integrate with established approaches in chemical science to realize powerful, efficient, and in some cases autonomous platforms for molecular discovery, materials engineering, and process optimization. This review summarizes the basic principles underpinning these techniques and highlights recent successful example applications in autonomous materials discovery, transfer learning, and multi-fidelity active learning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Data-Driven Design and Autonomous Experimentation in Soft and Biological Materials Engineering.","authors":"Andrew L. Ferguson, Keith A. Brown","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-020803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-020803","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews recent developments in the applications of machine learning, data-driven modeling, transfer learning, and autonomous experimentation for the discovery, design, and optimization of soft and biological materials. The design and engineering of molecules and molecular systems have long been a preoccupation of chemical and biomolecular engineers using a variety of computational and experimental techniques. Increasingly, researchers have looked to emerging and established tools in artificial intelligence and machine learning to integrate with established approaches in chemical science to realize powerful, efficient, and in some cases autonomous platforms for molecular discovery, materials engineering, and process optimization. This review summarizes the basic principles underpinning these techniques and highlights recent successful example applications in autonomous materials discovery, transfer learning, and multi-fidelity active learning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42969166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-024340
Sanket Kadulkar, Z. Sherman, V. Ganesan, Thomas M Truskett
Designing functional materials requires a deep search through multidimensional spaces for system parameters that yield desirable material properties. For cases where conventional parameter sweeps or trial-and-error sampling are impractical, inverse methods that frame design as a constrained optimization problem present an attractive alternative. However, even efficient algorithms require time- and resource-intensive characterization of material properties many times during optimization, imposing a design bottleneck. Approaches that incorporate machine learning can help address this limitation and accelerate the discovery of materials with targeted properties. In this article, we review how to leverage machine learning to reduce dimensionality in order to effectively explore design space, accelerate property evaluation, and generate unconventional material structures with optimal properties. We also discuss promising future directions, including integration of machine learning into multiple stages of a design algorithm and interpretation of machine learning models to understand how design parameters relate to material properties. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Machine Learning-Assisted Design of Material Properties.","authors":"Sanket Kadulkar, Z. Sherman, V. Ganesan, Thomas M Truskett","doi":"10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-024340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-024340","url":null,"abstract":"Designing functional materials requires a deep search through multidimensional spaces for system parameters that yield desirable material properties. For cases where conventional parameter sweeps or trial-and-error sampling are impractical, inverse methods that frame design as a constrained optimization problem present an attractive alternative. However, even efficient algorithms require time- and resource-intensive characterization of material properties many times during optimization, imposing a design bottleneck. Approaches that incorporate machine learning can help address this limitation and accelerate the discovery of materials with targeted properties. In this article, we review how to leverage machine learning to reduce dimensionality in order to effectively explore design space, accelerate property evaluation, and generate unconventional material structures with optimal properties. We also discuss promising future directions, including integration of machine learning into multiple stages of a design algorithm and interpretation of machine learning models to understand how design parameters relate to material properties. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41869204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.11
Chimaobi Sunday Vincent, Charles Ogugua Nwuche, Mida Habila Mayel, Sabinus Oscar Onyebuchi Eze
{"title":"Production, Partial Purification, and Characterization of Lipase from <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and Its Application in Treatment of Vegetable Oil Effluent","authors":"Chimaobi Sunday Vincent, Charles Ogugua Nwuche, Mida Habila Mayel, Sabinus Oscar Onyebuchi Eze","doi":"10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83763579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of Nutrient Contents of Farmers' Used Composts for Crop Production in the North Shewa, South West Shewa, and West Shewa Zones, Oromia","authors":"Dejene Getahun, Abera Donis, Dereje Girma, Ajema Lema","doi":"10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbe.20220701.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80445814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
'A second epoch of colonisation' this is how Wole Soyinka characterises Western theoretical practice as it applies itself, even with the best of intentions, to the cultural productions of the non-Western world. And it would be fair to say that post-colonial writing by which we mean writing that is grounded in the cultural realities of those societies whose subjectivity has been constituted at least in part by the subordinating power of European colonialism contains hundreds of such statements: statements which lay bare the material, often devastating, consequences of a centuries-long imposition of Euro-American conceptual patterns onto a world that is at once 'out there' and yet thoroughly assimilable to the psychic grasp of Western cognition. This journal article is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol11/iss1/3 STEPHEN SLEMON and HELEN TIFFIN
“第二个殖民时代”，这是索因卡对西方理论实践的描述，因为它将自己应用于非西方世界的文化产品，即使是出于最好的意图。公平地说，后殖民写作我们指的是建立在这些社会的文化现实基础上的写作这些社会的主体性至少在一定程度上是由欧洲殖民主义的从属权力构成的它包含了数百个这样的陈述:这些陈述揭示了几个世纪以来欧美概念模式强加给一个世界的材料，往往是毁灭性的后果，这个世界既“在那里”，又完全可以被西方认知的精神把握所同化。这篇期刊文章可在Kunapipi找到:https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol11/iss1/3 STEPHEN SLEMON和HELEN TIFFIN
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"Stephen Doherty","doi":"10.1075/tcb.00054.int","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00054.int","url":null,"abstract":"'A second epoch of colonisation' this is how Wole Soyinka characterises Western theoretical practice as it applies itself, even with the best of intentions, to the cultural productions of the non-Western world. And it would be fair to say that post-colonial writing by which we mean writing that is grounded in the cultural realities of those societies whose subjectivity has been constituted at least in part by the subordinating power of European colonialism contains hundreds of such statements: statements which lay bare the material, often devastating, consequences of a centuries-long imposition of Euro-American conceptual patterns onto a world that is at once 'out there' and yet thoroughly assimilable to the psychic grasp of Western cognition. This journal article is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol11/iss1/3 STEPHEN SLEMON and HELEN TIFFIN","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44135074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nontherapeutic antimicrobial usage in animal farms has been associated with the development and spread of resistant bacteria. The emergence of serious life-threatening infections from veterinary and environmental sources and treatment failures occurring with the available antibiotics warrants investigation into resistance of antimicrobial agents in poultry farms. This study therefore provides information on antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from five commercial poultry farms in Ile Ife, a peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria from droppings, feed and water samples, was performed by spread plate method using all purpose and selective media. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates was done. The antibiotics sensitivity of the recovered isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total 151 bacterial isolates, comprising 11 genera of 8 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive bacteria were recovered. E. coli had highest incidence rate of 21.19%, followed by Bacillus sp. with 15.23%; while the least recorded incidence of 1.32% was Citrobacter sp. All five farms recorded a 100% resistance to at least two (2) classes of antibiotics. A 100% resistance was recorded for augmentin in all five (5) farms, while 100% resistance in four (4) farms was recorded for cloxacilin. Furthermore a 100% resistance against erythromycin and cefixime respectively was documented in three farms. The least percentage resistance of 30% was against ciprofloxacin in only one farm, while the overall highest susceptibility of 39% was to ofloxacin. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolates from all farms ranged from 0.3 to 1. Up to 9 bacterial genera had MARI 1, including E. coli, Salmonella, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. This study is a further indication that poultry farms represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance bacteria. It also serves as a pointer to the need for enforcement of regulatory antibiotics use in poultry farming by the government, and controlled usage by all stakeholders.
{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Commercial Poultry Farms in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","authors":"Fatokun Evelyn Nwadinkpa, Fakorede Cecilia Nireti, Atobatele Kofoworola Zainab","doi":"10.11648/J.CBE.20210603.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CBE.20210603.13","url":null,"abstract":"Nontherapeutic antimicrobial usage in animal farms has been associated with the development and spread of resistant bacteria. The emergence of serious life-threatening infections from veterinary and environmental sources and treatment failures occurring with the available antibiotics warrants investigation into resistance of antimicrobial agents in poultry farms. This study therefore provides information on antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from five commercial poultry farms in Ile Ife, a peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria from droppings, feed and water samples, was performed by spread plate method using all purpose and selective media. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates was done. The antibiotics sensitivity of the recovered isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total 151 bacterial isolates, comprising 11 genera of 8 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive bacteria were recovered. E. coli had highest incidence rate of 21.19%, followed by Bacillus sp. with 15.23%; while the least recorded incidence of 1.32% was Citrobacter sp. All five farms recorded a 100% resistance to at least two (2) classes of antibiotics. A 100% resistance was recorded for augmentin in all five (5) farms, while 100% resistance in four (4) farms was recorded for cloxacilin. Furthermore a 100% resistance against erythromycin and cefixime respectively was documented in three farms. The least percentage resistance of 30% was against ciprofloxacin in only one farm, while the overall highest susceptibility of 39% was to ofloxacin. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolates from all farms ranged from 0.3 to 1. Up to 9 bacterial genera had MARI 1, including E. coli, Salmonella, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. This study is a further indication that poultry farms represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance bacteria. It also serves as a pointer to the need for enforcement of regulatory antibiotics use in poultry farming by the government, and controlled usage by all stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":8234,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79561574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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