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High-Temperature Oxidation Kinetics of Additively Manufactured NiTiHf 添加剂制备NiTiHf的高温氧化动力学
Pub Date : 2020-06-19 DOI: 10.1115/MSEC2020-8449
Hediyeh Dabbaghi, M. Nematollahi, K. S. Baghbaderani, Parisa Bayatimalayeri, M. Elahinia
NiTi-based high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) such as NiTiHf have been utilized in a broad range of applications due to their high strength and work output, as well as, their ability to increase the transformation temperatures (TTs). Recently, additive manufacturing techniques (AM) have been widely used to fabricate complex shape memory alloy components without any major modifications or tooling and has paved the way to tailor the manufacturing and fabrications of microstructure and critical properties of their final parts. NiTi alloys properties such as transformation temperatures can be significantly altered due to oxidation, which can occur during the manufacturing process or post-processing. In this work, the oxidation behavior of Ni-rich NiTi20Hf shape memory alloys, which was fabricated by the selective laser melting (SLM) method, is evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to assess the kinetic behavior of the oxidation at different temperature ranges of 500, 700, and 900 C for 20 hours in the air. After oxidation, to evaluate the microstructure and chemical composition X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was conducted. The isothermal oxidation kinetics of conventional NiTi20Hf alloys were studied, and the results were compared to AM samples. Results show a two-stage oxidation rate at which oxidation increased with the high rate at the initial stage. As the oxidation time increased, the oxidation rate gradually decreased. The oxidation behavior of NiTiHf alloys initially obeyed logarithmic rate law and then followed by parabolic rate law. SEM results showed the formation of a multi-layered oxide scale, including TiO2, NiTiO3, and Hf oxide.
niti基高温形状记忆合金(htsma),如NiTiHf,由于其高强度和高功输出,以及提高转变温度(tt)的能力,已被广泛应用于各种应用中。近年来,增材制造技术(AM)已被广泛用于制造复杂的形状记忆合金部件,而无需任何重大修改或工具,并为定制其最终零件的微观结构和关键性能的制造和制造铺平了道路。NiTi合金的性能,如转变温度,可以显著改变由于氧化,这可能发生在制造过程中或后处理。本文对采用选择性激光熔化法制备的富ni NiTi20Hf形状记忆合金的氧化行为进行了研究。热重分析(TGA)用于评估在500、700和900℃的不同温度范围内氧化在空气中20小时的动力学行为。氧化后,通过x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散x射线能谱(EDS)对其微观结构和化学成分进行评价。研究了传统NiTi20Hf合金的等温氧化动力学,并与AM样品进行了对比。结果表明,氧化速率为两阶段,初始阶段氧化速率较高。随着氧化时间的增加,氧化速率逐渐降低。NiTiHf合金的氧化行为最初服从对数速率规律,随后服从抛物线速率规律。SEM结果表明,氧化膜形成了一层多层氧化膜,主要包括TiO2、NiTiO3和Hf氧化物。
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引用次数: 3
Double-absorber thin-film solar cell with 34% efficiency 具有34%效率的双吸收薄膜太阳能电池
Pub Date : 2020-06-11 DOI: 10.1063/5.0017916
Faiz Ahmad, A. Lakhtakia, P. Monk
Power-conversion efficiency is a critical factor for the wider adoption of solar-cell modules. Thin-film solar cells are cheap and easy to manufacture, but their efficiencies are low compared to crystalline-silicon solar cells and need to be improved. A thin-film solar cell with two absorber layers (instead of only one), with bandgap energy graded in both, can capture solar photons in a wider spectral range. With a 300-nm-thick CIGS~absorber layer and an 870-nm-thick CZTSSe~absorber layer, an efficiency of $34.45%$ is predicted by a detailed optoelectronic model, provided that the grading of bandgap energy is optimal in both absorber layers.
功率转换效率是太阳能电池组件广泛采用的关键因素。薄膜太阳能电池价格便宜,易于制造,但与晶体硅太阳能电池相比,其效率较低,需要改进。薄膜太阳能电池有两层吸收层(而不是只有一层),两层都有带隙能量梯度,可以在更宽的光谱范围内捕获太阳光子。在300 nm厚的CIGS~吸收层和870 nm厚的CZTSSe~吸收层中,如果带隙能量的分级是最优的,那么通过详细的光电模型可以预测效率为34.45%。
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引用次数: 7
Comparison of different methods of nitrogen-vacancy layer formation in diamond for wide-field quantum microscopy 宽视场量子显微镜下金刚石中氮空位层不同形成方法的比较
Pub Date : 2020-06-09 DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVMATERIALS.4.104605
A. Healey, Alastair Stacey, Alastair Stacey, Brett C. Johnson, D. A. Broadway, T. Teraji, David A. Simpson, J. Tetienne, L. Hollenberg
Thin layers of near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond substrates are the workhorse of NV-based widefield magnetic microscopy, which has applications in physics, geology and biology. Several methods exist to create such NV layers, which generally involve incorporating nitrogen atoms (N) and vacancies (V) into the diamond through growth and/or irradiation. While there have been detailed studies of individual methods, a direct side-by-side experimental comparison of the resulting magnetic sensitivities is still missing. Here we characterise, at room and cryogenic temperatures, $approx100$ nm thick NV layers fabricated via three different methods: 1) low-energy carbon irradiation of N-rich high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) diamond, 2) carbon irradiation of $delta$-doped chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond, 3) low-energy N$^+$ or CN$^-$ implantation into N-free CVD diamond. Despite significant variability within each method, we find that the best HPHT samples yield similar magnetic sensitivities (within a factor 2 on average) to our $delta$-doped samples, of $<2$~$mu$T Hz$^{-1/2}$ for DC magnetic fields and $<100$~nT Hz$^{-1/2}$ for AC fields (for a $400$~nm~$times~400$~nm pixel), while the N$^+$ and CN$^-$ implanted samples exhibit an inferior sensitivity by a factor 2-5, at both room and low temperature. We also examine the crystal lattice strain caused by the respective methods and discuss the implications this has for widefield NV imaging. The pros and cons of each method, and potential future improvements, are discussed. This study highlights that low-energy irradiation of HPHT diamond, despite its relative simplicity and low cost, is a competitive method to create thin NV layers for widefield magnetic imaging.
金刚石衬底近表面氮空位(NV)缺陷的薄层是基于NV的宽视场磁显微镜的主要工作,在物理、地质和生物等领域都有应用。有几种方法可以制造这种NV层,通常是通过生长和/或辐照将氮原子(N)和空位(V)结合到金刚石中。虽然已经对个别方法进行了详细的研究,但对所得到的磁灵敏度进行直接的并排实验比较仍然缺失。在室温和低温下,我们通过三种不同的方法制备了$approx100$ nm厚的NV层:1)低能碳辐照富N高压高温(HPHT)金刚石,2)碳辐照$delta$掺杂化学气相沉积(CVD)金刚石,3)低能N $^+$或CN $^-$注入无N CVD金刚石。尽管每种方法都有显著的差异,但我们发现最好的HPHT样品与我们的$delta$掺杂样品产生相似的磁灵敏度(平均在2因子内),直流磁场为$<2$$mu$ T Hz $^{-1/2}$,交流磁场为$<100$ nT Hz $^{-1/2}$(对于$400$ nm $times~400$ nm像素)。而N $^+$和CN $^-$植入样品在室温和低温下的灵敏度都差2-5倍。我们还研究了由各自方法引起的晶格应变,并讨论了这对宽视场NV成像的影响。讨论了每种方法的优缺点以及未来可能的改进。这项研究强调,尽管HPHT金刚石的低能量辐照相对简单且成本低,但它是一种有竞争力的方法,可以为宽场磁成像创建薄的NV层。
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引用次数: 11
On the quantitative optical properties of Au nanoparticles embedded in biological tissue phantoms 金纳米粒子嵌入生物组织幻影的定量光学性质研究
Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/J.OPTMAT.2021.110924
Jose Araujo, A. Monte, R. Lora-Serrano, W. Iwamoto, A. Antunes, O. Brener, M. Foschini
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引用次数: 2
All-Linear Multistate Magnetic Switching Induced by Electrical Current 电流感应的全线性多态磁开关
Pub Date : 2020-06-05 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.054013
Meiyin Yang, Yanru Li, Jun Luo, Yongcheng Deng, N. Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Shaoxin Li, Yan Cui, Peiyue Yu, Tengzhi Yang, Y. Sheng, Sumei Wang, Jing Xu, Chao Zhao, Kaiyou Wang
We present an alternative mechanism to control the domain wall motion, whose directions are manipulated by the amplitude of electrical currents when modulating the ratio of D/A (constants of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction over exchange interaction). To confirm this mechanism, we observe this type of domain wall motion and demonstrate linear magnetic switching without hysteresis effect via adjusting the D/A of Ta/Pt/Co/Ta multilayer device with ion implantations. We further find field-free biased and chirally controllable multistate switching at the lateral interface of ion exposed and unexposed area, which is due to the current induced Neel wall motion and a strong exchange coupling at this interface.
我们提出了一种控制畴壁运动的替代机制,当调制D/A比(Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya相互作用与交换相互作用的常数)时,其方向由电流幅度操纵。为了证实这一机制,我们观察了这种畴壁运动,并通过调整离子注入Ta/Pt/Co/Ta多层器件的D/A来实现无迟滞效应的线性磁开关。我们进一步发现离子暴露区和未暴露区横向界面上的无场偏置和手性可控多态开关,这是由于电流诱导的尼尔壁运动和该界面上的强交换耦合。
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引用次数: 1
High quality three-dimensional aluminum microwave cavities 高品质的三维铝微波腔
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.1063/5.0016463
M. Kudra, J. Biznárová, F. Roudsari, Jonathan Burnett, D. Niepce, Simone Gasparinetti, Björn Wickman, P. Delsing
We present a comprehensive study of internal quality factors in superconducting stub-geometry 3-dimensional cavities made of aluminum. We use wet etching, annealing and electrochemichal polishing to improve the as machined quality factor. We find that the dominant loss channel is split between two-level system loss and an unknown source with 60:40 proportion. A total of 17 cavities of different purity, resonance frequency and size were studied. Our treatment results in reproducible cavities, with ten of them showing internal quality factors above 80 million at a power corresponding to an average of a single photon in the cavity. The best cavity has an internal quality factor of 115 million at single photon level.
我们提出了一个全面的研究内部质量因素的超导根几何三维空腔由铝制成。我们采用湿法蚀刻、退火和电化学抛光等方法来提高加工质量系数。我们发现占主导地位的损失通道被两级系统损失和未知源以60:40的比例分割。共研究了17个不同纯度、共振频率和尺寸的空腔。我们的处理产生了可复制的腔,其中10个腔的内部质量因子超过8000万,对应于腔中单个光子的平均功率。在单光子水平上,最佳腔体的内部质量因子为1.15亿。
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引用次数: 27
Transient work function gating: A new photoemission regime 瞬态功函数门控:一种新的光电发射机制
Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011737
S. Carbajo
We present the theoretical basis for a new photoemission regime, transient work function gating (TWFG), that temporally and energetically gates photoemission and produces near-threshold photoelectrons with thermally limited emittance, percent-level quantum efficiency, and control over temporal coherence. The technique consists of actively gating the work function of a generalized photocathode using non-ionizing long-wavelength optical field to produce an adiabatic modulation of the carrier density at their surface. We examine TWFG as a means to circumvent the long-standing trade-off between low emittance and high quantum efficiency, untethered to particle source or photocathode specifics. TWFG promises new opportunities in photoemission physics for next generation electron and accelerator-based x-ray photon sources.
我们提出了一种新的光发射机制的理论基础,即瞬态功函数门控(TWFG),它在时间和能量上对光发射进行门控,并产生具有热受限发射度、百分比级量子效率和时间相干性控制的近阈值光电子。该技术包括利用非电离长波光场对广义光电阴极的功函数进行主动门控,从而在其表面产生载流子密度的绝热调制。我们研究TWFG作为一种手段来规避长期存在的低发射度和高量子效率之间的权衡,不受粒子源或光电阴极特性的限制。TWFG为下一代基于电子和加速器的x射线光子源的光电物理提供了新的机会。
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引用次数: 2
A high-entropy alloy as very low melting point solder for advanced electronic packaging 高熵合金作为极低熔点焊料用于先进的电子封装
Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100101
Y. Liu, L. Pu, Y. Yang, Q. He, Z. Zhou, C. Tan, X. Zhao, Q. Zhang, K. Tu
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引用次数: 21
Technique for Rapid Mass Determination of Airborne Microparticles Based on Release and Recapture from an Optical Dipole Force Trap 基于光学偶极子力阱释放和捕获的空气微粒快速质量测定技术
Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.14.024017
G. Carlse, K. Borsos, H. Beica, T. Vacheresse, A. Pouliot, J. Pérez-García, A. Vorozcovs, B. Barron, S. Jackson, L. Marmet, A. Kumarakrishnan
We describe a new method for the rapid determination of the mass of particles confined in a free-space optical dipole-force trap. The technique relies on direct imaging of drop-and-restore experiments without the need for a vacuum environment. In these experiments, the trapping light is rapidly shuttered with an acousto-optic modulator causing the particle to be released from and subsequently recaptured by the trapping force. The trajectories of both the falls and restorations, imaged using a high-speed CMOS sensor, are combined to determine the particle mass. We corroborate these measurements using an analysis of position autocorrelation functions of the trapped particles. We report a statistical uncertainty of less than 2% for masses on the order of $5times10^{-14}$ kg using a data acquisition time of approximately 90 seconds.
我们描述了一种快速测定自由空间光学偶极子力阱中粒子质量的新方法。该技术依赖于直接成像的跌落和恢复实验,而不需要真空环境。在这些实验中,用声光调制器迅速关闭捕获光,使粒子从捕获力中释放出来,随后被捕获力重新捕获。下落和恢复的轨迹,使用高速CMOS传感器成像,结合起来确定粒子质量。我们通过对捕获粒子的位置自相关函数的分析来证实这些测量结果。我们报告的统计不确定性小于2%,质量为$5乘以10^{-14}$ kg,使用大约90秒的数据采集时间。
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引用次数: 5
Strong magnon–photon coupling within a tunable cryogenic microwave cavity 可调低温微波腔内强磁子-光子耦合
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015660
C. Potts, J. Davis
The ability to achieve strong-coupling has made cavity-magnon systems an exciting platform for the development of hybrid quantum systems and the investigation of fundamental problems in physics. Unfortunately, current experimental realizations are constrained to operate at a single frequency, defined by the geometry of the microwave cavity. In this article we realize a highly-tunable, cryogenic, microwave cavity strongly coupled to magnetic spins. The cavity can be tuned in situ by up to 1.5 GHz, approximately 15% of its original 10 GHz resonance frequency. Moreover, this system remains within the strong-coupling regime at all frequencies with a cooperativity of approximately 800.
实现强耦合的能力使腔-磁振子系统成为开发混合量子系统和研究物理学基本问题的一个令人兴奋的平台。不幸的是,目前的实验实现被限制在单一频率下工作,由微波腔的几何形状定义。在这篇文章中,我们实现了一个高度可调谐的、低温的、与磁自旋强耦合的微波腔。腔体可以在原位调谐高达1.5 GHz,约为其原始10ghz谐振频率的15%。此外,该系统在所有频率上都保持在强耦合状态,协同性约为800。
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引用次数: 24
期刊
arXiv: Applied Physics
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