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Background: Swarna Prashana (oral administration of gold as electuary) is a form of electuary depicted in the classics of Ayurveda under the ambit of pediatrics. A specific action on immune system has been highlighted in infants if gold is administered along with Ghrita and honey for a period of 28 days.

Aim: The present trial was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of Swarna Bhasma (calcined powder), Madhu (honey) and Ghrita in infants with respect to anthropometrical, hematological and immunological parameters.

Methodology: The trial was a randomized, controlled, single-blind study in 102 healthy infants allocated into trial and control groups. Trial group received a mixture of Swarna Bhasma, honey and Ghrita, while control group received a mixture of honey and Ghrita, both in drops form for a period of 4 weeks with 8 weeks follow-up. Safety was assessed on the basis of biochemical parameters and efficacy was based on the values of IgG before and after the treatment.

Results: Anthropometrical and biochemical parameters did not showed any statistically significant difference between the effect of trial and control drugs, which suggested that the trial drugs did not hamper normal growth of the infants and were safe to be administered in infants. Both trial and control drugs showed statistically significant changes in IgG levels individually before and after the treatment; however, when compared between the groups, there was no significant differences. However, the number needed to treat (NNT) to assess the normalization of immunoglobulins, which is suggestive of its immunomodulatory activity, was 1 out of every 4.535 infants who received Swarna Prashana which was significant.

Conclusion: Swarna Prashana did not interfere with normal growth of the infants. As evident by NNT, it showed immunomodulatory activity and was tolerated by the infants with no adverse effects during the trial or follow-up period.

Background: Erycibe paniculata Roxb. (Family-Convolvulaceae) has been reported for its potential ethno medicinal value. Leaf, stem, bark, and root of this plant are being used either single or in the mixture of the whole part in different disease conditions by different tribes.

Aims and objectives: The aim and objective of this study is to assess the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of different parts (leaf, stem, bark, and root) of Erycibe paniculata Roxb (E. paniculata).

Materials and methods: Different in-vitro assay such as free radical-scavenging assay by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate method, reducing power, super oxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity of different parts of E. paniculata. Ascorbic acid, sodium nitrite, and gallic acid were used as the standards for antioxidant activity.

Results: The percentage inhibition for all methods were plotted against different concentration and suggested that the obtained activities were concentration and dose depended. Inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of methanolic extract of leaf, stem, bark, and root of E. paniculata in different in vitro activities exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Methanolic extract of bark showed higher IC₅₀ value in all antioxidant assays than other parts of E. paniculata.

Conclusion: Methanolic extract of leaf, stem, bark, and root of E. paniculata has potential antioxidant activity.

Back ground: Infertility is a global problem that has impact on quality of life, especially through the negative psycho-social consequences. One-third of infertile population attending infertility clinics are reported with anovulation. According to Acharya Sushruta, among four essential factors required for conception, Beeja (ovum) is the core stone of the female reproductive process and conception can not be achieved in its absence, despite of other factors.

Aims and objectives: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Brihatyadi Yapana Basti (therapeutic enema) and Shivalingi (Bryonia laciniosa Linn) seed powder in the management of female infertility w.s.r to the anovulatory factor.

Materials and methods: Total 30 female patients suffering from infertility due to anovulation confirmed by trans vaginal sonography were enrolled in the present study and randomly divided in two groups i.e., in group A (n = 15), Brihatyadi Yapana Basti (400 ml) was administered for 15 days after menstruation for 2 consecutive cycles. In group B (n = 15) Shivalingi seed powder was administered in dose of 3 gms twice in a day with cow milk on empty stomach for 2 months with 2 months followup. The efficacy of the therapy was assessed on the basis of follicular study by trans-vaginal sonography (TVS) on the 12^th , 14^th, 16^th and 18^th days of menstrual cycle and/or on the basis of conception achieved. The obtained data was analyzed for statistical significance using Student's t-test.

Result: In the Brihatyadi Yapana Basti group, ovulation was found in 80% of the patients and conception rate was 26.66% and in the Shivalingi seed powder oral group, ovulation was found in 64.28% patients and conception was not reported.

Conclusion: It was concluded that Brihatyadi Yapana Basti is more effective in follicular growth, ovulation and also achieving conception than that of Shivalingi seed powder orally.

Hypothyroidism is emerging as a common health concern in India as well as worldwide. An autoimmune cause accounts for approximately 90% of adult hypothyroidism mostly due to Hashimoto's disease. This autoimmunity goes parallel with the theory of Ama (intermediatory product) in Ayurveda. A case of a 27-year-old female patient, presenting with pain in multiple joints, deformity in the right little finger, morning stiffness lasting for more than 3 h, reduced appetite, constipation, and lethargy, diagnosed with Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), was subclinically diagnosed with hypothyroidism and treated with Deepana (stimulates digestion), Pachana (promots digestion) and Koshtha Shuddhi (mild purgation) for 5 days followed by Kshara Basti (therapeutic enema) for 5 days. Reduction in serum- thyroid-stimulating hormone (S. TSH) (31.1 mIU/ml to 16.6 mIU/ml) along with relief in clinical manifestations of the disease was the outcome. Koshtha Shuddhi followed by Kshara Basti has its efficacy in hypothyroidism, as it not only improved signs and symptoms but S.TSH level was reduced significantly. This case report proposes an innovative treatment modality for the management of hypothyroidism, which needs to be validated through a well-planned study on a large sample size.

Introduction: Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous and reversible inflammation of gingiva. If left untreated, it might progress involving the deeper supporting periodontal tissues of the tooth with consequent mobility and tooth loss. Compelling literature has suggested the role of local antibacterial and anti‑inflammatory agents as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (gold standard) for treating periodontal diseases. Various herbs such as Nimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), Babbula (Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have been used for gingivitis since ancient times. Nigella sativa L. (Kalonji) is one such herb known for its remarkable anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and thus has been utilized in the present study.

Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the clinical efficacy of different ethanolic solutions of N. sativa in moderate‑to‑severe gingivitis patients.

Materials and methods: It is a split‑mouth clinical study with 24 patients of moderate‑to‑severe gingivitis from the age group of 25-45 years. Recruited individuals were divided in to group I₁, group II₁ and group III₁ (scaling and root planning i.e., control) and group I₂, group II₂ and group III₂ (experimental). Three doses of solution 1 (1:3), solution 2 (1:1) and solution 3 (3:1) were administered to the experimental groups for 3 consecutive days. The clinical parameters, i.e., gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline, 14 days and 28 days in all the individuals. ANOVA test was used in the study for statistical analysis.

Results: Intergroup comparison in terms of GI showed statistically significant difference at 14^th and 28^th day from baseline between I_{1 &}I_2, at only 28^th day between II₁ & II₂ and insignificant difference between III₁ & III₂ at all time intervals from baseline. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in GI in all groups from baseline till 28 days was found, but among experimental groups best result was seen in group III₂ (P < 0.001; F value 153.75). As far as PI is concerned, intergroup comparison between different groups displayed statistically significant difference from baseline to 14^th and 28^th day between all groups i.e I₁& I₂, II₁& II₂ and III₁& III₂. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in PI in all control groups i.e I_1, II₁ & III₁ was found, but among experimental groups only group III₂ provided statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001, F value 30.

Background: Cinnamomum verum (true cinnamon or Tejpatra) is a well‑known spice with immense medicinal properties. Its adulteration with leaf and bark of other species belonging to genus Cinnamomum is found to be a common practice in India.

Aims: Cinnamomum sulphuratum is used as a substitute of C. verum owing to its apparent macroscopic similarities.

Materials and methods: Fresh leaves of C. verum and C. sulphuratum growing in South India were collected and studied to establish their macro-microscopic identity with pharmacognostical perspective.

Results: Detailed microscopic evaluation by transverse section, maceration, and powder microscopy was conducted to delineate the two species. Detailed macroscopic identification served the purpose of identification of the entire drug on the spot, and microscopy has helped in the identification of fragmented and powdered form of the drugs.

Conclusion: Further chemical and biological studies may be necessary to confirm whether these leaves can be used as a substitute or adulterant for other species Cinnamon.

Background: Amavata is a chronic immune‑inflammatory systemic disorder caused by the formation of Ama and its association with Vata at Kaphasthana (joints) and can be simulated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Published evidences show that treatment indicated in Amavata is effective in RA. Increased inflammatory status in RA is suggestive of gut dysbiosis involving gut microbiota (GM).

Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of diet on GM of RA patients based on Pathya (dietary advice) mentioned for Amavata.

Materials and methods: Laghutrayis such as Bhavaprakasha Samhita, Madhava Nidana and Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Nighantus (Sanskrit glossary) such as Raja Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and Yogaratnakara, Ashtanga Hridaya also different databases were reviewed for Pathya of Amavata. Different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, DHARA, Google Scholar, Science Direct were searched with research papers establishing the role of nonnutritive bioactive components in horse gram, barley, garlic, ginger, drumstick leaves, cow urine and buttermilk in the management of RA were also reviewed. It was found that Pathya influences on the GM by lowering or inhibiting inflammatory markers such as interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), 17 and leukotrines through Bowman‑Birk inhibitors and polyphenolic compounds. Among them, Takra is already a proven probiotic. Gomutra augments B and T lymphocytes, IL‑1 and IL‑2, strengthening the immune system.

Conclusion: It was concluded that Pathya Ahara mentioned for Amavata have a direct link with GM of RA patients. Even though the pharmacological actions have been clinically proven/practised, this review creates evidence for its scientific basis.

Background: Altered gut flora is associated with the pathogenesis of both intestinal and extra‑intestinal disorders. Aetiology of obesity is associated with mechanisms such as short chain fatty acid production, stimulation of hormones, chronic low‑grade inflammation, lipoprotein and bile acid metabolism and increased endocannabinoid. Receptor system tone have been suggested to explain the role of gut microbiota of obesity. The Panchakarma (Ayurvedic purification methods) claims the management of metabolic disorders hence this work provides the target specific evidence for the clinical studies. The proposed project is aimed to explore the particular molecular mechanism and, to make this therapy more evidence based. Hence, it was hypothesized that Panchakarma‑based intervention such as Virechana Karma (therapeutic purgation) may influence microbiota and help in the management of the obesity.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted to explore the effect of Virechana Karma over the gut flora; therefore, total of 19 patients with Madhyama Koshtha diagnosed with obesity were included and received the intervention. Before and after Virechana, a stool sample was collected and processed for the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus ‑polymerase chain reaction to find the changes over the facultative aerobic bacteria.

Results: It was found that Virechana is effective in the management of the obesity as it helps to reduce colonization of aerobic bacteria. After Virechana and after follow‑up also, it showed the correction of the gut flora dysbiosis, thus initiated the weight loss mechanism in the body, resulting in diminution in the signs and symptoms of obesity.

Conclusion: Virechana is effective in the management of the obesity due to reduction in the Escherichia coli colonization and is effective over the gut flora dysbiosis.