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Studying alcohol use disorder using Drosophila melanogaster in the era of 'Big Data'. 在“大数据”时代,利用黑腹果蝇研究酒精使用障碍。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-04-16 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0159-x
Gregory L Engel, Kreager Taber, Elizabeth Vinton, Amanda J Crocker

Our understanding of the networks of genes and protein functions involved in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) remains incomplete, as do the mechanisms by which these networks lead to AUD phenotypes. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is an efficient model for functional and mechanistic characterization of the genes involved in alcohol behavior. The fly offers many advantages as a model organism for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of alcohol-related behaviors, and for understanding the underlying neural circuitry driving behaviors, such as locomotor stimulation, sedation, tolerance, and appetitive (reward) learning and memory. Fly researchers are able to use an extensive variety of tools for functional characterization of gene products. To understand how the fly can guide our understanding of AUD in the era of Big Data we will explore these tools, and review some of the gene networks identified in the fly through their use, including chromatin-remodeling, glial, cellular stress, and innate immunity genes. These networks hold great potential as translational drug targets, making it prudent to conduct further research into how these gene mechanisms are involved in alcohol behavior.

我们对酒精使用障碍(AUD)相关基因和蛋白质功能网络的理解仍然不完整,这些网络导致AUD表型的机制也是如此。果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)是一种有效的酒精行为相关基因功能和机制表征模型。苍蝇作为一种模式生物,在研究酒精相关行为的分子和细胞机制,以及理解潜在的神经回路驱动行为方面,如运动刺激、镇静、耐受以及食欲(奖励)学习和记忆方面,具有许多优势。苍蝇研究人员能够使用各种各样的工具对基因产物进行功能表征。为了了解在大数据时代,苍蝇如何引导我们理解AUD,我们将探索这些工具,并回顾通过使用它们在苍蝇中鉴定的一些基因网络,包括染色质重塑、神经胶质、细胞应激和先天免疫基因。这些网络作为转化药物靶点具有巨大的潜力,因此对这些基因机制如何参与酒精行为进行进一步研究是谨慎的。
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引用次数: 16
Consequences of multilingualism for neural architecture. 多语言对神经结构的影响。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0157-z
Sayuri Hayakawa, Viorica Marian

Language has the power to shape cognition, behavior, and even the form and function of the brain. Technological and scientific developments have recently yielded an increasingly diverse set of tools with which to study the way language changes neural structures and processes. Here, we review research investigating the consequences of multilingualism as revealed by brain imaging. A key feature of multilingual cognition is that two or more languages can become activated at the same time, requiring mechanisms to control interference. Consequently, extensive experience managing multiple languages can influence cognitive processes as well as their neural correlates. We begin with a brief discussion of how bilinguals activate language, and of the brain regions implicated in resolving language conflict. We then review evidence for the pervasive impact of bilingual experience on the function and structure of neural networks that support linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive control, speech processing and production, and language learning. We conclude that even seemingly distinct effects of language on cognitive operations likely arise from interdependent functions, and that future work directly exploring the interactions between multiple levels of processing could offer a more comprehensive view of how language molds the mind.

语言有能力塑造认知、行为,甚至大脑的形式和功能。技术和科学的发展最近产生了一套越来越多样化的工具来研究语言改变神经结构和过程的方式。在此,我们回顾了由脑成像揭示的关于多语言使用后果的研究。多语言认知的一个关键特征是两种或两种以上的语言可以同时被激活,这需要控制干扰的机制。因此,管理多种语言的丰富经验会影响认知过程及其神经关联。我们首先简要讨论双语者如何激活语言,以及涉及解决语言冲突的大脑区域。然后,我们回顾了双语经验对支持语言和非语言认知控制、语音处理和产生以及语言学习的神经网络功能和结构的普遍影响的证据。我们得出的结论是,即使是看似不同的语言对认知操作的影响,也可能来自于相互依存的功能,未来的工作直接探索多层处理之间的相互作用,可以为语言如何塑造思维提供更全面的视角。
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引用次数: 31
Motor cortex and pain control: exploring the descending relay analgesic pathways and spinal nociceptive neurons in healthy conscious rats. 运动皮质与疼痛控制:健康意识大鼠下行中继镇痛通路和脊髓痛觉神经元的探索。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0156-0
Patrícia Sanae Souza Lopes, Ana Carolina Pinheiro Campos, Erich Talamoni Fonoff, Luiz Roberto Giorgetti Britto, Rosana Lima Pagano

Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an effective therapy for refractory neuropathic pain. MCS increases the nociceptive threshold in healthy rats via endogenous opioids, inhibiting thalamic nuclei and activating the periaqueductal gray. It remains unclear how the motor cortex induces top-down modulation of pain in the absence of persistent pain. Here, we investigated the main nuclei involved in the descending analgesic pathways and the spinal nociceptive neurons in rats that underwent one session of MCS and were evaluated with the paw pressure nociceptive test. The pattern of neuronal activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), locus coeruleus (LC), and dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DHSC) was assessed by immunoreactivity (IR) for Egr-1 (a marker of activated neuronal nuclei). IR for serotonin (5HT) in the DRN and NRM, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the LC, and substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK) in the DHSC was also evaluated. MCS increased the nociceptive threshold of the animals; this increase was accompanied by activation of the NRM, while DRN activation was unchanged. However, cortical stimulation induced an increase in 5HT-IR in both serotonergic nuclei. MCS did not change the activation pattern or TH-IR in the LC, and it inhibited neuronal activation in the DHSC without altering SP or ENK-IR. Taken together, our results suggest that MCS induces the activation of serotonergic nuclei as well as the inhibition of spinal neurons, and such effects may contribute to the elevation of the nociceptive threshold in healthy rats. These results allow a better understanding of the circuitry involved in the antinociceptive top-down effect induced by MCS under basal conditions, reinforcing the role of primary motor cortex in pain control.

运动皮质刺激(MCS)是治疗难治性神经性疼痛的有效方法。MCS通过内源性阿片样物质提高健康大鼠的伤害阈值,抑制丘脑核并激活导水管周围灰质。在没有持续性疼痛的情况下,运动皮层如何诱导自上而下的疼痛调节仍不清楚。在此,我们研究了参与下行镇痛通路的主要核和脊髓伤害性神经元,并通过爪压伤害性试验对大鼠进行了评估。采用免疫反应性(IR)对Egr-1(神经元核激活标志物)进行评价,观察中缝背核(DRN)、中缝大核(NRM)、蓝斑(LC)和脊髓背角(DHSC)神经元的激活模式。对DRN和NRM血清素(5HT)、LC中酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、DHSC中P物质(SP)和脑啡肽(ENK)的IR也进行了评估。MCS增加了动物的伤害知觉阈值;这种增加伴随着NRM的激活,而DRN的激活不变。然而,皮质刺激诱导两个血清素能核的5HT-IR增加。MCS不改变LC中的激活模式和TH-IR,抑制DHSC中的神经元激活,而不改变SP和ENK-IR。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,MCS诱导了血清素能核的激活以及脊髓神经元的抑制,这种影响可能有助于提高健康大鼠的伤害阈值。这些结果使我们能够更好地理解在基础条件下MCS诱导的自上而下的抗痛觉效应所涉及的电路,加强初级运动皮层在疼痛控制中的作用。
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引用次数: 21
Anticipation of difficult tasks: neural correlates of negative emotions and emotion regulation. 对困难任务的预期:负面情绪和情绪调节的神经关联。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0155-1
Elise Klein, Silke M Bieck, Johannes Bloechle, Stefan Huber, Julia Bahnmueller, Klaus Willmes, Korbinian Moeller

Background: Difficult cognitive tasks are often associated with negative feelings. This can be already the case for the mere anticipation of having to do a difficult task. For the case of difficult math tasks, it was recently suggested that such a negative emotional response may be exclusive to highly math-anxious individuals. However, it is also conceivable that negative emotional responses simply reflect that math is perceived as difficult. Here we investigated whether non-math-anxious individuals also experience negative emotional responses when anticipating to do difficult math tasks.

Methods: We compared brain activation following the presentation of a numerical cue indicating either difficult or easy upcoming proportion magnitude comparison tasks.

Results: Comparable to previous results for highly math-anxious individuals we observed a network associated with negative emotions to be activated in non-math-anxious individuals when facing cues indicating a difficult upcoming task. Importantly, however, math anxiety scores did not predict the neural response. Furthermore, we observed activation in areas associated with processes of cognitive control areas such as anterior cingulate cortex, which were suggested to play a key role in emotion regulation.

Conclusion: Activation in the emotion processing network was observed when anticipating an upcoming difficult (math) task. However, this activation was not predicted by individual' degree of math anxiety. Therefore, we suggest that negative emotional responses to difficult math tasks might be a rather common reaction not specific to math-anxious individuals. Whether or not this initial negative response impairs math performance, however, might depend on the ability to regulate those emotions effectively.

背景:困难的认知任务通常与负面情绪有关。仅仅是预期必须完成一项困难的任务,这种情况就已经存在了。对于困难的数学任务,最近有人提出,这种消极的情绪反应可能只存在于高度数学焦虑的人身上。然而,也可以想象,消极的情绪反应仅仅反映了数学被认为是困难的。在这里,我们调查了非数学焦虑的人在预期做困难的数学任务时是否也会经历消极的情绪反应。方法:我们比较了呈现数字提示后的大脑激活情况,这些数字提示表明即将到来的比例大小比较任务是困难的还是容易的。结果:与之前对高度数学焦虑个体的研究结果相比,我们观察到非数学焦虑个体在面对即将到来的困难任务的提示时,与负面情绪相关的网络被激活。然而,重要的是,数学焦虑分数并不能预测神经反应。此外,我们还观察到与认知控制过程相关的区域如前扣带皮层的激活,该区域被认为在情绪调节中起关键作用。结论:当预期即将到来的困难(数学)任务时,观察到情绪处理网络的激活。然而,这种激活并不是由个体的数学焦虑程度所预测的。因此,我们认为对困难的数学任务的消极情绪反应可能是一种相当普遍的反应,而不是数学焦虑个体所特有的。然而,这种最初的消极反应是否会影响数学成绩,可能取决于有效调节这些情绪的能力。
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引用次数: 4
Age-related changes in neuroinflammation and prepulse inhibition in offspring of rats treated with Poly I:C in early gestation. Poly I:C在妊娠早期处理大鼠后代神经炎症和脉前抑制的年龄相关变化。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-03-05 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0154-2
Shuang Ding, Yunqing Hu, Binbin Luo, Yaqi Cai, Keke Hao, Yongfeng Yang, Yan Zhang, Xiujuan Wang, Minli Ding, Hongxing Zhang, Wenqiang Li, Luxian Lv

Background: Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can increase the later risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Neuroinflammation is believed to underlie this process. Postmortem brain studies have found changes in the neuroimmune systems of patients with schizophrenia. However, little is known about the dynamic changes in cerebral inflammation and behavior during the course of the disease.

Methods: Here, the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test was conducted in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats prenatally challenged with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on gestational day 9 to determine the behavioral trajectory triggered by early exposure to Poly I:C. Brain immune changes were determined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC) at both ages. The status of the microglia and astrocytes was determined with immunohistochemical staining. The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in both brain regions were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results: Disrupted PPI, the core phenotype of schizophrenia, only emerged in adulthood. Behavioral changes during puberty and adulthood were both accompanied by the activation of microglia (PFC and HC). Astrocytes were only activated at PN60. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the offspring of the Poly I:C-exposed mothers differed with brain region and time, with more cytokines elevated during periadolescence than during adulthood.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that immune activation emerged before symptom manifestation in the offspring of MIA rats. We conclude that early prenatal Poly I:C challenge can lead to age-related behavioral and neuroinflammatory changes. These data provide new insight into the neuroinflammatory and neuropathological mechanisms underlying the development of schizophrenia. They also suggest that periadolescence could be more important than adulthood in the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia.

背景:妊娠期母体免疫激活(MIA)可增加成年后代患精神分裂症的风险。神经炎症被认为是这一过程的基础。死后的大脑研究发现,精神分裂症患者的神经免疫系统发生了变化。然而,在疾病过程中,人们对大脑炎症和行为的动态变化知之甚少。方法:在妊娠第9天,对青春期大鼠和成年大鼠进行脉冲前抑制(PPI)试验,确定早期暴露于Poly I:C引发的行为轨迹。在两个年龄段分别测定前额叶皮质(PFC)和海马体(HC)的脑免疫变化。免疫组化染色检测小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的状态。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定两脑区的IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平。结果:PPI紊乱是精神分裂症的核心表型,仅在成年期出现。青春期和成年期的行为改变都伴随着小胶质细胞(PFC和HC)的激活。星形胶质细胞仅在PN60激活。在Poly I: c暴露的母亲的后代中,促炎细胞因子(IL-1β, IL-6和TNF-α)的水平随大脑区域和时间的不同而不同,青春期周围细胞因子的升高高于成年期。结论:我们的研究结果表明,免疫激活在MIA大鼠后代出现症状之前就出现了。我们得出结论,早期产前Poly I:C挑战可导致与年龄相关的行为和神经炎症变化。这些数据为精神分裂症发展背后的神经炎症和神经病理机制提供了新的见解。他们还认为,在预防和治疗精神分裂症方面,青春期周围可能比成年期更重要。
{"title":"Age-related changes in neuroinflammation and prepulse inhibition in offspring of rats treated with Poly I:C in early gestation.","authors":"Shuang Ding,&nbsp;Yunqing Hu,&nbsp;Binbin Luo,&nbsp;Yaqi Cai,&nbsp;Keke Hao,&nbsp;Yongfeng Yang,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiujuan Wang,&nbsp;Minli Ding,&nbsp;Hongxing Zhang,&nbsp;Wenqiang Li,&nbsp;Luxian Lv","doi":"10.1186/s12993-019-0154-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-019-0154-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can increase the later risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Neuroinflammation is believed to underlie this process. Postmortem brain studies have found changes in the neuroimmune systems of patients with schizophrenia. However, little is known about the dynamic changes in cerebral inflammation and behavior during the course of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test was conducted in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats prenatally challenged with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on gestational day 9 to determine the behavioral trajectory triggered by early exposure to Poly I:C. Brain immune changes were determined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC) at both ages. The status of the microglia and astrocytes was determined with immunohistochemical staining. The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in both brain regions were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Disrupted PPI, the core phenotype of schizophrenia, only emerged in adulthood. Behavioral changes during puberty and adulthood were both accompanied by the activation of microglia (PFC and HC). Astrocytes were only activated at PN60. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the offspring of the Poly I:C-exposed mothers differed with brain region and time, with more cytokines elevated during periadolescence than during adulthood.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate that immune activation emerged before symptom manifestation in the offspring of MIA rats. We conclude that early prenatal Poly I:C challenge can lead to age-related behavioral and neuroinflammatory changes. These data provide new insight into the neuroinflammatory and neuropathological mechanisms underlying the development of schizophrenia. They also suggest that periadolescence could be more important than adulthood in the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":"15 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12993-019-0154-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37025929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
Behavioral models in psychopathology: epistemic and semantic considerations. 精神病理学中的行为模型:认识论和语义考虑。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0152-4
Caio Maximino, Franz Josef van der Staay

The use of animals in neurosciences has a long history. It is considered indispensable in areas in which "translational" research is deemed invaluable, such as behavioral pharmacology and comparative psychology. Animal models are being used in pharmacology and genetics to screen for treatment targets, and in the field of experimental psychopathology to understand the neurobehavioral underpinnings of a disorder and of its putative treatment. The centrality of behavioral models betrays the complexity of the epistemic and semantic considerations which are needed to understand what a model is. In this review, such considerations are made, and the breadth of model building and evaluation approaches is extended to include theoretical considerations on the etiology of mental disorders. This expansion is expected to help improve the validity of behavioral models and to increase their translational value. Moreover, the role of theory in improving construct validity creates the need for behavioral scientists to fully engage this process.

在神经科学中使用动物已有很长的历史。在行为药理学和比较心理学等“转化”研究被认为是无价的领域,它被认为是不可或缺的。动物模型被用于药理学和遗传学领域,以筛选治疗目标,并在实验精神病理学领域,以了解疾病的神经行为基础及其假定的治疗方法。行为模型的中心性暴露了理解模型所需要的认知和语义考虑的复杂性。在这篇综述中,这些考虑是作出的,并扩大了模型建立和评估方法的广度,包括对精神障碍病因的理论考虑。这种扩展预计将有助于提高行为模型的有效性,并增加其翻译价值。此外,理论在提高构念效度方面的作用使得行为科学家需要充分参与这一过程。
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引用次数: 20
Impaired innate and conditioned social behavior in adult C57Bl6/J mice prenatally exposed to chlorpyrifos. 毒死蜱对成年C57Bl6/J小鼠先天和条件性社会行为的影响
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0153-3
Anat Lan, Daniel Stein, Miguel Portillo, Debra Toiber, Ora Kofman

Background: Signs of pervasive developmental disorder and social deficits were reported in toddlers and children whose mothers were exposed to organophosphate pesticides during pregnancy. Deficits in social preference were reported in adult male mice exposed to chlorpyrifos on gestational days 12-15. This study aimed (a) to test the hypothesis that adult female and male mice that were exposed prenatally to subtoxic doses of chlorpyrifos would be impaired in social behavior and (b) to determine if prenatal chlorpyrifos altered the expression of transcripts for oxytocin in the hypothalamus. Pregnant mice were treated by gavage with corn oil vehicle or 2.5 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg of CPF on gestational days 12-15. Social preference, social and non-social conditioned place preference tasks were tested in adults. Expression of oxytocin transcripts in hypothalamus was measured by qPCR.

Results: Chlorpyrifos (5 mg/kg on GD 12-15) reduced the innate preference for a conspecific in a dose and sex dependent manner. Adult males exposed prenatally to 5 mg/kg CPF showed a reduction in social preference. Socially conditioned place preference was impaired in offspring of dams treated with either dose of CPF. Non-social appetitive place conditioning was impaired in offspring of dams exposed to 2.5 mg/kg, but not to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. Prenatal chlorpyrifos treatment did not alter the expression of the oxytocin mRNA in the hypothalamus, although expression was significantly lower in females.

Conclusions: Prenatal chlorpyrifos induced innate and learned social deficits and non-specific conditioning deficits in adult mice in a sex-dependent manner. Males showed specific social deficits following the higher dose whereas both males and females showed a more generalized conditioning deficit following the intermediate dose.

背景:据报道,母亲在怀孕期间暴露于有机磷农药的幼儿和儿童出现广泛性发育障碍和社交缺陷的迹象。在妊娠12-15天暴露于毒死蜱的成年雄性小鼠报告了社会偏好缺陷。本研究的目的是(a)验证一种假设,即成年雌性和雄性小鼠在出生前暴露于亚毒性剂量的毒死蜱会损害其社会行为;(b)确定出生前毒死蜱是否会改变下丘脑中催产素转录本的表达。孕12 ~ 15天,分别灌胃玉米油培养液或2.5 mg/kg、5 mg/kg CPF。在成人中测试了社会偏好、社会和非社会条件位置偏好任务。采用qPCR检测下丘脑中催产素转录本的表达。结果:毒死蜱(5 mg/kg, GD 12-15)以剂量和性别依赖的方式降低了同种动物的先天偏好。成年雄性在产前暴露于5 mg/kg CPF时表现出社会偏好的降低。社会条件下的位置偏好在任何剂量的CPF处理的后代中都受到损害。暴露于2.5 mg/kg毒死蜱的后代非社会性食欲场所条件反射受到损害,而暴露于5 mg/kg毒死蜱的后代没有受到损害。产前毒死蜱处理没有改变下丘脑中催产素mRNA的表达,尽管雌性的表达明显降低。结论:产前毒死蜱诱导成年小鼠先天、习得性社会缺陷和非特异性条件反射缺陷具有性别依赖性。高剂量后,雄性表现出特定的社会缺陷,而中等剂量后,雄性和雌性都表现出更普遍的条件反射缺陷。
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引用次数: 24
Narcolepsy and emotional experience: a review of the literature. 嗜睡症与情绪体验:文献综述。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-12-26 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0151-x
C Schiappa, S Scarpelli, A D'Atri, M Gorgoni, Luigi De Gennaro

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. This disease affects significantly the overall patient functioning, interfering with social, work, and affective life. Some symptoms of narcolepsy depend on emotional stimuli; for instance, cataplectic attacks can be triggered by emotional inputs such as laughing, joking, a pleasant surprise, and also anger. Neurophysiological and neurochemical findings suggest the involvement of emotional brain circuits in the physiopathology of cataplexy, which seems to depending on the dysfunctional interplay between the hypothalamus and the amygdala associated with an alteration of hypocretin levels. Furthermore, behavioral studies suggest an impairment of emotions processing in narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC), like a probable coping strategy to avoid or reduce the frequency of cataplexy attacks. Consistently, NC patients seem to use coping strategies even during their sleep, avoiding unpleasant mental sleep activity through lucid dreaming. Interestingly, NC patients, even during sleep, have a different emotional experience than healthy subjects, with more vivid, bizarre, and frightening dreams. Notwithstanding this evidence, the relationship between emotion and narcolepsy is poorly investigated. This review aims to provide a synthesis of behavioral, neurophysiological, and neurochemical evidence to discuss the complex relationship between NC and emotional experience and to direct future research.

嗜睡症是一种慢性睡眠障碍,其特征是白天过度嗜睡、猝倒、催眠幻觉和睡眠瘫痪。这种疾病严重影响患者的整体功能,干扰社会、工作和情感生活。发作性睡病的一些症状取决于情绪刺激;例如,紧张性发作可能由情绪输入引发,如大笑、开玩笑、惊喜和愤怒。神经生理学和神经化学发现表明,情绪脑回路参与了猝倒的病理生理学,这似乎取决于下丘脑和杏仁核之间的功能失调的相互作用,与下丘脑视网膜水平的改变有关。此外,行为研究表明,发作性睡病发作(NC)的情绪处理受损,这可能是一种避免或减少发作频率的应对策略。一直以来,NC患者似乎甚至在睡眠中也会使用应对策略,通过清醒梦来避免不愉快的心理睡眠活动。有趣的是,NC患者,即使在睡眠中,也会有与健康受试者不同的情绪体验,做更生动、更离奇、更可怕的梦。尽管有这些证据,情绪与嗜睡症之间的关系研究得很少。这篇综述旨在提供行为、神经生理学和神经化学证据的综合,以讨论NC与情绪体验之间的复杂关系,并指导未来的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Selective impairment of attentional set shifting in adults with ADHD. 成人ADHD患者注意力集中转移的选择性损害。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-11-10 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0150-y
Aquiles Luna-Rodriguez, Mike Wendt, Julia Kerner Auch Koerner, Caterina Gawrilow, Thomas Jacobsen

Background: Task switch protocols are frequently used in the assessment of cognitive control, both in clinical and non-clinical populations. These protocols frequently confound task switch and attentional set shift. The current study investigated the ability of adult ADHD patients to shift attentional set in the context of switching tasks.

Method: We tested 38 adults with ADHD and 39 control adults with an extensive diagnostic battery and a task switch protocol without proactive interference. The experiment combined orthogonally task-switch vs. repetition, and attentional set shift vs. no shift. Each experimental stimulus had global and local features (Hierarchical/"Navon" stimuli), associated with corresponding attentional sets.

Results: ADHD patients were slower than controls in task switch trials with a simultaneous shift of attention between global/local attentional sets. This also correlated significantly with diagnostic scales for ADHD symptoms. The patients had more variable reaction times, but when the attentional set was kept constant neither were they significantly slower nor showed higher task switch costs.

Conclusion: ADHD is associated with a deficit in flexible deployment of attention to varying sources of stimulus information.

背景:在临床和非临床人群中,任务切换协议经常用于认知控制的评估。这些协议经常混淆任务切换和注意力集转移。目前的研究调查了成人多动症患者在切换任务的背景下转移注意力集的能力。方法:我们测试了38名ADHD成人和39名对照成人,采用广泛的诊断电池和无主动干扰的任务切换协议。该实验结合了正交任务切换与重复,以及注意力集中转移与无转移。每个实验刺激都具有全局和局部特征(层次/“Navon”刺激),并与相应的注意集相关联。结果:在全局/局部注意集之间同时转移的任务切换试验中,ADHD患者比对照组慢。这也与ADHD症状的诊断量表显著相关。患者的反应时间变化更大,但当注意力集中保持不变时,他们既没有明显变慢,也没有表现出更高的任务转换成本。结论:ADHD与注意力对不同来源刺激信息的灵活部署缺陷有关。
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引用次数: 18
A novel approach to emotion recognition using local subset feature selection and modified Dempster-Shafer theory. 基于局部子集特征选择和改进的Dempster-Shafer理论的情绪识别新方法。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-10-31 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0149-4
Morteza Zangeneh Soroush, Keivan Maghooli, Seyed Kamaledin Setarehdan, Ali Motie Nasrabadi

Background: Emotion recognition is an increasingly important field of research in brain computer interactions.

Introduction: With the advance of technology, automatic emotion recognition systems no longer seem far-fetched. Be that as it may, detecting neural correlates of emotion has remained a substantial bottleneck. Settling this issue will be a breakthrough of significance in the literature.

Methods: The current study aims to identify the correlations between different emotions and brain regions with the help of suitable electrodes. Initially, independent component analysis algorithm is employed to remove artifacts and extract the independent components. The informative channels are then selected based on the thresholded average activity value for obtained components. Afterwards, effective features are extracted from selected channels common between all emotion classes. Features are reduced using the local subset feature selection method and then fed to a new classification model using modified Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence.

Results: The presented method is employed to DEAP dataset and the results are compared to those of previous studies, which highlights the significant ability of this method to recognize emotions through electroencephalography, by the accuracy of about 91%. Finally, the obtained results are discussed and new aspects are introduced.

Conclusions: The present study addresses the long-standing challenge of finding neural correlates between human emotions and the activated brain regions. Also, we managed to solve uncertainty problem in emotion classification which is one of the most challenging issues in this field. The proposed method could be employed in other practical applications in future.

背景:情绪识别是脑机交互中一个日益重要的研究领域。导读:随着科技的进步,自动情绪识别系统不再遥不可及。尽管如此,检测情绪的神经关联仍然是一个实质性的瓶颈。解决这一问题将是一个具有重大意义的文献突破。方法:本研究旨在通过合适的电极来确定不同情绪与大脑区域之间的相关性。首先采用独立分量分析算法去除伪影,提取独立分量。然后根据获得的组件的阈值平均活动值选择信息通道。然后,从所有情感类别之间共同的通道中提取有效特征。使用局部子集特征选择方法对特征进行约简,然后使用改进的Dempster-Shafer证据理论将特征输入到新的分类模型中。结果:将该方法应用于DEAP数据集,并与前人的研究结果进行了比较,结果表明该方法通过脑电图识别情绪的能力显著,准确率约为91%。最后,对所得结果进行了讨论,并介绍了新的研究方向。结论:目前的研究解决了寻找人类情绪和激活的大脑区域之间的神经关联的长期挑战。同时,我们成功地解决了情感分类中最具挑战性的问题之一的不确定性问题。该方法可用于未来的其他实际应用。
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引用次数: 29
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Behavioral and Brain Functions
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