Bioresource Technology Reports最新文献

英文中文

Exploring wood-based strategies for dye removal: A comprehensive literature review

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102048

Nursalfaul Fahira, Paulus Lobo Gareso, Dahlang Tahir

In an era of increasing focus on sustainability, managing industrial effluents is essential to reduce environmental impacts, particularly from the textile and dyeing sectors. This paper explores the potential of wood-based materials as effective agents for color effluent removal. The active components of wood, such as lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, play a crucial role in this process. Lignin, with its complex aromatic structure, interacts with dye molecules through hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and electrostatic forces, enabling efficient adsorption and degradation of dyes. Cellulose and hemicellulose further enhance the adsorption capacity. Despite its potential, challenges include maintaining consistent wood quality and optimizing application techniques for industrial scale. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, efficiency, and constraints, encouraging future research to refine wood-based solutions. Ultimately, these findings contribute to developing more sustainable, eco-friendly wastewater management strategies.

引用次数: 0

Fish waste valorisation through production of biodiesel and biopolymers for sustainable development: A mini review

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102045

Mridul Umesh , Vinay Kumar , Kumaresan Priyanka , Preethi Kathirvel , Sreehari Suresh , Adhithya Sankar Santhosh

Fish processing waste accounts for one of the major classes of food waste generated worldwide in terms of the high volume of waste generated. The presence of high amounts of organic compounds (proteins: 15–30 %, lipids: 5–20 %) in fish waste makes them highly susceptible to autolysis which when not managed properly pose adverse effects on the environment like production of offensive odor, generation of hydrogen sulfide, higher biological oxygen demand (1000 mg/L to 12,000 mg/L or even higher) (BOD), and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria. Fish waste is rich in lipids and polysaccharides that can be channelized for biodiesel and biopolymer production respectively. Biodiesel refers to the biofuel produced from transesterification of plant and animal fats. Extraction of oils from fish waste followed by transesterification reactions can yield biodiesel through a biorefinery approach. Biorefinery concept emphasizes the conversion of biomass into commercially important byproducts. Biopolymers refers to the natural polymers that can be extracted from the natural sources or produced through microbial fermentation process. Furthermore, commercially important biopolymers like chitosan and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be used as biorefineries. This review work presents the sequential strategies for conversion of fish waste to biodiesel, PHA and chitosan through various physicochemical and biological methods. The review also presents the existing challenges and the future in the fish waste biorefinery concept. The scope of this review is to present a broader concept of integrating fish waste biorefinery for production of multiple value added products like biodiesel and biopolymers.

{"title":"Fish waste valorisation through production of biodiesel and biopolymers for sustainable development: A mini review","authors":"Mridul Umesh , Vinay Kumar , Kumaresan Priyanka , Preethi Kathirvel , Sreehari Suresh , Adhithya Sankar Santhosh","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fish processing waste accounts for one of the major classes of food waste generated worldwide in terms of the high volume of waste generated. The presence of high amounts of organic compounds (proteins: 15–30 %, lipids: 5–20 %) in fish waste makes them highly susceptible to autolysis which when not managed properly pose adverse effects on the environment like production of offensive odor, generation of hydrogen sulfide, higher biological oxygen demand (1000 mg/L to 12,000 mg/L or even higher) (BOD), and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria. Fish waste is rich in lipids and polysaccharides that can be channelized for biodiesel and biopolymer production respectively. Biodiesel refers to the biofuel produced from transesterification of plant and animal fats. Extraction of oils from fish waste followed by transesterification reactions can yield biodiesel through a biorefinery approach. Biorefinery concept emphasizes the conversion of biomass into commercially important byproducts. Biopolymers refers to the natural polymers that can be extracted from the natural sources or produced through microbial fermentation process. Furthermore, commercially important biopolymers like chitosan and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be used as biorefineries. This review work presents the sequential strategies for conversion of fish waste to biodiesel, PHA and chitosan through various physicochemical and biological methods. The review also presents the existing challenges and the future in the fish waste biorefinery concept. The scope of this review is to present a broader concept of integrating fish waste biorefinery for production of multiple value added products like biodiesel and biopolymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 102045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kinetic behaviour and fast pyrolysis of Tamarindus indica seeds using Py-GC–MS

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.102014

Ranjeet Kumar Mishra , Sampath Chinnam , Kaustubha Mohanty

This study explored the kinetic parameters, behaviour, and fast pyrolysis of Tamarindus indica seeds (TS). The kinetics and pyrolysis studies were performed in a TGA at distinct heating rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 °C min⁻¹) and a Py-GC–MS analyser. Six model-free methods (KAS, OFW, ST, DAEM, VM, and CR) were used to investigate the kinetics parameters of TS. The AAE from KAS, OFW, ST, DAEM, VM, and CR techniques originated to be 136.38, 145.86, 146.44, 161.56, 128.57, and 22.43 kJ/mol at n = 1, and 44.33 kJ/mol at n = 2.6. Further, Py-FTIR results of TS confirmed that the maximum decomposition occurred between 4 and 8 s. Py-GC–MS analysis showed maximum hydrocarbon and phenol production at 550 °C, compared to 450 and 650 °C. The characterisation of biochar showed that the biochar produced at 650 °C exhibited an enhanced surface structure compared to those produced at 450 °C and 550 °C.

引用次数: 0

From waste to fuel: Harnessing high specificity lipases from Candida rugosa fermentation for sustainable biodiesel

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102039

Anil Kumar, Gursimar Singh, Karanvir Singh, Vishwender Pratap Singh, Aradhana Srivastava, Arinjay Kumar

Present study focuses on lipases from Candida rugosa fermentation using two carbon substrates (glucose and maltose) in synthetic medium and their characterization with activities against known standards, and additional application in biodiesel production from rubber seed oil to show their substrate specificity in transesterification. Synthetic medium with maltose and glucose produces the maximum lipase activities of 50,400 U/L and 11,520 U/L, respectively. The lipases loaded on SDS-PAGE are characterized with sizes 57 and 61 kDa. Specificity of produced lipase is tested, inedible rubber seed oil is biotransesterified, which exhibits high lipase specificity as acting on the long chain fatty acids (up to C₂₅) to yield 94.6 % biodiesel. This study confirms the high potential of lipases in serving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (clean energy). Lipases transesterify saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and produce quality biodiesel assessed by its density-872 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity-5.344 cS, and calorific value-9988 kcal/kg.

{"title":"From waste to fuel: Harnessing high specificity lipases from Candida rugosa fermentation for sustainable biodiesel","authors":"Anil Kumar, Gursimar Singh, Karanvir Singh, Vishwender Pratap Singh, Aradhana Srivastava, Arinjay Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Present study focuses on lipases from <em>Candida rugosa</em> fermentation using two carbon substrates (glucose and maltose) in synthetic medium and their characterization with activities against known standards, and additional application in biodiesel production from rubber seed oil to show their substrate specificity in transesterification. Synthetic medium with maltose and glucose produces the maximum lipase activities of 50,400 U/L and 11,520 U/L, respectively<strong>.</strong> The lipases loaded on SDS-PAGE are characterized with sizes 57 and 61 kDa. Specificity of produced lipase is tested, inedible rubber seed oil is biotransesterified, which exhibits high lipase specificity as acting on the long chain fatty acids (up to C<sub>25</sub>) to yield 94.6 % biodiesel. This study confirms the high potential of lipases in serving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (clean energy). Lipases transesterify saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and produce quality biodiesel assessed by its density-872 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, kinematic viscosity-5.344 cS, and calorific value-9988 kcal/kg.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 102039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Revolutionizing the supply chain: Cutting-edge strategies and technologies for food waste reduction

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102047

Arpita Singh , Sonal Prasad , Roshini Singh , Kaiser Younis , Owais Yousuf

Food waste has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. Here we review the principal reasons and impacts of food waste while presenting what has been done to reduce it nowadays. We also suggest new strategies and technologies that should be prioritized for a better future tomorrow. The paper reviews innovative packaging concepts and active and intelligent systems to improve food preservation, such as modified atmosphere packaging, antimicrobial coatings for isolation of bio-pathogenic or exhaust gas treatment from perishable products storage areas, control of the diffusion mechanism in biopolymer stages critical principles embedding multiple antioxidative compounds with encapsulation technology and antioxidant. Case studies show results achieved by applying the techniques described so far. The review also confers fresh strategies innovators employ to prevent waste and developments in data analytics and AI-driven tracking and measurement technologies. It ends with assessing what working models are effective and explores the ground challenges and the potential for scaling these solutions in a circular economy. The broadness of this review has been purposely designed to provide a detailed resource that could pave the way to providing better sustainability and reducing food waste across different sectors.

{"title":"Revolutionizing the supply chain: Cutting-edge strategies and technologies for food waste reduction","authors":"Arpita Singh , Sonal Prasad , Roshini Singh , Kaiser Younis , Owais Yousuf","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food waste has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. Here we review the principal reasons and impacts of food waste while presenting what has been done to reduce it nowadays. We also suggest new strategies and technologies that should be prioritized for a better future tomorrow. The paper reviews innovative packaging concepts and active and intelligent systems to improve food preservation, such as modified atmosphere packaging, antimicrobial coatings for isolation of bio-pathogenic or exhaust gas treatment from perishable products storage areas, control of the diffusion mechanism in biopolymer stages critical principles embedding multiple antioxidative compounds with encapsulation technology and antioxidant. Case studies show results achieved by applying the techniques described so far. The review also confers fresh strategies innovators employ to prevent waste and developments in data analytics and AI-driven tracking and measurement technologies. It ends with assessing what working models are effective and explores the ground challenges and the potential for scaling these solutions in a circular economy. The broadness of this review has been purposely designed to provide a detailed resource that could pave the way to providing better sustainability and reducing food waste across different sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 102047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Waste-derived calcium oxide catalysts in biodiesel production: Exploring various waste sources, deactivation challenges, and improvement strategies

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102021

Lebohang Macheli , Mope Edwin Malefane , Linda L. Jewell

This review explores the use of waste-derived calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts in biodiesel production, highlighting their potential as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to conventional catalysts. Unlike prior studies that broadly address catalysis, this work focuses on enhancing biodiesel yield and quality by identifying optimal strategies for CaO catalyst performance. Key elements addressed include: (i) customizing CaO catalysts for diverse feedstocks to enhance resistance to leaching and deactivation, (ii) mitigating the impact of free fatty acids and water content in feedstocks, which often cause unwanted side reactions, (iii) improving catalyst stability and efficiency through tailored preparation techniques, such as doping and support materials, and (iv) evaluating environmental and economic benefits. CaO catalysts derived from waste materials show promise due to their high basicity, reduced methanol solubility, and accessibility, offering a feasible route to biodiesel production at a lower cost. This review summarizes current advancements and suggests pathways for future development to improve the industrial viability of waste-derived CaO catalysts in biodiesel applications.

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引用次数: 0

Kinetics study of the thermal decomposition of date seed powder/HDPE plastic blends

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102028

Abdulrazak Jinadu Otaru

The extensive examination of the impact of agricultural waste on the thermal stability of polymers has garnered significant attention in petrochemical industries worldwide. This study provides a pioneering analysis of the kinetics and thermodynamics of biodegradable date seed (PD), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and their composites (PD/HDPE). The composites were fabricated by mechanically blending the two materials in varying ratios. The estimation is based on the thermogram characteristics of these materials, which are obtained at various degradation temperatures (ranging from 25 to 600 °C), heating rates (10, 20, and 40 °C.min⁻¹), and compositions. The Coats-Redfern (CR) model fitting, in conjunction with a first-order solid-state reaction mechanism, as well as the model-free Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods, were utilized to investigate the thermal stability of the materials across a conversion range of 0.5 to 60 wt%. This methodological approach facilitated the estimation of the kinetic parameters of the materials, specifically the activation energy (

E_{A}

) and the pre-exponential factor (

A

). The estimated values for these kinetic parameters, derived from the three methods, were observed to be higher for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in comparison to PD materials. Furthermore, the continuous incorporation of PD into the blends consistently reduced the thermal stability of HDPE, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the compositions of the plastic and biomass materials. The activation energy estimated using the CR method ranged from 22.903 to 101.51 kJ·mol⁻¹, while the FWO method yielded values between 71.282 and 138.990 kJ·mol⁻¹, and the KAS method produced values between 63.212 and 137.101 kJ·mol⁻¹. The estimated values of these parameters, as provided by established models, may prove valuable for manufacturers seeking to enhance the practical applicability of these composites. This, in turn, could facilitate the widespread utilization of the abundant and discarded date seeds to produce polymer composites, while also contributing to a reduction in energy consumption during the degradation of these materials in the pyrolysis process.

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引用次数: 0

Microbial fuel cell: Investigation of the electrical power production of cow dung and human faeces using 3D-printed reactors

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102036

Marie Norbertine Kamdjou Douma , Olivier Ondel , Pierre Tsafack , Fabien Mieyeville , Nicole Adélaïde Kengnou

This paper presents the electrical power harvested from cow dung and human faeces as the results of conducted investigations in three-dimensional microbial fuel cell printed reactors. A 400 ml single chamber air cathode reactors were designed, and six copies were printed for the experiment. The power densities obtained respectively for cow dung and human faeces were 14.1 mW/m² and 4.7 mW/m² in terms of the anode electrode area, and 353 mW/m³ and 118.3 mW/m³ in terms of the anode chamber volume. Furthermore, when six microbial fuel cells with cow dung were stacked together, the power productions of series, parallel, series-parallel, and parallel-series configurations and their energy losses were investigated. It was observed from this investigation that the parallel-series combination produced the most energy with fewer losses. This configuration can be chosen for the small-scale system to avoid the cost related to the protective devices, usually used to protect against voltage imbalance in the cells.

{"title":"Microbial fuel cell: Investigation of the electrical power production of cow dung and human faeces using 3D-printed reactors","authors":"Marie Norbertine Kamdjou Douma , Olivier Ondel , Pierre Tsafack , Fabien Mieyeville , Nicole Adélaïde Kengnou","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the electrical power harvested from cow dung and human faeces as the results of conducted investigations in three-dimensional microbial fuel cell printed reactors. A 400 ml single chamber air cathode reactors were designed, and six copies were printed for the experiment. The power densities obtained respectively for cow dung and human faeces were 14.1 mW/m<sup>2</sup> and 4.7 mW/m<sup>2</sup> in terms of the anode electrode area, and 353 mW/m<sup>3</sup> and 118.3 mW/m<sup>3</sup> in terms of the anode chamber volume. Furthermore, when six microbial fuel cells with cow dung were stacked together, the power productions of series, parallel, series-parallel, and parallel-series configurations and their energy losses were investigated. It was observed from this investigation that the parallel-series combination produced the most energy with fewer losses. This configuration can be chosen for the small-scale system to avoid the cost related to the protective devices, usually used to protect against voltage imbalance in the cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 102036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143142765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Behind the remarkably enhanced dewaterability of sludge by co-conditioning strategy: The key role of rheological characteristics and protein secondary structure evolution

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2024.102010

Yu Wang , Jie Li , Chenwei Yuan , Fajiao Zou , Zhangrui Xiong , Fengting Li , Misha Liu

The combined use of tannic acid and polymeric quaternary ammonium salt was newly reported for enhancing sludge dewaterability in our previous work. However, the conclusion regarding protein precipitation effect was lack of in-depth investigation. Herein, in this work, sludge flocs property and protein secondary structure variation was further characterized. Results showed that the compressibility reduced from 1.06 to 0.61, while the elastic modulus (G′), the viscous modulus (G″) increased from 26.93 to 70.21 Pa and 2.56 to 5.96 Pa, respectively. The above changes indicated that the sludge flocs became denser, exhibiting improved deformation resistance and structural strength. From the perspective of protein secondary structure identification, α-helix increased from 18.59 % to 24.03 %, β-turn decreased from 32.41 % to 25.38 %, giving rise to an enhancement of the protein hydrophobicity and implying a possible disruption of orderly hydrogen-bonding networks. Overall, this work provided an in-depth insight of the dewaterability improvement behind the co-conditioning strategy.

{"title":"Behind the remarkably enhanced dewaterability of sludge by co-conditioning strategy: The key role of rheological characteristics and protein secondary structure evolution","authors":"Yu Wang , Jie Li , Chenwei Yuan , Fajiao Zou , Zhangrui Xiong , Fengting Li , Misha Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.biteb.2024.102010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biteb.2024.102010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combined use of tannic acid and polymeric quaternary ammonium salt was newly reported for enhancing sludge dewaterability in our previous work. However, the conclusion regarding protein precipitation effect was lack of in-depth investigation. Herein, in this work, sludge flocs property and protein secondary structure variation was further characterized. Results showed that the compressibility reduced from 1.06 to 0.61, while the elastic modulus (G′), the viscous modulus (G″) increased from 26.93 to 70.21 Pa and 2.56 to 5.96 Pa, respectively. The above changes indicated that the sludge flocs became denser, exhibiting improved deformation resistance and structural strength. From the perspective of protein secondary structure identification, α-helix increased from 18.59 % to 24.03 %, β-turn decreased from 32.41 % to 25.38 %, giving rise to an enhancement of the protein hydrophobicity and implying a possible disruption of orderly hydrogen-bonding networks. Overall, this work provided an in-depth insight of the dewaterability improvement behind the co-conditioning strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8947,"journal":{"name":"Bioresource Technology Reports","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 102010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integration of physio-biological methods for remediation of dyes and toxic metals from textile wastewater

Q1 Environmental Science

Bioresource Technology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102044

Muhammad Ayaz , Aqib Hassan Ali Khan , Kang Song , Asmat Ali , Sohail Yousaf , Abeer Kazmi , Abdur Rashid

Textile wastewater, a heterogeneous mixture of contaminants, major source of dyes and heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. This study integrated physical adsorbents, biological species, and electro-kinesis as post-treatment for textile effluents. Pond experiments were conducted to determine the removal efficiency of dyes and toxic metals (Cadmium and Chromium) in a batch system. The setup consists of four treatment lines: AD-P (Adsorption Pond), DW-P (Duckweed Pond), MA-P (Algae Pond), and FG-P (Fungus Pond), each with three transparent plastic aquaria in line. Two runs were conducted: the first using a mixture with 250 mg/L of dyes and 15 mg/L each of cadmium and chromium, and the second with an additional 500 mg/L of dyes and 25 mg/L of cadmium and chromium. Samples were collected on every fourth day for 12 days. The highest dye decolorization (74.3 %) was observed with fungi, followed by duckweed (65 %), algae (57.5 %), and dolomite (39 %). Maximum chromium removal (78.3 %) occurred in the algal pond, and the highest cadmium removal was achieved by fungi (73.8 %). Electro-kinesis further enhanced the extraction of chromium and cadmium, with algae showing the highest extraction rates. The integrated system proved effective for removing dyes, chromium, and cadmium from textile wastewater and supported the broader application of physio-biological methods, recommending the use of biological species and electro-kinetic remediation.

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